Opinion of the court by
JUDGE BURNAM
Affirming.
The appellee, Sol Levy, brought this suit as a creditor of the Ge-rman-American Title Company, to- enforce the payment of its stockholder’s -double liability to creditors of the corporation, under section 547 of the act of April 5,, *3211893. The German-American Real-Estate & Investment Company was incorporated in January, 1893, under the provisions of chapter 56 of the General Statutes. By this charter it had power to deal in real estate’, to buy and sell securities, and to lend money on them. In March, 1893, it amended its charter, and by the- amendment the powers of the corporations were greatly enlarged, and the company was authorized to conduct a general title-insurance business. On the 5th of April, 1893,. the general act relating to private corporations1, found in chapter thirty-two of the Kentucky Statutes, became a law. On t'he 1st day of February, 1894, by the consent in writing of the owners of two-thirds of its capital stock, its articles of incorporation were amended by changing .the name of the corporation to the German-American Title Company, and its board of directors, which formerly consisted of from three to seven members, to from three to fifteen, and each was required to own forty shares of capital stock instead of twenty, as under the original charter, and the president was authorized to appoint an executive committee, with such powers as the by-laws might give. The company did business under the name of the German-American Title Company until the 5th day of May, 1896, when it made a general deed of assignment for the benefit of its creditors’. On the 22d of January, 1896, while the company was a going concern, it sold to appellee five $500 first mortgage real-estate bonds, on which it guarantied payment of principal .and interest, which had' been executed to the company on the 14th day of January, 1896, by one Turner and his wife. These bonds turned out to be second mortgage bonds, and worthless, as a sale of the property under decree of court failed to pay the first mort*322gage, and an execution against the maker of the bonds was returned, "No property found.” Thereupon appellee instituted this suit against the stockholders of the company on his own behalf, and on behalf of all the other creditors, to enforce the payment of all subscriptions to the capital stock, and to compel the various stockholders to pay an additional sum equal to the face' value of their holdings of stock for the purpose of paying the debts of the- company. It is conceded that, if the stockholders are liable at all, an assessment for the full amount of thie stock held by them will be necessary to pay the debts of the corporation.
The stockholders claim that, as the German-American Real-Estate & Investment Company was incorporated under the provisions of chapter 56 of the General Statutes, and before the enactment of the private corporation act of April 5, 1893, now chapter 32 of the Kentucky Statutes, and they have not accepted the provisions of that act in the manner pointed out by section 554, by a reacknowledgment of their articles of incorporation, they are not liable, under section 547, for double the amount of their stock to creditors of the corporation; while the appellee claims for the creditors that, as the corporation was -organized after the present Constitution went into effect, no acceptance of its provisions was necessary, and, as its articles of incorporation ,hiad been acknowledged by each stockholder after its organization, it was not necessary that they should again do s-o, and that by amending its charter of the 1st of February, 1894, in accordance with the provisions of section 559 of the act of 1893, and operating under this -amendment, -by ■changing their corporate name, and making other material and important’alterations in its government, the reorgan*323ization of the company was effected under the new law, and they were thenceforth bound by all of its provisions. The controversy must be determined from the spirit of the act itself.
Section 554 of chapter 32 of the Kentucky Statutes provides that all the corporations then existing under the laws of this State may be reorganized by executing and recording articles of incorporation as provided by that act, and that after they have done so, and complied with the other laws relating thereto, the- assets of such old corporation shall be vested in, and become the property of, the new corporation, without deed or transfer, and they then become a corporation under the new law, with all the powers and liabilities conferred and imposed by the act. Section 570 provides that no old corporation shall avail itself of any of the provisions of the act until it shall have accepted the provisions of the new Constitution. -Section 574 provides that charters of an old corporation may be amended in the manner provided by the statutes, after its acceptance of the provisions of the new Constitution» Section 559 provides for the amendment of the charters of any corporation by the consent in writing of at least two-thirds of its capital stock, after such amendment shall be signed and acknowledged by a majority of the directors, -and filed and recorded as articles of incorporation are required to be; and section 573 of the act says that all charters which are inconsistent with the provisions of the act concerning other similar corporations shall stand repealed, and on the 28th of September, 1897, to th-e extent of such conflict.
When we consider these sections together, it is clear that the General Assembly intended to put private corporations in this State upon the same footing, and to *324force all existing corporations to surrender, as far as possible, special or exclusive rights and privileges held by them, by the acceptance of the new Constitution; and, to effectuate this plain and settled purpose, it was expressly provided that, until the old corporations accepted the new Constitution, no law should be passed for their benefit, nor should they be permitted to avail themselves of any of the provisions of the new act. They were rigidly limited to the rights and powers then held by them. Perhaps the most valuable and necessary right secured to corporations by the act of 1893, which they had not previously enjoyed, was the right of amending their articles of incorporations by the written consent of two-thirds of its capital stock. Experience had demonstrated that it was well-nigh impossible to secure the consent of all the stockholders in any corporation to make any change in its articles of incorporation, however beneficial -such change might appear to be to the- company. After the amendment of 1894, changing the name of the company, it called in all of its old .certificates of stock, and issued new certificates in the new name, and’ the name itself was -an advertisement to the public of the new business in which the corporation had embarked. It held itself out to the public, under its new name, as having amended its charter under the act of 1893, as there was no other law under which they could have amended but the act of April, 1893, and that law imposed the- double liability sought to be enforced here. The old law had been,absolutely repealed. The change made by the amendment was a radical one. A corporation exists only in its corporate name, -and a change of name- was an abandonment, not only of the corporate name, but of the corporation itself. The old creature was destroyed, and a *325new one sprang into existence, clothed with all the new powers, and. charged with all the new responsibilities imposed by the statutes which gaye it birth. See Cooperage Co. v. Bate, 96 Ky., 360 (16 R., 626) (26 S. W., 538); Beach, Priv. Corp., section 275. When the stockholders of the old corporation accepted certificates of stock in the new concern, they assented to, and acquiesced in, the amendment, and were thenceforth bound for all 'the liabilities of the new concern imposed upon it by law. Necessarily the liabilities and burdens are co-existent with the benefits. And there is no difference in principle between a reorganization and an amendment which accomplishes the same purpose. In both a new corporation is created, which is subject to laws in force at the date of its birth. In Hoge v. Railroad Co., 99 U. S., 348 (25 L. Ed., 33), an amendment to a charter of a railroad company was held to bring the corporation under the law in force at the date of the amendment. The opinion in that case by Justice Field is an interesting one, and seems to substantially decide the question we have here. The cases of Keokuk & W. R. Co. v. Missouri, 152 U. S., 301 (14 Sup Ct., 592), (38 L. Ed., 450); Mercantile Bank v. Tennessee, 161 U. S., 162, 17 Sup., Ct., 461), (40 L. Ed., 656); and Phoenix Fire & Marine Ins. Co. v. Tennessee, 161 U. S., 172; (16 Sup. Ct, 471), (40 L. Ed., 660), — in rolye questions similar to the one at bar, and the judgment of the supreme court in these oases is in line with the conclusion reached in this case.
It is claimed by counsel that the judgment is erroneous in awarding interest from the date of the institution of the suit, instead of from the 26th of February, 1901, when the agreement waiving a reference to the commissioner was filed. W.e think not. If necessary to pay the debts *326of the company, appellants were liable to pay interest from the time when the creditors demanded that they should comply with the provisions of the statute as to their liabilities. Judgment affirmed.
Judge DuRelle’s
dissenting opinion:
There is but one question in this case. It is whether the Genman-American Real-Estate & Investment Company, by adopting an amendment to its articles of incorporation whereby it changed its name to the German-American Title Company, and made a few changes, -not particularly material, in the qualifications- of its directors, etc., rendered its stockholders subject to the double liability imposed by the new corporation law. The answer to that question depends solely upon the construction of the new corporation act adopted in 1893. When the new corporation law was adopted, under the new Constitution, the manifest intention was to provide a means whereby, in time, the corporations of the State should be classified, and those of each class placed upon the same footing. It was provided that all corporations thereafter created should be created under the general law, by which their classification was fixed. The statute looked to the ultimate result of bringing all, or' as many as possible, of the corporations theretofore created under the same classification. There existed a large number of corporations established by legislative fiat to which special privileges had been granted by the Legislature. Some of these had been incorporated before the act of 1856, and relied for the maintenance and preservation of their privileges upon the doctrine of contract rights, established in the Dartmouth College cases. Many of those incorporated after 1856 were supposed to be protected in *327their privileges by the recital of contracts in the acts which created them. There was also a large1 number of corporations created under the old general incorporation act, which differed from the new law, especially in the provision as to the liability of stockholders. It was desired that all corporation® which had or claimed special privileges should be brought within the operation of the new Constitution, and their privileges rendered subject to legislative control by repeal or amendment. So, when the new act, some sections of which applied to old corporations, some' to new, and some to all, corporations, was passed, there was inserted in the act a provision which was intended as a temptation to corporations claiming special privileges to subject themselves to the terms of the new Constitution, and a menace to them if they did not do so. That was the provision of section 570, that “no law shall be passed for the benefit of, or in the interest of, any corporation heretofore created or organized by or under the laws of this ¡State or any -other1 State; nor shall any corporation avail itself of the provisions of this chapter, unles-s such corporation shall have previously, by a resolution adopted by its board of directors and filed in the office of the .secretary of this- St-ate, accepted' the provisions of the Constitution of this State; and such resolution, or a certified copy thereof, shall be evidence for and against such corporation.” This section applied, not only to old corporations which had special privileges, but to those which did not; for in terms it applied to “any corporation theretofore created.” But the new law was not to be applied to the old corporations in a summary or drastic manner. Ample tim-e and a locus penitcntiae were afforded them by the terms of the act. The corporation in this case did not need to accept the provisions of the new *328Constitution; for it was incorporated after the Constitution took effect, and it would have been a vain thing for it to file in the office of the secretary of State an acceptance of the provisions of the organic law under which it was created. It was therefore at the time it was created exactly in the condition as to legislation as if it 'had been created before the adoption of the Constitution, and afterwards 'had accepted the terms of that instrument.
As to corporations theretofore created, the stockholders of which did not desire to subject themselves to the liabilities imposed by the new act, provision was made. Under section 573, they were given until September 28, 1897, at which time it was provided that any provision of their charters or articles of incorporations, whether granted by special act or obtained under the general law, which were inconsistent with the provisions of this chapter concerning similar corporations, should stand repealed; and the concluding sentence of this section reads: “After the 28th day of September, 1897, the provisions -of this chapter shall apply to all corporations created or organized under the laws of this State, if said provisions would be applicable to them if organized under this chapter.” The stockholders of such corporations were given some four years to determine whether they would subject themselves to the liabilities imposed by the new corporation law or not. They might dissolve their corporations', or they might continue them, and become subject to the new law. They had that time to consider. If they wished to do so, they might reorganize under the new corporation law, and become a corporation owning all the property of the old corporation, but subject to exactly the same liabilities, and having exactly the same rights, as if they had been incorporated under the new law. This was pro-*329Tided for under section 554. To do this it was- necessary that every corporator should sign and acknowledge the new articles. Section 554 had provided that “any corporation created by, and existing under, the laws of this State, may organize under the provisions of this chapter,” etc. Section 559 then provided that “any corporation may, by the consent in writing of the owners of at least two-thirds of its capital stock, change or amend any of the articles of its incorporation,” etc. The decision of the majority is that section 559 simply provided an easier mode of doing what might have been done with additional trouble under section 554.
There is no constitutional question, here. Nobody doubts that the Legislature might constitutionally have imposed upon every existing corporation (not protected by the provisions of the Federal Constitution) the double liability as to all contracts thereafter made by it. Nobody doubts that it might have attached that consequence to the adoption of amended articles of incorporation. The question is, what did it do? It surely, by section 573, gave four years in which existing corporations might determine whether they would subject themselves to the liabilities of the new law. It surely also provided, in section 554, a mode whereby they might, by unanimous consent, sooner become subject to those liabilities, if they desired. Lid it also, by section 559, which provided that any corporation might .amend its articles in an easier mode than the one which had existed under the old law,— that is, by a two-thirds vote, — intend that it should become subject thereby to the liabilities of the new law. If such •was the intention, it was easy to say so. The courts must presume that all citizens know the law, but thei written law should not be so construed as to make that presumption *330a mockery. Here we have a law which provides in one section that the corporators shall have four years to determine whether they w’ish to be subject to its provisions; in another, that they may become subject to its provisions in a specified mode; and, in still .another, that, by doing something else, they may amend their articles of incorporation. By every fair rule of construction, the latter section should not have the effect of the former section. The Legislature must have meant something when it provided a means whereby a corporation could become subject to the present law. The majority opinion holds that it meant exactly the same thing by the provision for amending corporate articles. It is the court’s duty to give such a construction to a legislative act as will give effect to all its parts.
The .reasoning of the court, would be sound if the Legislature had not, in express terms declared when the double liability should attach to the stockholder. By the express provisions of the statute, it attached immediately in all new corporations formed under the act; but in existing corporations formed before the act was passed it did not attach until September, 1897, unless they reorganized under the act. The plain meaning of this was to give until September, 1897, for the existing corporations and their stockholders to adjust their affairs, and avoid liabilities which it had been expressly agreed they were to be exempt from when the corporation was formed. So, unanimous consent was required of the stockholders to reorganize under the new .act, in order that a part might not, before September, 1897, Impose upon others the double liability which they might be unwilling to assume. The Legislature having seen fit to provide two contingencies in which the double liability should exist, the court is not at liberty to add, *331by implication, a third; for this is to add to the words of the statute, and a statutory liability is never extended by implication beyond its express terms. The Legislature drew a clear distinction between reorganization under the new act and amending the old articles under it. It imposed the double liability' by express terms in the one in-' stance and not in the other. To say that this corporation did reorganize undey the new act, because it changed its corporate name by the amendment, is to say that an- existing corporation might reorganize under the new act by the assent of two-thirds of its stockholders, in disregard of the mandate of the statute that this should be done only with the assent of all of the stockholders. If, as suggested in the opinion, the amendment made in this case was' a reorganization of the corporation, and therefore imposed the double liability on the stockholders, does not it follow that the action was void altogether, because not taken in the manner directed by the statute? In other words, if a reorganization under the statute could only be made by unanimous consent, and what was done in this case was •a -reorganization, does it not follow that it was void because not done as required by the statute? That is, how could part of the stockholders, under the guise of amending the articles, accomplish that for which, by the terms of the statute unanimous consent was required?
'The courts presume that everybody knows the law-. They presume, also, that the laws are published, so that everybody may in fact know the law. The real publication to the world of a statute is sometimes much lat&r than the assumed promulgation. But, in civilized countries', the law exists somewhere, where the citizens can have access-to it, and see what the language is, even if he can not understand its meaning. Since the dawn of legal history, it *332lias always been considered that the laws must be somehow published. The law was published. The citizen had knowledge of what it said. It gave him notice that for four years he was' safe from the double liability, if he did not reorganize his corporation under the new law. Of the construction of the court there has been no publication until the imposition of the liability.
There is no question of acceptance. This corporation was created under the new Constitution. It did not have to accept the provisions of that instrument in order to have the benefit of the provisions of the new law which applied to it. Section 559, as to amendment, did apply to it. It accepted and acted under section 559. It claimed the benefit of that section. But it did not thereby claim the benefit of, or make itself subject to, all the provisions of the whole chapter. If it did, then all corporations which have acted under section 576, and accepted its provisions, have also accepted and become subject to the provisions of the whole chapter, and are subject to the double liability by printing the word “Incorporated” after their corporate names. The opinion imposes a liability without warning. It does more. It imposes the liability after notice that a locus penitenliae was granted, in which the stockholders of corporations might determine whether they would subject themselves to that liability. It was a liability which no corporator could have dreamed he was incurring by continuing a member of the corporation. Its imposition is, in my judgment, to add to the terms of the statute, and create by implication a liability which its express terms forbid. I therefore dissent from the judgment of the court.
Judge Hobson concurs in the dissent.