506 P.2d 77 | Mont. | 1973
delivered the Opinion of the Court.
This is an appeal from an order of the district court of the fourth judicial district, county of Lake, Hon. E. Gardner Brownlee, judge presiding, granting default judgment - against an enrolled Indian.
The sole issue on appeal is whether the state courts of Montana have jurisdiction over a civil dispute involving a commercial transaction entered into on the Flathead Reservation between an enrolled member of the Confederated Salish and Kootenai Tribes residing on the reservation and a nonmember.
The relevant facts are not in dispute and were stipulated to at a hearing before the trial court. Judge Brownlee for hearing purposes joined this case and the case of Ronan State Bank v. Jewett, due to the fact the same jurisdiction question was involved.
In view of the complexity of jurisdiction questions involving Indian reservations and the number of cases that this Court is receiving, we will detail the -stipulated facts with the thought that somewhere in the federal appellate process the final authority will be able to more clearly understand the perplexity of state jurisdictional problems and the near impossibility of their solution due to prior federal decisional case law.
Defendant Isaac Richard Pierre is an • enrolled tribal member, living within the confines of the reservation. Pierre borrowed money from plaintiff Security State Bank, giving a note as evidence of the loan at Poison, Montana, located within the exterior boundaries of the Flathead Indian Reservation. Such
Under the provisions of the federal charter the tribe is to be self-governing and one of its powers is to set up a court system. The Flathead tribal court has a chief judge and three associate judges who try cases and when necessary the three associate judges serve as an appellate court. These judges are not legally trained but are lay people, similar to justices of the peace. There is no appellate procedure from a decision of the three judge tribal court. None of the parties involved in the two eases here desired to go before the tribal court.
The trial court and this Court received comprehensive briefs fi'om the parties. Defendant relies on a number of recent Montana cases: Kennerly v. District Court, 400 U.S. 423, 425, 91 S.Ct. 480, 27 L.Ed.2d 507; Crow Tribe v. Deernose, 158 Mont. 25, 487 P.2d 1133; Blackwolf v. District Court, 158 Mont. 523, 493 P.2d 1293.
Defendant argues the facts here and those in Kennerly cannot be distinguished therefore, Kennerly controls and the action of the trial judge should be reserved. In Kennerly, two members of the Blaekfeet Indian Tribe, residing on the Blackfeet Indian Reservation, purchased over $200 worth of food on credit from a grocery store located on the reservation and refused to pay after the goods were consumed. Suit was begun in the state district court against the Indians to collect the debt.
The district court overruled defendants’ motion and defendants applied to this Court for a writ of supervision which was granted. In its opinion, this Court upheld the action of the district court. State ex rel. Kennerly v. District Court, 154 Mont. 488, 466 P.2d 85. On a writ of certiorari to the United States Supreme Court, that court overruled this Court’s decision holding that the State of Montana lacked jurisdiction over the Indians of the Blackfeet Tribe because the state had never taken the necessary “affirmative legislative action” concerning either civil or criminal jurisdiction with respect to the reservation. The United States Supreme Court quoted from the Act of August 15, 1953, 67 Stat. 590, Section 7, which provides:
“The consent of the United States is hereby given to any other State not having jurisdiction with respect to criminal offenses or civil causes of action, or with respect to both, as provided for in this Act, to assume jurisdiction at such time and in such manner as the people of the State shall, by affirmative legislative action, obligate and bind the State to assumption thereof. ’ ’
A result of the Kennerly decision was to dry up credit sources • throughout the state to responsible Indian citizens, a void not filled by any federal source.
However, in this case, unlike Kennerly, the state has passed enabling legislation with respect to jurisdiction over Indians residing on the Flathead Reservation. Title 83, Chapter 8, sections 83-801 through 83-804, R.C.M.1947, provides for the assumption of civil and/or criminal jurisdiction over Indians of the Flathead Tribe and the time and manner by which such jurisdiction could be assumed. The legislature conditioned as
“Whenever the governor of this state shall receive from the tribal council or other governing body of the Confederated Salish and Kootenai Indian tribes, community, band or group of Indians in this state, a resolution, expressing its desire that its people and lands he subject to the criminal and or civil jurisdiction of the state of Montana to the extent authorized by federal law and regulation, he shall issue within sixty (60) days a proclamation to the effect that such jurisdiction shall apply to those Indians and their territory, or reservation in accordance with the provisions of this act * * (Emphasis added).
State law precludes Montana from assuming jurisdiction over Indians on the reservation not tendered by the tribes by formal resolution. In a recent case, State ex rel. McDonald v. District Court of the Fourth Judicial District, 159 Mont. 156, 496 P.2d 78, 80, 29 St.Rep. 265, 268, we reviewed the steps taken by the Flathead Tribe in presenting a resolution to the governor on accepting state jurisdiction:
“Tribal consent to the assumption of criminal jurisdiction by the state courts of Montana over Indians committing crimes on the Flathead Indian Reservation was granted by the enactment of Tribal Ordinance 40-A, dated May 16, 1964. The governor of Montana thereafter issued the required proclamation on June 30, 1964. Almost a year later on May 5, 1965 Tribal Ordinance 40-A (Revised) was enacted. This ordinance was similar to the original Ordinance 40-A except for clarifying language limiting its scope to criminal laws and repealing the original Ordinance 40-A. The governor of Montana thereafter issued another proclamation accordingly dated October 8, 1965.
“Several months later on June 22, 1966, Tribal Resolution 1973 was enacted expressly rescinding Tribal Ordinances 40-A*355 and 40-A (Revised). There is no evidence that this Tribal Resolution was ever transmitted to or received by the governor of Montana; nor was any proclamation of the governor made in connection with this Resolution. On June 30, 1966 Tribal Resolution 1997 was enacted which expressly rescinded Tribal Resolution 1973 enacted eight days previously. Again no governor’s proclamation was issued concerning Tribal Resolution 1997.
“On September 15, 1967 Tribal Resolution 2318 was enacted requesting the governor of Montana to extend the time limit for withdrawal from state jurisdiction for an additional year after October 7, 1967, and withdrawing its consent to such state jurisdiction. It further provided that this Tribal Resolution was null and void if the governor extended such time limit as requested. On October 8, 1967 the governor issued a third proclamation extending the time limit for the Tribe’s withdrawal of their consent to state jurisdiction for an additional year from October 7, 1967.
“Finally, on April 30, 1971, the Tribal Council passed a motion ‘to seek retrocession on State Concurrent Jurisdiction’. The record discloses no further action in conformity with this motion.” Section 83-801, R.C.M.1947, provides: “Criminal jurisdiction of Flathead Indian country to be assumed. The state of Montana hereby obligates and binds itself to assume, as herein provided, criminal jurisdiction over Indians and Indian territory of the Flathead Indian reservation and country within the state in accordance with the consent of the United States given by the act of August 15, 1953 (Public Law 280, 83rd Congress, 1st session).”
No reference is made to civil jurisdiction in the above quoted section, however, in section 83-802, R.C.M.1947, setting up the procedure for the tribes to request state jurisdiction, this language appears:
“* * * a resolution, expressing its desire that its people and lands be subject to the criminal and/or civil jurisdiction*356 of the state of Montana to the extent authorized by federal law and regulation * * *.”
Tribal Ordinance 40-A of the Confederated Salish and Kootenai Tribes of the Flathead Reservation, passed on May 15, 1964, set forth the extent of jurisdiction and subjects:
“(a) Compulsory School Attendance
“(b) Public Welfare
“(c) Domestic Relations (except adoptions)
“(d) Mental Health, Insanity, Care of the Infirm, Aged and Afflicted
“ (f) Adoption Proceedings (With consent of the Tribal Court)
“ (g) Abandoned, Dependent, Neglected, Orphaned or Abused Children
“(h) Operation of Motor Vehicles Upon Public Streets, Alloys, Roads and Highways.
“ (i) Laws of the State of Montana, and Ordinances and Regulations of a Criminal Nature Applicable within Incorporated Cities and Towns.”
Less than a year later on May 5, 1965, Tribal Ordinance 40-A (Revised)-was passed by the Tribal Council which specifically limited jurisdiction to criminal laws. Subsection (i) of 40-A (Revised) reads:
“ (i) All Criminal Laws of the State oP Montana; and all Criminal Ordinances of Cities and Towns within the Flathead Indian Reservation.” (Emphasis added).
Worcester v. Georgia, 31 U.S. 515, 8 L.Ed. 483 (1832), established that title to Indian country meant more than title within the ordinary proprietary concepts of our law of real property. It included all aspects of sovereign government control. These concepts--Indians being a foreign people and Indian country being a foreign land — are under present factual conditions totally inconsistent with the citizenship of Indians in the United States and the state wherein they reside. As we
Plaintiff argues that the effect of Kennerly, Deernose and Blackwolf is to create among reservation Indians a special class of citizens having “rights” not afforded other citizens of the state while at the same time denying basic constitutional rights to those with whom the Indians create obligations otherwise enforceable in the courts. Further, that such anomaly founded solely upon ethnic considerations is wholly out of step with enlightened constitutional principles, citing: Boddie v. Connecticut, 401 U.S. 371, 91 S.Ct. 780, 28 L.Ed.2d 113; Goldberg v. Kelly, 397 U.S. 254, 90 S.Ct. 1011, 25 L.Ed.2d 287; Stanley v. Illinois, 405 U.S. 645, 92 S.Ct. 1208, 31 L.Ed.2d 551.
All of the cited eases consider the basic constitutional principle of equal protection of the law being afforded all citizens notwithstanding differences in race, alienage, religion, poverty, or class. We do not take issue with plaintiff’s argument or the cases cited, but find we are confronted with the recent United States Supreme Court opinion in Kennerly and with what we believe to be, at least now, the erroneous concept set down in Worcester that the tribes were nations with whom treaties had. to be made. Until that concept is changed, there is little state-courts can do to afford the equal protection of our law to both its Indian and non-Indian citizens on civil matters arising-within the exterior boundaries of an Indian reservation.
Kennerly is controlling and the state cannot exercise-civil jurisdiction where it interferes with the self-government, of the Flathead Tribe, or impairs a right granted, reserved or-preempted by Congress. Organized Village of Kake v. Egan, 369 U.S. 60, 82 S.Ct. 562, 7 L.Ed.2d 573; Warren Trading Post
The decision of the district court is reversed and its order of June 7, 1972, is ordered vacated.
