800 P.2d 557 | Cal. | 1990
SECURITY PACIFIC NATIONAL BANK, Plaintiff and Appellant,
v.
ANTON J. WOZAB et al., Defendants and Respondents.
Supreme Court of California.
*994 COUNSEL
Lillick & McHose, Robert L. Morrison, Scott W. Carlson and Karen L. Heilman for Plaintiff and Appellant.
Gibson, Dunn & Crutcher and Dennis B. Arnold as Amici Curiae on behalf of Plaintiff and Appellant. *995 Wise, Wiezorek, Timmons & Wise, Anthony F. Wiezorek and Richard P. Dieffenbach for Defendants and Respondents.
OPINION
EAGLESON, J.
A bank depositor owed a debt of approximately $1 million to his bank. The debt was secured by a deed of trust on the depositor's real property. Without first seeking to foreclose the security interest, the bank set off approximately $3,000 in the depositor's accounts in partial satisfaction of the debt. The debtor protested to the bank, contending the bank was required first to foreclose its security interest. The bank responded by reconveying the deed of trust to the debtor and then filing suit to collect the remainder of the debt.
The question before us is whether the bank's setoff without first foreclosing its real property security interest precludes this action by the bank to recover the balance of the depositor's debt. We hold the bank's action on the debt is not precluded.
FACTS
Defendant Anton J. Wozab was president and majority shareholder of Anco Fire Protection, Inc. (Anco). His wife, Dorothea Wozab, was an Anco director. Anco had a line of credit with plaintiff Security Pacific National Bank (the bank) in excess of $1 million. Anco also had demand deposit accounts with the bank. The Wozabs had a term savings account and demand deposit accounts with the bank. The Wozabs executed written continuing general guaranties to the bank for its loans or advances to Anco. The bank became concerned with Anco's financial condition and, after discussions between Anton Wozab and the bank, the Wozabs executed a deed of trust on their personal residence as security for their continuing guaranties.
The bank became concerned that Anco might file a bankruptcy petition. To reduce Anco's debt as much as possible, the bank set off $110,635.19 in Anco's demand deposit accounts and $2,804.82 in the Wozabs' demand deposit and term savings accounts against Anco's indebtedness of $1,090,015.96, leaving due the bank a balance of $976,575.95. The bank exercised these setoffs without first foreclosing its real property security *996 interest for the Wozabs' guaranties. Anco filed a bankruptcy petition shortly thereafter.[1]
The bank and the Wozabs entered into discussions as to the Wozabs' liability under their guaranties. The Wozabs contended that, under the then recently decided case of Bank of America v. Daily (1984) 152 Cal. App. 3d 767 [199 Cal. Rptr. 557], the bank's setoff constituted a waiver of its security interest in the Wozabs' home. After considering the matter, the bank reconveyed the deed of trust to the Wozabs and filed the present action to enforce their guaranties, which became unsecured as a result of the bank's reconveyance. The bank alleged breach of the guaranties and sought to recover the unpaid debt of approximately $976,000.
The bank and the Wozabs filed cross-motions for summary judgment. The Wozabs contended the bank's setoff of their deposit accounts constituted not only a waiver of the security interest but also a waiver of the underlying debt (the personal guaranties). The trial court concluded the Wozabs were correct under Bank of America v. Daily, supra, 152 Cal. App. 3d 767, and granted their motion for summary judgment. The trial court, however, expressed its strong disagreement with Daily, noting that it allowed the Wozabs to avoid paying a debt of almost $1 million. The court recommended that the bank appeal.
The bank did so, and the Court of Appeal affirmed. We granted the bank's petition for review.
DISCUSSION
1. Code of Civil Procedure section 726
(1a) The threshold question is whether the bank's setoff of the Wozabs' accounts was improper under Code of Civil Procedure section 726.[2] If the bank's setoff did not violate section 726, the setoff does not preclude the bank's present suit to recover for breach of the guaranties. (2) (See fn. 3.), (1b) If, however, the setoff violated section 726, we must determine the setoff's effect, if any, on the bank's right to recover.[3]
(3) (See fn. 4.) Section 726, subdivision (a) states in relevant part, "There can be but one form of action for the recovery of any debt or the *997 enforcement of any right secured by mortgage upon real property or an estate for years therein, which action shall be in accordance with the provisions of this chapter...."[4] This provision was first enacted in substantially similar form more than a century ago, and its general operation has long been clear.[5] A secured creditor can bring only one lawsuit to enforce its security interest and collect its debt. (4) Moreover, section 726(a) is part of a broader statutory scheme designed to protect debtors. "Under California law `the creditor must rely upon his security before enforcing the debt.' ... However, since under section 726 `[t]here can be but one form of action for the recovery of any debt' secured by a mortgage or deed of trust on real property, where the creditor sues on the obligation and seeks a personal money judgment against the debtor without seeking therein foreclosure of such mortgage or deed of trust, he makes an election of remedies, electing the single remedy of a personal action, and thereby waives his right to foreclose on the security or to sell the security under a power of sale.... [¶] [S]ection 726 is susceptible of a dual application it may be interposed by the debtor as an affirmative defense or it may become operative as a sanction. If the debtor successfully raises the section as an affirmative defense, the creditor will be forced to exhaust the security before he may obtain a money judgment against the debtor for any deficiency.... If the debtor does not raise the section as an affirmative defense, he may still invoke it as a sanction against the creditor on the basis that the latter by not foreclosing on the security in the action brought to enforce the debt, has made an election of remedies and waived the security." (Walker v. Community Bank, supra, 10 Cal. 3d 729, 733-734, quoting Roseleaf Corp. v. Chierighino (1963) 59 Cal. 2d 35, 38-39 [27 Cal. Rptr. 873, 378 P.2d 97] [citations omitted]; see generally Comment, What is an Action for Purposes of Cal. Civil Procedure Code Section 726? *998 (1988) 25 San Diego L.Rev. 1093, 1099-1101; 3 Witkin, Summary of Cal. Law (9th ed. 1987) Security Transactions in Real Property, § 119, pp. 620-621; 4 Miller & Starr, Current Law of Cal. Real Estate (2d ed. 1989) § 9:104, pp. 342-344.) With this understanding of how section 726 operates, we turn to the question of whether the bank's setoff violated either the one-action or security-first rules that arise from section 726 and related statutes.
A. Definition of "action"
(1c) Whether the bank's set off was an "action" is answered by section 22, which states, "An action is an ordinary proceeding in a court of justice by which one party prosecutes another for the declaration, enforcement, or protection of a right, the redress or prevention of a wrong, or the punishment of a public offense." (Italics added.) (5) "`When a statute prescribes the meaning to be given to particular terms used by it, that meaning is generally binding on the courts.'" (Great Lakes Properties, Inc. v. City of El Segundo (1977) 19 Cal. 3d 152, 156 [137 Cal. Rptr. 154, 561 P.2d 244], quoting People v. Western Air Lines, Inc. (1954) 42 Cal. 2d 621, 638 [268 P.2d 723].)
(1d) The bank's setoff was not a "proceeding in a court of justice." No court had anything to do with the setoff. It was therefore not an action within the meaning of section 22. The statute's plain language permits no other reasonable conclusion. (6) "It is axiomatic that in the interpretation of a statute where the language is clear, its plain meaning should be followed." (Great Lakes Properties, Inc. v. City of El Segundo, supra, 19 Cal. 3d 152, 155.) To construe section 22 to include the bank's nonjudicial setoff, we would have to insert into section 22 language not used by the Legislature. Doing so would violate the cardinal rule of statutory construction that courts must not add provisions to statutes. (People v. Campbell (1902) 138 Cal. 11, 15 [70 P. 918]; Ross v. City of Long Beach (1944) 24 Cal. 2d 258, 260 [148 P.2d 649].) This rule has been codified in California as section 1858, which provides that a court must not "insert what has been omitted" from a statute.[6]
(1e) Despite the clear language of section 22, the Wozabs contend a long line of decisions supports the view that the bank's setoff was an action within the scope of section 726(a). The Wozabs are right for the wrong reason. The setoff was a violation of section 726 but was not an "action." *999 Prior decisions have invalidated bank setoffs, not because the setoffs were "actions," but because the security had not first been foreclosed.
B. Security-first rule
Section 726 embodies more than the "one-action" rule. As explained above, section 726 and the statutory scheme of which it is a part require a secured creditor to proceed against the security before enforcing the underlying debt. (Walker v. Community Bank, supra, 10 Cal. 3d 729, 733-734.) This rule is hornbook law in California and warrants no extended discussion.
We first addressed the effect of this rule on a bank setoff almost a century ago in McKean v. German-Am. Savings Bank (1897) 118 Cal. 334 [50 P. 656] (McKean), in which a depositor's assignee sued a bank to recover the amount of the bank's setoff. As a defense, the bank contended the depositor's debt was due at the time of the setoff, that the setoff was against this indebtedness, and that the setoff was before the assignment. The plaintiff-assignee contended section 726 precluded this defense that the bank should have foreclosed its security interest before taking the setoff. The court agreed. It reasoned that, because the security-first rule prohibited a bank from bringing a judicial action before foreclosing the security, the rule must equally prohibit a bank's extrajudicial appropriation of the debtor's assets before foreclosure. (Id., at pp. 340-341.)
Subsequent decisions without exception have followed McKean in construing bank setoffs to be subject to section 726. (Gnarini v. Swiss American Bank (1912) 162 Cal. 181, 184 [121 P. 726]; First Nat. Bank of Corona v. Coplen (1919) 39 Cal. App. 619, 620 [179 P. 708]; Woodruff v. California Republic Bank (1977) 75 Cal. App. 3d 108, 110 [141 Cal. Rptr. 915]; Bank of America v. Daily, supra, 152 Cal. App. 3d 767, 771.)
The bank contends we should overrule McKean, supra, 118 Cal. 334, and its progeny. The bank relies primarily on section 22's provision that an "action" is a judicial action. As explained above, however, the bank's reliance on section 22 is unavailing. We agree that an extrajudicial setoff is not an action. (pp. 998-999, ante.) The rationale of McKean is that a setoff violates the security-first rule of section 726. That rationale remains valid.[7]
*1000 Moreover, even if we had some doubt as to McKean, supra, 118 Cal. 334 and we do not have any we would decline the bank's invitation to overrule that decision. The McKean rule has been the law for almost a century. The principle of stare decisis weighs heavily against a departure from such precedent. (Gardiner v. Royer (1914) 167 Cal. 238, 242 [139 P. 75] [refusing to overrule 20-year-old decision].) Just as important, the McKean rule is a rule of property that affects both a debtor's bank deposits and the creditor bank's security interest in real property. Perhaps more than in any other situation, courts are inclined to follow precedent when property rights have been founded and vested in accord with an existing rule. (Sacramento Bank v. Alcorn (1898) 121 Cal. 379 [53 P. 813].) At the time the Wozabs deposited their funds with the bank, they could rest assured the law prohibited a setoff of those funds against their secured debt to the bank. When asked to change a rule of property, we have made clear that even if "we might now be convinced that the rule was erroneous, it should not be disturbed." (Id., at p. 382.)
We also note the record before us does not indicate that the prohibition of bank setoff against a secured debt has caused significant problems for the banking industry. If the courts' construction of section 726 has been incorrect or unworkable, the banking industry has had ample opportunity (almost 100 years) to seek an amendment of the statute by the Legislature. There is no indication, however, the industry has done so or that the Legislature has reconsidered the effect of a bank setoff on a secured debt.
We reaffirm the long-standing rule that under section 726(a) a bank is not allowed to take a unilateral setoff of funds in a depositor's demand account against a debt secured by the depositor's interest in real property.
2. Effect of improper setoff
(7a) The more important question in this case is the effect of an improper setoff under section 726 on the underlying debt and security interest. The Wozabs contend the bank lost both its security interest and its right to recover the debt. The bank contends this drastic result is unwarranted and proposes three less severe remedies for an improper setoff: (1) In the bank's view, the fairest remedy would be to restore the parties to their respective positions before the setoff by requiring the bank to return the offset funds with interest thereon to the depositor's account. (2) In addition to return of *1001 its funds with interest, the depositor would be entitled to compensatory damages actually incurred as a result of the setoff. (3) At most, the bank should lose its security interest in the real property collateral but retain its right to collect the underlying debt. The California Bankers Association, appearing as amicus curiae in support of the bank, also argues against the double sanction of loss of the security and debt and contends loss of the security is by itself sufficiently drastic to deter improper setoffs.
Before addressing the merits of these various approaches, we emphasize the narrowness of the issue before us. The improper setoff was brought to the bank's attention by the debtors' counsel, who contended it resulted in waiver of the security. The bank implicitly agreed (or at least conceded the point) and reconveyed the deed of trust to the debtors. A key fact for the present case that limits the scope of our decision is that the bank did not promptly return the amount of the setoff. We do not have before us a situation in which a bank has set off funds, perhaps inadvertently but in technical violation of section 726(a), and promptly thereafter returned them to the debtor's account. We therefore need not, and do not, decide whether the bank in that situation could subsequently proceed against the security interest over the debtor's objection. In this case the bank set off and retained the funds.[8] We do not have before us either an inadvertent setoff or one of negligible duration.
Furthermore, the bank's voluntary reconveyance of the trust deed to the debtors eliminates as a practical matter the issue of whether the improper setoff in this case should be sanctioned with an involuntary loss of the security interest. This question was effectively mooted by the reconveyance. In light of the importance of the issue for future transactions, however, we think it important to note that the bank's voluntary reconveyance was an accurate reflection (and perhaps implicit acknowledgement by the bank) of the long-established rule as to the effect of an improper setoff. When a secured creditor violates section 726(a) by obtaining judgment on the debt before foreclosing upon the security, he is deemed to have waived the security. (pp. 997-998, ante; Walker v. Community Bank, supra, 10 Cal. 3d 729, 733-734.) By parity of reasoning, a creditor bank that violates section *1002 726(a) by taking an improper extrajudicial setoff must be held to have waived the bank's security interest in its depositor's real property. (Bank of America v. Daily, supra, 152 Cal. App. 3d 767, 772.)
As noted above, the bank contends this result is unduly severe. The bank argues that a fairer remedy for an improper setoff would be for a court to require the bank to restore the setoff funds to its depositor's account with interest and to award compensatory damages actually incurred by the depositor. We disagree because this alternative would deprive the depositor of the full measure of protection contemplated under section 726(a). One of the primary purposes of the one-action rule is to protect the debtor from having to defend against a multiplicity of actions. Under the bank's view, the debtor subjected to an improper setoff would be saddled with the burden of having to commence a court action to recover the setoff and his other damages. After the debtor prevailed in that action, however, the bank could then judicially foreclose on the security and obtain a deficiency judgment if the security were insufficient to pay the debt. The obvious problem with this result is that the debtor would have been subjected to a multiplicity of actions: bringing one to recover the setoff and defending another by the creditor.
The bank's suggested remedy also ignores commercial reality. Unless the amount of setoff is quite substantial, the economics of modern litigation are such that the depositor will be unable to find counsel willing to commence and maintain a lawsuit to recover the setoff. This is especially egregious in the case of a bank setoff because the debtor's bank deposits presumably his most liquid asset that he could use to obtain legal counsel will have been placed beyond his reach by the bank itself. The debtor will also have suffered the dual burdens of having incurred substantial, and likely unrecoverable, legal fees and of having been required to suffer the often protracted delays of litigation just to recover funds that never should have been taken from him in the first instance. In short, requiring a depositor to seek affirmative relief (return of the setoff and compensatory damages) would provide little, if any, practical incentive for a bank to comply with section 726(a).
The remaining issue before us is whether the bank's improper setoff requires a forfeiture of the underlying debt. As we shall explain, the law does not require that draconian sanction. Until the present case, no court had held that an improper bank set off resulted in loss of the debt. The earliest cases arising from an improper setoff did not even reach the remedy issue. In McKean, supra, 118 Cal. 334, the seminal case, the plaintiff (an assignee of the depositor) sued to recover $400 that had been deposited with the bank. The bank defended on the ground that the deposit had been set off *1003 against the depositor's secured debt. The court held that the setoff was invalid and that the bank was obliged under section 726 to bring a foreclosure action against the debtor before seeking to recover on the debt itself. The depositor was not a party to the action, and the court did not hold the bank had lost either its security interest or the underlying debt. To the contrary, McKean, to the extent it provides any guidance for this case, suggests the bank did not lose its right to enforce the debt. The same result obtained in subsequent decisions. In Gnarini v. Swiss American Bank, supra, 162 Cal. 181, and Woodruff v. California Republic Bank, supra, 75 Cal. App. 3d 108, the courts held the setoffs were ineffective but did not hold or even suggest the debts were unenforceable.
The remedy issue was first squarely addressed in Bank of America v. Daily, supra, 152 Cal. App. 3d 767 (Daily). In Daily, a bank set off $10,412.50 from a debtor's checking account as partial payment of a promissory note secured by the debtor's real property. The bank then filed an action to foreclose on the secured property to recover the balance of the debt. Applying the rule of McKean, supra, 118 Cal. 334, and its progeny, the court held the setoff was a violation of section 726. The court then considered the question of the appropriate remedy for the violation.
As in the present case, the bank in Daily, supra, 152 Cal. App. 3d 767, contended the proper remedy would be to return the parties to their respective positions before the setoff. The court rejected this argument and held the bank had waived its right to foreclose the security. That was the necessary and correct result under section 726(a). (P. 1002, ante.) The bank in Daily, however, was not seeking a judgment on the underlying debt, and the court did not have occasion to decide whether the bank was precluded from doing so. The Wozabs nevertheless rely heavily on Daily for their argument that the setoff waived the underlying debt. In reaching its conclusion as to the loss of security, the Daily court briefly quoted from a treatise: "`The classic sanction against the creditor who fails to exhaust all his security for the same debt in a single action is harsh, yet it follows inescapably from the availability of but one action to the creditor he waives the balance of the security and he waives any claim to the unpaid balance of the debt.'" (152 Cal. App.3d at p. 772, italics added, quoting Hetland, Cal. Real Estate Secured Transactions (Cont.Ed.Bar. 1970) Antideficiency Legislation, § 6.18, p. 258.)
Daily, supra, 152 Cal. App. 3d 767, does not support the Wozabs' position. The cause of action in Daily was for foreclosure of the bank's security interest. Unlike in the present case, the bank was not seeking to recover on the debt. The court's brief quotation regarding the debt was clearly dictum. (8) "`It is the general rule that the language of an opinion must be *1004 construed with reference to the facts presented by the case, and the positive authority of a decision is coextensive only with such facts.'" (Brown v. Kelly Broadcasting Co. (1989) 48 Cal. 3d 711, 734-735 [257 Cal. Rptr. 708, 771 P.2d 406], quoting River Farms Co. v. Superior Court (1933) 131 Cal. App. 365, 369 [21 P.2d 643].) Daily did not decide whether an improper setoff requires forfeiture of the debt as well as the security interest.
(7b) We are therefore confronted with an issue of first impression: Does an improper bank setoff result in the forfeiture of the underlying debt? We conclude there is no forfeiture. (9) When a secured creditor sues only on the underlying debt without seeking to foreclose the security, he is precluded by section 726(a) from proceeding against the security in a subsequent action. (Salter v. Ulrich (1943) 22 Cal. 2d 263, 268 [138 P.2d 7, 146 A.L.R. 1344].) The creditor is deemed to have waived his security.[9] The judgment on the debt, however, is unaffected by the creditor's failure to comply with the chronology required by section 726. (22 Cal.2d at p. 268.) Similarly, if a creditor has multiple security interests for a debt and proceeds against less than all of them in a judicial foreclosure action, in which he obtains a deficiency judgment, he cannot thereafter seek to foreclose the excluded security. (Walker v. Community Bank, supra, 10 Cal. 3d 729, 733-734.) In that situation, however, the creditor also has a judgment on the underlying debt.
In this case the bank's setoff was not a judicial action, and the bank therefore did not obtain a judgment for the full amount of the debt (as in Salter v. Ulrich, supra, 22 Cal. 2d 263) or for any deficiency after sale of the security (as in Walker v. Community Bank, supra, 10 Cal. 3d 729). In both Salter and Walker the creditors failed to comply fully with section 726, but in both cases the creditors were allowed a judgment for the full amount of the debt. The only sanction was that the creditors lost their preferred position as secured creditors (in whole or in part) and were reduced to the status of unsecured creditors a drastic sanction in the marketplace. (Bernhardt, Mortgages and Deeds of Trust (Cont.Ed.Bar 1989) 12 Real Prop. L. Rptr. 184, 186.) (7c) By parity of reasoning, the bank in this case also must be allowed to seek a judgment for the full balance of the debt.
The particular facts of this case also demonstrate that allowing the bank to recover the Wozabs' debt is consistent with the purpose and operation of section 726. As we explained in Walker v. Community Bank, supra, 10 Cal. 3d 729, the operation of section 726 is in large part within the control of the debtor. If a secured creditor brings an action on the debt before foreclosing *1005 the security, the debtor can interpose section 726 as an affirmative defense, thereby requiring the creditor to exhaust the security before he may obtain a money judgment against the debtor. If the debtor does not raise the statute as an affirmative defense, the creditor's action on the debt is allowed to proceed to judgment. The creditor, however, is precluded from thereafter foreclosing on the security. He is deemed to have elected his remedy. (Id., at pp. 733-734; Roseleaf Corp. v. Chierighino, supra, 59 Cal. 2d 35, 38-39.)
When the bank set off the Wozabs' account, they were in the same functional position as a debtor defending a judicial action on the debt. They could have demanded that the bank proceed against the security before resorting to their personal assets, i.e., their bank deposits. Instead, they notified the bank that in their view the setoff had waived the security interest. The Wozabs then accepted the bank's reconveyance to them of the deed of trust. (The record does not reflect that the Wozabs ever requested a refund of the setoff.) By doing so, they voluntarily relinquished the protection of the security-first rule. Put plainly, the bank erred in taking the setoff. For reasons unknown to us personal, economic, or otherwise the Wozabs seized the opportunity to reclaim their deed of trust, preventing the bank from first proceeding against the security as required by section 726. We find no merit in the Wozabs' belated claim that the bank should have foreclosed before seeking a personal judgment. The Wozabs acquiesced in (indeed, demanded) the bank's decision not to foreclose. This is consistent with the rule that a debtor can waive the protection of section 726 by failing to insist that the creditor first proceed against the security. (Salter v. Ulrich, supra, 22 Cal.2d at p. 268.) "Acquiescence in error takes away the right of objecting to it." (Civ. Code, § 3516.) To allow the Wozabs now to claim they were deprived of the benefits of the rule would be to encourage gamesmanship demanding reconveyance of the security and then demanding that the creditor resort to the security. The two demands are mutually inconsistent.
(10) Allowing the bank to sue on the debt does not violate the two fundamental purposes of section 726: (1) preventing a multiplicity of law-suits against the debtor, and (2) requiring exhaustion of the security before a resort to the debtor's unencumbered assets. The present action is the only lawsuit against the Wozabs, and they freely chose not to have the bank foreclose upon the security interest.
(7d) Finally, the result advocated by the Wozabs allowing them to evade their debt almost in its entirety would be a gross injustice to the bank and a corresponding windfall to the Wozabs. (Mertens, California's Foreclosure Statutes: Some Proposals For Reform (1986) 26 Santa Clara L.Rev. 533, 555 [noting unfairness of this result].) They voluntarily *1006 executed their personal guaranties and the trust deed to further their substantial business interests. They promised to pay, if necessary, the money loaned to their business for their benefit. They induced the bank to rely on this promise by executing the deed of trust. The Wozabs got what they wanted, money for their business. They now want to deprive the bank, however, of its benefit of the bargain. They have their property free and clear of the security interest and thus far they have avoided the debt almost entirely having paid only $2,804.82 and leaving unpaid a balance of $976,575.95. Such result would violate the notion of simple morality that "He who takes the benefit must take the burden." (Civ. Code, § 3521.)
Moreover, the result advocated by the Wozabs is so harsh as to be punitive. It would constitute a penalty against the bank 300 times greater than the amount of the setoff. One commentator observed of this result, "To force a bank to forfeit nearly $1,000,000 because it mistakenly attempted to apply $3,000 in a deposit account to a secured debt is unreasonable. In fact it is downright silly." (Munoz & Rabin, The Sequel to Bank of America v Daily: Security Pac. Nat'l Bank v Wozab (Cont.Ed.Bar 1989) 12 Real Prop. L. Rptr. 204, 210.) We agree.
The result we reach is also fair and workable in future cases. Because a debtor can object to an improper setoff and require the bank to return it and proceed first against the security interest, a bank cannot unilaterally waive its security interest by taking an improper setoff and then proceeding directly on the underlying debt. The debtor retains the right to require the bank to return the improper setoff and proceed against the security interest before the bank attempts to recover on the underlying debt. Of course, if the bank refused the debtor's demand and retained the setoff funds, the security-first rule (pp. 1001-1002, ante) would preclude the bank from foreclosing the security interest or proceeding on the underlying debt. Conversely, if the bank complied with the debtor's demand to return the funds and to proceed first against the security, the debtor could not thereafter assert that the bank had waived its security interest.
DISPOSITION
The judgment of the Court of Appeal is reversed with directions to remand this action to the trial court for further proceedings in accord with this opinion. The bank is awarded its costs on appeal.
Lucas, C.J., Panelli, J., and Arabian, J., concurred.
BROUSSARD, J., Concurring and Dissenting.
I concur in the majority's conclusion that plaintiff bank, as a secured creditor, violated the provisions *1007 of section 726 of the Code of Civil Procedure[1] when, without first exhausting its security, it unilaterally undertook to collect part of its secured debt through the exercise of a setoff against a nonsecured personal bank account of the debtor. I cannot agree with the majority, however, that the appropriate sanction for the bank's misconduct in the present case is simply the loss of the bank's security interest in the secured property, leaving the bank free to collect the remainder of the debt by proceeding immediately against all of the nonsecured assets of the debtor. In my view, that remedy provides little meaningful protection to the debtor and is fundamentally inconsistent with the principle that bars a secured creditor from reaching the nonsecured assets of the debtor unless it has first exhausted the security. In this setting, I believe that the Court of Appeal properly concluded that the appropriate remedy, consistent with prior section 726 precedents, is to bar the bank, which collected part of its secured debt in a manner not authorized by section 726, from taking any additional action to collect the balance of the secured debt. Accordingly, I would affirm the Court of Appeal judgment in favor of the debtor.
I
Although I concur in the majority's conclusion that the bank's exercise of a setoff against the debtor's nonsecured bank account violated section 726, in my view the majority's analysis of this initial point is somewhat confusing, and fails to sufficiently acknowledge the dangers that such a setoff poses to the statutorily guaranteed rights of debtors.
The majority start off on the wrong track by beginning its analysis with a discussion of whether the bank's setoff was an "action" within the meaning of section 22. (See maj. opn., ante, pp. 998-999.) The issue before us is not whether the bank's setoff was or was not an "action" for purposes of section 22, but rather whether the bank, by exercising such a setoff to collect a secured debt, violated the provisions of section 726 and related statutes which prescribe and limit the conduct a secured creditor may pursue to collect such a debt. Numerous decisions make it clear that conduct by a secured creditor may violate section 726 and the related statutes even if the conduct does not constitute a judicial action within the meaning of section 22. (See, e.g., Woodward v. Brown (1897) 119 Cal. 283, 291-295 [51 P. 542] [secured creditor violated § 726 by voluntarily releasing lien on secured property before bringing action to enforce debt]; In re Kristal (9th Cir.1985) 758 F.2d 454, 455-456 [secured creditor violated § 726 by its postjudgment conduct of proceeding first against debtor's nonsecured property]; Pacific Valley Bank v. Schwenke (1987) 189 Cal. App. 3d 134, 140-146 [234 *1008 Cal. Rptr. 298] [secured creditor violated principle of § 726 when it released security without consent of a co-obligor on the debt].) By commencing its analysis with a largely irrelevant question, the majority opinion unnecessarily invites confusion.
I believe the majority's analysis would be on sounder ground if it started from the general principles that govern the conduct of a secured creditor in collecting a secured debt. In Walker v. Community Bank (1974) 10 Cal. 3d 729, 733 [111 Cal. Rptr. 897, 518 P.2d 329], Justice Sullivan, writing for a unanimous court, briefly explained the most fundamental restriction that California law places on a secured creditor: "In California, as in most states, a creditor's right to enforce a debt secured by a mortgage or deed of trust on real property is restricted by statute. Under California law `the creditor must rely upon his security before enforcing the debt. (Code Civ. Proc., §§ 580a, 725a, 726.) If the security is insufficient, his right to a judgment against the debtor for the deficiency may be limited or barred by sections 580a, 580b, 580d or 726 of the Code of Civil Procedure.' [Citation.]" (Italics added.)
As this passage from Walker v. Community Bank, supra, 10 Cal. 3d 729, suggests, section 726 is only one of a number of statutes that, operating together, establish and enforce the rule that requires a secured creditor, who claims that a secured debt is due, to proceed first against the security before seeking to reach other, nonsecured assets of the debtor. The "security first" principle is an indispensable element of all of the numerous statutory provisions that afford a secured debtor protection in a wide range of circumstances: e.g., the provision that limits the amount of a deficiency judgment a secured creditor may obtain after a judicial foreclosure (§ 726, subd. (b)), the provision that bars a deficiency judgment in purchase money transactions (§ 580b), and the provision that precludes a creditor who has elected to foreclose by private sale from proceeding against any personal assets of the debtor (§ 580d). If a secured creditor, without violating section 726, could reach nonsecured assets of the debtor before proceeding against the security, the creditor could circumvent the carefully fashioned protections of all of these statutory provisions. (See Bernhardt, Cal. Mortgage and Deed of Trust Practice (Cont.Ed.Bar 1990) § 4.4., pp. 188-189.)[2]
Once it is understood that section 726 and the related statutes embody a security-first principle, it requires no novel insight to recognize that a *1009 secured creditor can violate the statutory scheme through the exercise of extrajudicial conduct against a debtor's nonsecured property, as well as by instituting a judicial "action" against such assets. Indeed, as the majority opinion points out, nearly a century ago, in McKean v. German-Am. Savings Bank (1897) 118 Cal. 334 [50 P. 656] (hereafter McKean), this court clearly and unambiguously held that the provisions of section 726 preclude a bank that holds a secured debt from collecting all or part of that debt by reducing, or setting off, a separate nonsecured bank account of the debtor without first exhausting the security.
Because of the pertinence of the McKean decision, it is worth quoting the relevant analysis of that decision at some length. The McKean opinion explained: "[T]he decisions of this court ... mean that the mortgagee, whether a banking corporation or a private individual, must first look to the mortgaged premises as constituting the primary fund out of which the debt secured by the mortgage must be paid.... [¶] The reason of the rule that gives to banks the right to appropriate a deposit to the payment of the depositer's matured indebtedness does not apply where the bank has security for that indebtedness.... [¶] ... [W]hen the legislature declared that there should be but one action to enforce a debt secured by mortgage, it did not mean that payment could be enforced against the consent of the mortgagor by giving a bank the right to enforce payment under a general banker's lien upon some other property, and that, too, without any legal proceedings whatever. The lien given on the mortgaged premises ... was intended to be in lieu and exclusive of all implied liens.... [A] bank should [not] be given a right to forcibly, and against the consent of the depositer, appropriate his money, when, if it came into court to do so, the action would not lie.... [¶] The difficulty with [the bank's] argument is that it ignores the force and effect of section 726 of the Code of Civil Procedure." (118 Cal. at pp. 339-341, italics added, citations omitted.)
The McKean court's holding in this regard is no aberration and has been repeatedly and uniformly followed in subsequent decisions in the more than 90 years since the McKean decision. In Gnarini v. Swiss American Bank (1912) 162 Cal. 181 [121 P. 726], for example, the issue before the court was whether the defendant bank had acted improperly in closing a firm's account and applying the balance of the account to the amount due on a separate note. In posing the issue, the Gnarini court stated: "`The plaintiff contends that the indebtedness represented by the note was secured by [a] mortgage, and that therefore the bank had no right to charge this note to the deposit account. It seems to be conceded as indeed it must be that if the mortgage ... still subsists, and is security for the indebtedness represented by the second note, the bank had no right to apply the deposit to its payment. This was squarely decided in the case of McKean ..., where it *1010 was held that if a bank has mortgage security for a debt it must exhaust that security before it can apply in reduction or cancellation of the debt any money on deposit with it belonging to the debtor.'" (162 Cal. at p. 184, italics added.) A number of other more recent cases have similarly cited and applied the McKean holding. (See, e.g., Bank of America v. Daily (1984) 152 Cal. App. 3d 767, 771 [199 Cal. Rptr. 557]; Woodruff v. California Republic Bank (1977) 75 Cal. App. 3d 108, 110-111 [141 Cal. Rptr. 915]; Nelson v. Bank of America (1946) 76 Cal. App. 2d 501, 507-509 [173 P.2d 322].)
In view of this long and unbroken line of decisions interpreting section 726 to preclude a bank that holds a secured debt from applying sums from a nonsecured account to reduce that debt, it is clear that the bank's conduct in this case was impermissible under section 726.
While the majority properly recognize that the bank's exercise of a setoff violated section 726, the majority leave unstated the significant danger that such a setoff poses both for the rights of debtors and for the rights of competing creditors. By exercising such a setoff, a bank not only deprives the debtor of the immediate possession of funds to which the debtor is then entitled, but the bank may obtain funds of the debtor to which the bank would never be entitled or to which other creditors have an equal or greater claim. If, for example, the market value of the security equals or exceeds the debt or if any of the statutory provisions prohibiting a deficiency judgment are applicable, the bank would have no right to reach any assets of the debtor other than the security (§§ 726, subd. (b), 580b, 580d), but the bank could evade these limitations with impunity if it could collect the secured debt by setoff from the debtor's nonsecured bank account. Similarly, by seizing nonsecured assets of the debtor that it has no right immediately to obtain, a bank may effectively gain an unjustifiable priority over competing creditors of the debtor who may have an equal or greater right than the bank to the proceeds of the debtor's nonsecured bank account.
In view of the unwarranted advantages a bank may obtain if it improperly exercises such a setoff, it is important that there be adequate remedies both to compensate those who are injured by such conduct and to deter the bank from attempting to obtain such unjustified benefits in the first place. As noted at the outset, it is on the question of the appropriate remedies for the bank's misconduct that I part company with the majority.
II
Before reaching the specific aspect of the remedy issue on which I disagree with the majority the question whether a secured creditor that has improperly exercised a setoff retains the right to pursue the balance of the *1011 debt it is important to clarify a separate aspect of the remedy issue on which the majority may be misunderstood.
As discussed above, it is clear under the majority opinion that a bank that holds a secured debt has no right to collect that debt by setting off a nonsecured bank account of the debtor. If a bank improperly exercises such a setoff, it has unlawfully converted the debtor's funds. In such a case, the debtor always retains the option of bringing a tort action against the bank for (1) the return of the setoff funds, (2) interest, and (3) any consequential damages that the debtor has suffered as a result of being improperly deprived of the use of its funds. Although in the present case the debtor may not have suffered significant consequential damages, in other instances a debtor may suffer substantial damages as a result of being deprived of the proceeds of a personal bank account. There should be no question but that in a such case the debtor retains the right to pursue a tort action against the bank.
I emphasize this point simply to avoid any possible misunderstanding with regard to the majority's discussion of the debtor's tort remedy. In this case the bank has conceded that a debtor whose funds have been improperly set off in violation of section 726 has the right to sue for the return of the funds with interest and for any consequential damages caused by the setoff, but contends that this should be the debtor's only remedy. In rejecting the bank's contention, the majority simply conclude that the remedy for the bank's violation of section 726 cannot properly be limited to such an independent tort action. (See maj. opn., ante, p. 1002.) The majority, however, do not purport to hold, and should not be interpreted as holding, that a debtor does not retain the right to pursue such an action if he or she so chooses.
III
The question before us is whether the bank's violation of section 726 has any consequences beyond subjecting the bank to potential tort liability for conversion. The majority recognize that because it will often not be feasible for a debtor to pursue a tort action, limiting the remedy for an improper setoff to such an action would not provide a sufficient practical incentive for a bank to comply with section 726. (See maj. opn., ante, p. 1002.) The majority opinion goes on to hold, however, that on the facts of this case the additional consequences resulting from the bank's violation of section 726 should be confined to the bank's loss of its security interest, and should not *1012 include the bank's loss of the ability to proceed against the debtor for the balance of the debt. (See maj. opn., ante, pp. 1002-1005.)[3]
I cannot agree that the appropriate alternative sanction for the bank's misconduct in this case is simply the loss of the bank's security interest, leaving the bank free to collect the remainder of its debt from all of the nonsecured assets of the debtor. In my view, restricting the remedy in this fashion is fundamentally inconsistent with the basic rationale of the security-first principle embodied in section 726.
As we have seen, in Walker v. Community Bank, supra, 10 Cal. 3d 729, 733, this court set forth the basic principle that "a creditor's right to enforce a debt secured by a ... deed of trust on real property is restricted by statute. Under California law `the creditor must rely upon his security before enforcing the debt....' [Citation.]" In Pacific Valley Bank v. Schwenke, supra, 189 Cal. App. 3d 134, 140, Justice Brauer pointed out that the corollary to the rule requiring a secured creditor to exhaust the security before proceeding against the debtor personally is that "the debtor, by signing a note secured by a deed of trust, does not make an absolute promise to pay the entire obligation, but rather makes only a conditional promise to pay any deficiency that remains if a judicial sale of the encumbered property does not satisfy the debt. [Citation.]" (Italics added.) (See also Biddell v. Brizzolara (1883) 64 Cal. 354, 362 [30 P. 609].) In light of the conditional nature of the debtor's obligation to pay a secured debt from nonsecured assets, California cases have long made clear that a secured creditor enjoys no unilateral right to release or waive its security interest and thereby assume the status of an unsecured creditor with the right to proceed immediately against the debtor's nonsecured assets. (See, e.g., Barbieri v. Ramelli (1890) 84 Cal. 154, 156-157 [23 P. 1086].) Absent the consent of the debtor, a secured creditor cannot escape the statutory limitations on its right to pursue nonsecured assets of the debtor.
Given these well-established principles, the majority's conclusion, that when a bank violates section 726 by exercising an improper setoff it loses only its security interest in the property but retains the right to proceed against the debtor's nonsecured assets, is clearly anomalous. Under the majority's approach, if a debtor chooses to invoke the loss-of-security *1013 sanction after an improper setoff, he can do so only by giving up the basic protection of the security-first rule and permitting the creditor to reach his nonsecured assets without exhausting the security. Thus, the sanction which the majority impose on the creditor is, at best, only a mixed blessing for the debtor, and may often do little to deter banks from exercising improper setoffs.
In fact, the majority go out of their way to qualify even their limited holding regarding the loss of the bank's security interest in a manner that substantially increases the risk that banks will exercise improper setoffs in the future. Although the majority hold that the debtor has the right to treat the bank as having waived its security interest when, as here, a bank not only improperly sets off a debtor's funds but retains those funds after the matter is brought to its attention, the majority, while purporting not to decide the issue, go on to suggest that if a bank that has improperly offset funds promptly returns the funds when the propriety of the setoff is challenged, it might be "excessive" to impose on the bank the limited sanction of the loss of its security, even when that sanction rather than the return of the offset funds is the sanction that the debtor seeks to invoke. (See, ante, p. 1001 & fn. 8.)
In light of this significant qualification of the majority's holding, a bank could rationally conclude that it faces little risk in improperly exercising a setoff against a debtor's nonsecured bank account. If the debtor is not aware of his rights and fails to object to the bank's conduct, the bank would be able to retain the improperly setoff funds with impunity. If the debtor is aware of his rights and brings the matter to the bank's attention, the bank can promptly return the funds to the debtor's account and potentially avoid any sanction. Thus, the qualification in the majority opinion largely eliminates any incentive a bank might have to ensure that its employees do not exercise a setoff in violation of the security-first rule.
These untoward consequences would be avoided if the majority, instead of attempting to fashion a truncated sanction for the bank's violation of section 726, were simply to apply the sanctions traditionally applied against a secured creditor who violates the provisions of section 726. As Professor Hetland has observed: "The classic sanction against the creditor who fails to exhaust all his security for the same debt in a single action is harsh, yet it follows inescapably from the availability of but one action to the creditor he waives the balance of the security and he waives any claim to the unpaid balance of the debt." (Hetland, Cal. Real Estate Secured Transactions (Cont.Ed.Bar 1970) Antideficiency Legislation, § 6.18, p. 258, italics added.) As we have seen, because a secured debtor's obligation to contribute his nonsecured assets to the payment of a secured debt is "only a conditional *1014 promise to pay any deficiency that remains if a judicial sale of the encumbered property does not satisfy the debt" (Pacific Valley Bank v. Schwenke, supra, 189 Cal. App. 3d 134, 140), once a secured creditor, because of its misconduct, has lost the right to proceed against the security, the condition under which the creditor can reach nonsecured assets of the debtor cannot be satisfied and thus it follows that the debtor cannot be held liable for any remaining balance of the debt. (See Woodward v. Brown, supra, 119 Cal. 283, 291-295; Bank of America v. Daily, supra, 152 Cal. App. 3d 767, 772-773.)
Contrary to the majority's suggestion, nothing in this court's decision in Walker v. Community Bank, supra, 10 Cal. 3d 729, is inconsistent with this conclusion. In Walker, the debt in question was secured by both real and personal property of the debtor. When the debtor defaulted, the creditor brought a judicial foreclosure action against the secured personal property and in the same action also obtained a deficiency judgment; neither the debtor nor the creditor mentioned the real property security in that action. Thereafter, the debtor sold the real property to a third party, Walker. The creditor then commenced foreclosure proceedings against the real property, but the new owner of the property filed an action to enjoin those proceedings and to quiet title, contending that the creditor, by failing to exhaust the real property security before obtaining a deficiency judgment against the debtor, had waived its right to foreclose on the realty. In Walker, supra, 10 Cal. 3d 729, we sustained the new owner's contention, holding that "where ... there is a single debt secured by both real and personal property and the creditor elects to judicially foreclose only on the personal property, he thereby loses his security interest in the real property as against all parties even though the debtor does not raise the one form of action rule (§ 726) as affirmative defense in the judicial foreclosure proceedings." (10 Cal.3d at p. 741.)
In contending that Walker v. Community Bank, supra, 10 Cal. 3d 729, suggests that the bank in this case should lose only its security interest and not its ability to collect the balance of its debt, the majority apparently rely on the fact that while Walker prohibited the creditor from judicially foreclosing on the property, the decision at the same time expressly noted that "[t]he Bank may, of course, levy execution upon any of [the debtor's] property in order to satisfy the deficiency judgment." (10 Cal.3d at p. 741, fn. 6.) The majority suggest that because the Walker court did not find that the creditor's violation of section 726 prohibited it from enforcing the initial deficiency judgment, the section 726 "sanction" endorsed by Walker calls only for the creditor's loss of its security interest and not for the creditor's loss of the right to pursue any remaining debt.
*1015 The majority overlook the fact, however, that in Walker v. Community Bank, supra, 10 Cal. 3d 729, the deficiency judgment had been entered against the debtor in violation of the security-first rule only because the debtor had declined to raise section 726 as an affirmative defense in the creditor's initial action. In that situation, the debtor, by declining to raise the section 726 issue, voluntarily waived any right to object to the entry of a personal judgment or the enforcement of the judgment against any of its nonsecured assets.
In the present case, by contrast, the bank, by unilaterally setting off the debtor's nonsecured bank account, collected a portion of its secured debt from nonsecured assets without giving the debtor any opportunity to forestall the taking of such assets by the interposition of a section 726 defense. Just as the bank would clearly be barred from bringing a second action to collect the remainder of the debt if it had obtained the proceeds of the debtor's bank account through an initial judicial action against the debtor, the bank should similarly be barred from seeking an additional recovery from the debtor when, without exhausting the security, it improperly seized nonsecured property without the debtor's consent through its unilateral extrajudicial conduct.[4]
It is true that, on the facts of this case, the traditional sanction for a section 726 violation the loss of the security interest and the loss of the right to pursue the balance of the debt operates harshly, resulting in the bank's loss of a $1 million guaranty as a consequence of its improper setoff of approximately $3,000 in the debtor's nonsecured bank account. From the relatively small number of cases that have arisen in this setting since the McKean decision, supra, 118 Cal. 334, in 1897, however, it is reasonable to conclude that as a general rule banks are well aware that when a debt is *1016 secured by real property they are required to exhaust the security before resorting to any nonsecured property of the debtor, including a personal bank account, and that, under the threat of a potentially harsh sanction, they have successfully established procedures to comply with this rule. In my view, the majority seriously err in permitting the "hard" facts of this case to lead it to depart from the usual sanction imposed in past section 726 cases.
I would affirm the judgment of the Court of Appeal.
Mosk, J., and Kennard, J., concurred.
Respondent's petition for a rehearing was denied February 14, 1991. Mosk, J., Broussard, J., and Kennard, J., were of the opinion that the petition should be granted.
NOTES
[1] Anco's line of credit with the bank was not secured by real property, and the bank's setoff against Anco's deposit accounts is not at issue in this appeal.
[2] All section references are to the Code of Civil Procedure unless otherwise indicated.
[3] The Wozabs' accounts were general deposit accounts. The bank's setoff against those accounts was therefore an exercise of the bank's equitable right of setoff rather than its statutory banker's lien under Civil Code section 3054. (Kruger v. Wells Fargo Bank (1974) 11 Cal. 3d 352, 357-358 [113 Cal. Rptr. 449, 521 P.2d 441, 65 A.L.R. 3d 1266].)
[4] For convenience we will hereinafter refer to section 726, subdivision (a) as section 726(a). The remainder of section 726(a) states, "... In the action the court may, by its judgment, direct the sale of the encumbered real property or estate for years therein (or so much of the real property or estate for years as may be necessary), and the application of the proceeds of the sale to the payment of costs of court, the expenses of levy and sale, and the amount due plaintiff, including, where the mortgage provides for the payment of attorney's fees, the sum for attorney's fees as the court shall find reasonable, not exceeding the amount named in the mortgage."
Although section 726(a) refers only to a "mortgage," the statute applies equally to a deed of trust. (Walker v. Community Bank (1974) 10 Cal. 3d 729, 733, fn. 1 [111 Cal. Rptr. 897, 518 P.2d 329]; Bank of Italy v. Bentley (1933) 217 Cal. 644, 653 [20 P.2d 940].)
[5] The one-action rule was first adopted in California in 1860 as part of section 246 of the Civil Practice Act. (Stats. 1860, ch. 314, § 23, pp. 303-304.) The rule was incorporated into the Code of Civil Procedure as section 726 in 1872. (Ann. Code Civ. Proc., § 726 (1st ed. 1872, Haymond & Burch) pp. 195-196.) As enacted in 1872, section 726 referred to "one action" and was amended in 1933 to refer to "one form of action." (Stats. 1933, ch. 793, § 1, p. 2118.) The change has not been considered significant, and the statute is often still referred to as the one-action rule. (Bernhardt, Cal. Mortgage and Deed of Trust Practice (Cont.Ed.Bar 1979) § 4.3, pp. 140-141.)
[6] Section 1858 states: "In the construction of a statute or instrument, the office of the judge is simply to ascertain and declare what is in terms or in substance contained therein, not to insert what has been omitted, or to omit what has been inserted; and where there are several provisions or particulars, such a construction is, if possible, to be adopted as will give effect to all."
[7] In Bank of America v. Daily, supra, 152 Cal. App. 3d 767, 771, the court construed McKean, supra, 118 Cal. 334, as having held that a setoff is an "action" within the meaning of section 22. As explained above, that was not the basis of the McKean court's decision. Moreover, in McKean the bank was asserting its prior setoff as a defense in a lawsuit by the depositor's assignee. The court correctly explained that, in that context, the setoff was an "action." The McKean court did not hold that an extrajudicial setoff was an action. The court's holding was more narrow only that the setoff could not be raised by the bank in a court of law. We disapprove of Bank of America v. Daily, supra, 152 Cal. App. 3d 767, to the extent it construed a setoff as itself being an action.
[8] In light of our holding that a bank setoff is improper, we can reasonably expect that only in a rare, future case would a bank nonetheless intentionally set off and retain funds over a depositor's protest. The more likely circumstance would be a setoff by an uninformed or misinformed bank employee. If the bank promptly returned the funds to the depositor's account (either unilaterally or at the depositor's request), to impose on the bank either a loss of the security or underlying debt might be excessive. A sufficient remedy might be to hold the bank responsible for any compensatory damages suffered by the depositor. As noted above, however, this is not such a case, and we do not decide what the appropriate remedy, if any, should be in that circumstance if the depositor were to assert a waiver by the bank of its security interest.
[9] The debtor, of course, can raise the security as an affirmative defense in the action on the debt. If the debtor does so, the creditor will be required to proceed first against the security. (Pp. 997-998, ante.)
[1] All section references are to the Code of Civil Procedure unless otherwise noted.
[2] Furthermore, as one of the recent academic commentaries has observed, the security-first principle "protects not only the debtor but also the unsecured creditors who have access only to the debtor's unencumbered assets; to this extent the collateral first rule serves a function akin to the statutes requiring the `marshalling of assets' ([Civ. Code,] § 3433) and the `marshalling of liens' ([Civ. Code,] § 2899), which were enacted in the same year as the one action rule." (Munoz & Rabin, The Sequel to Bank of America v Daily: Security Pac. Nat'l Bank v Wozab (Cont.Ed.Bar 1989) 12 Real Prop. L. Rptr. 204, 206.)
[3] The majority opinion recognizes that if, after improperly exercising a setoff in violation of section 726, a bank refuses a debtor's demand for the return of the setoff funds, the bank would be precluded both from foreclosing the security interest and from proceeding on the underlying debt. (See maj. opn., ante, p. 1006.) The opinion concludes, however, that a similar complete sanction is not warranted when, as here, the debtor does not request the return of the offset funds but maintains that the improper setoff itself operated to waive the bank's security interest and its right to collect the balance of the underlying debt.
[4] The majority clearly err in suggesting that the debtor in this case "voluntarily relinquished the protection of the security-first rule" (see maj. opn., ante, p. 1005) or engaged in "gamesmanship" (see maj. opn., ante, p. 1005) when, after the bank improperly exercised a setoff against the debtor's nonsecured funds, the debtor accepted reconveyance of the security but continued to assert that the bank had lost its right to pursue the remainder of the secured debt.
It was the bank, of course, that violated section 726 by unilaterally seizing the debtor's nonsecured funds through an extrajudicial setoff that gave the debtor no opportunity to prevent the seizure of the assets by raising a section 726 defense. When the debtor, after discovering the setoff, took the legal position that the bank's misconduct had resulted in the bank's loss of both its security interest and the balance of the underlying debt, the debtor was relying on the holding and reasoning of the only judicial authority in point Bank of America v. Daily, supra, 152 Cal. App. 3d 767, 772-774. It was in light of the Daily decision that the bank voluntarily agreed to reconvey the secured property to the debtor, and then filed this action to attempt to limit the scope of the Daily decision. The majority clearly engage in a less than evenhanded analysis in characterizing the debtor's conduct as "gamesmanship" or a voluntary relinquishment of the security-first rule.
