Sentenne v. Kelly,

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| N.Y. Sup. Ct. | Mar 13, 1891

Lead Opinion

O’Brien, J.

This action was brought to recover $1,431.90, for breach of-' the following contract: “Hew York, April 27th, 1887.

“Hew York Land Blast Works: You are hereby authorized to manufacture for us fifteen hundred (1,500) embossed glass signs; size, seven by nine, framed in like sample, and worded as follows, to-wit: [Like sample.] Eight-hundred to be delivered as soon as possible, balance within eighteen months,for which we agree to pay two thousand dollars ($2,000.00) for 1,500 signs, [Signed] “Horace R. Kelly & Co.”

The defenses interposed were that the signs delivered were not like sample, and were not delivered within the time as called for by the contract. As to the first defense there was conflicting evidence as to whether or not the signs delivered were like the sample; and, while some fault might be found to the admission of evidence under objection of one of plaintiff’s witnesses as to the difficulty in obtaining in the market the leather back similar to the sample, the injury thereby done would not be sufficient to call for the reversal of the judgment based upon a verdict which, upon all the facts relating to this issue, the jury found adverse to defendant. To entitle plaintiff to recover it was incumbent to show that the goods were delivered “as soon as possible,” so as to be within the terms of the contract. As the exceptions taken to the judge’s charge and to the exclusion and admission of testimony are to be determined by the consideration of what was meant by this expression “as soon as possible, ” it is necessary at the outset to have this phrase defined. In Attwood v. Emery, 1 C. B. (N. S.) 113, it was said: “The expression is one that is susceptible of several different significations.” In that ease Cress well, J., says: “The case has been argued upon the assumption that the plaintiff’s engagement was to execute the work with more speed than would have been required had the words been ‘ within a reasonable time.’ * * * If defendant had intended to have the hoops within the limit he should have taken care to express himself accordingly. I think this contract means no more than a *530reasonable time, regard being had to the plaintiff’s facilities and extent of business, and the contracts he already had on hand.” In that same case Crowder, J., says: “The words ‘ as soon as possible ’ clearly meant * as soon as you possibly can.’ Uor can I understand how it can reasonably be suggested that either party contemplated that the plaintiffs were to put aside any other engagement in order that this particular one should be performed. If the defendant had desired to have the goods by a limited time he should have taken care to have given.a more limited order.” In Engineering Co. v. McHaffie, 29 Moak, Eng. R. 102, the case of Attwood v. Emery, supra, was examined and criticised. Bramwell, L. J., says: “ To do a thing as soon as possible means to do it within a reasonable time.” In Attwood v. Emery, the expressions of eminent judges seem to favor a different view as to the construction of the words ‘ as soon as possible.’ I quite agree that a manufacturer or tradesman is not bound to discard all other work for the occasion, in order to take in hand a thing which he promises to do ‘as soon as possible;’ for instance, a tailor, who accepts an order to make a coat ‘as soon as possible,’ need not put down a .half-made vest in order to begin the coat. Every customer knows at the time of giving the order that the manufacturer or tradesman may have other orders on hand; and I do not think that Attwood v. Emery goes further than this. * * * If, however, it is an authority in favor of the defendants I cannot agree with it. In construing the contract in the present case, I think it would be utterly unreasonable to hold that the defendants were not bound to deliver the gun until the state of affairs in their workshop should allow them to do so. The defendants ought not to have undertaken to make it unless they were certain that they could carry out their contract.” In the same case Cotton, L. J., says: “By the words ‘as soon as possible' the defendants must be taken to have meant that they would make the ‘ gun ’ as quickly as it could be made in the largest establishment with-the best appliances. I do not think that these words can be taken to mean that the defendants merely promised to make the ‘ gun ’ as quickly as the means at their disposal might allow. ” In Duncan v. Topham, 8 C. B. 225, cited in Tobias v. Lissberger, 105 N. Y. 412,12 N. E. Rep. 13, where the contract was to send five tons of oil cake, to be delivered directly, a verdict in favor of the plaintiff was reversed because the judge charged that the meaning, of, the contract was that the goods should be sent as soon as practicable; and if, on the evidence, there had been a'delivery or offer to deliver within a reasonable time, they should find for the plaintiff. It was therein held that “a reasonable time” means somewhat more protracted time than “directly.” There is of course a distinction between “directly” and “as soon as possible,” and the only purpose of referring to that case is to show that expressions such as “directly” or “as soon as possible,” are not synonymous with nor do they mean the same thing as “a reasonable time.” In Parsons on Contracts (volume 2, 7th Ed., p. 661, foot p. 794) it is said: “If the contract specifies no time, the law implies that it shall be performed within a reasonable time, and will not permit this implication to be rebutted by extrinsic testimony going to fix a definite time, because this varies the contract. What is a reasonable time is a question of law.” In Addison on Contracts, (volume 2, p. 1188,) where a number of authorities are cited, the rule is thus stated: “A contract to do a particular thing directly or as soon as possible or forthwith does not mean that it is to be done instantly, but there must be no delay in performance; and such a contract requires a much more speedy fulfillment than a contract to do a thing within a reasonable time.” These authorities are sufficient for the statement that unless the expression “as soon as possible” meant a greater celerity than a “reasonable time” then it was utterly superfluous in the contract, for, as we have seen, if no time is specified, the law implies that it is to be performed within a reasonable time. Applying the law as thus settled by text-writers and in eases to the questions presented by the excep *531tians, it remains to determine whether any error was committed sufficient to justify a reversal.

Taking the judge’s charge as a whole, I do not think any fault can be found therewith; for, though he defines the words “as soon as possible” as synonymous with “a reasonable time,” he qualifies the latter expression in such a way to bring it within the rule, so that the jury were correctly instructed with regard to plaintiff's duty in reference to delivering the signs with all possible expedition. In other parts of the case, however, we do not find the same care observed, and, notwithstanding the objection made by the defendant, the court and the plaintiff treated the expression “as soon as possible” as synonymous .with “a reasonable time.” Thus the plaintiff asked the witness: “ What, in your opinion, would be a reasonable time for the making and delivery and framing of 800 embossed signs such as I show you?” This question is faulty in two respects: First, as calling for an opinion upon a question which the court had ruled was a question of law; and, secondly, as assuming that “a reasonable time” and “as soon as possible” were one and the same -expression. The same fault is to be found with the questions asked by plaintiff as they appear upon page 34 of the printed record. »These questions ■directly pointed to one of the main issues about which the parties were contending, and, while it would have been proper to have allowed witnesses who were competent by reason of their experience to state how long it would have d;aken to manufacture the signs, this would not, as the question asked and .answered did, intrench upon the province of the jury. Guttwillig v. Zuberbier, 41 Hun, 365. The latter, under the instructions of the court as to the •construction to be given to the contract, were to determine what these witnesses were allowed to conclude, viz., whether the delivery was made in time. 'The defendant’s grievance in respect to this testimony is accentuated when •we refer to a similar question asked by the defendant, which in all respects was like those admitted on plaintiff’s behalf, except that instead of using the •phrase “a reasonable time” the one used was that of the contract, namely, “as soon as possible.” This question was as follows: “Your contract is800 .signs, to be delivered as soon as possible. The date is April 27th. State •what you consider ‘as soon as possible.’” This question was objected to as being a question of law, and the objection was sustained, and defendant excepted. It will thus be seen that, while we agree with the excluding of the last question, it seems but proper that, where the same questions were asked .and answered in favor of the plaintiff, a similar rule at least should have been applied in favor of the defendant, and the testimony so objected to should have been excluded. These errors cannot be regarded as immaterial, because they went to the whole gist of the action; and upon a reading of the whole • case it is evident that the confusion introduced relative to plaintiff’s duty in respect to time of delivery must necessarily have prej udiced the defendant. In Brady v. Cassidy, 104 N.Y. 147" court="NY" date_filed="1887-01-18" href="https://app.midpage.ai/document/brady-v--cassidy-3580713?utm_source=webapp" opinion_id="3580713">104 N. Y. 147, 10 N. E. Rep. 131, it was held that “ when •the terms and language of the contract are ascertained in the absence of technical phrases, or of terms the meaning of which is obscure, or of latent ambiguities, rendering the subject-matter of the contract uncertain and doubt-ful, the office of interpreting its meaning belongs to the court.” See, also, Dwight v. Insurance Co., 103 N. Y. 353, 8 N. E. Rep. 654. The language used in this contract was neither ambiguous nor technical, and the construction thereof was for the court, and not for the witnesses. We are unable to reconcile the rulings made for and against the plaintiff. “An unequal application of the rules of evidence offered by one party, and excluding evidence • of the same character on the same point offered by the other, is good ground of reversal.” Holten v. Holten, 5 Wkly. Dig. 14. It is unnecessary, therefore, to consider the other questions raised upon this appeal, as the judgment must, for the reasons stated, be reversed, and a new trial had, with costs to defend■ant to abide the event.

Concurrence Opinion

Van Brunt, P. J.

(concurring.) I concur in the result. It does not appear that adjudications can alter the import of plain words in a contract. It seems to me that the fact that as without any words of expedition in the contract the plaintiff would have been bound to furnish the goods within a reasonable time, the addition of such words shows conclusively that the parties had in mind something in addition to xvhat the law implied. “Within a reasonable time” seems to mean within such time as can be done following the ordinary course of business; “as soon as possible” seems to mean as soon as can be done, using the greatest diligence.

Daniels, J. i concur in the result.