The Missouri Department of Transportation (“MoDOT”) fired Cheikh Seek for falsifying his doctor’s return-to-work certificate. The Labor and Industrial Relations Commission (“the Commission”) determined that Seek was disqualified from receiving unemployment benefits under section 288.050.2
I. Facts
In July 2010, Seek was hired by MoDOT as a bridge maintenance worker. Typical
On July 19, Seek saw Dr. Allen about his thumb and shoulder. She ordered x-rays of his thumb and recommended physical therapy for his shoulder. Dr. Allen also prescribed cyclobenzaprine (a muscle relaxant) and told Seek he was to take one pill every six hours “as needed” for pain or muscle spasms in his shoulder. Dr. Allen told Seek he could return to work the next day (i.e., July 20) but recommended that he request light duty. Finally, Dr. Allen warned Seek not to operate heavy machinery after taking a muscle relaxant.
Seek conveyed Dr. Allen’s recommendations to his supervisor, who told him that “light duty” was not available for Seek’s job classification. In addition, the supervisor told Seek that he could not return to work until his doctor completed a return-to-work certificate, on MoDOT’s form, that demonstrated Seek was able to work with no restrictions. Instead, after several days, Seek submitted to MoDOT a short, handwritten note from Dr. Allen that stated: “Pt. is OK to return to work on 07-27-11 without restrictions.” Seek’s supervisor again told him that his doctor needed to complete MoDOT’s return-to-work form and gave him copies of the proper form for the doctor to complete.
On July 28, Seek submitted a MoDOT return-to-work certificate, signed by Dr. Allen, which stated that Seek could resume working on July 29. Dr. Allen’s certificate also stated that Seek should not use a jackhammer or push/pull more than 20 pounds, and the doctor warned that Seek should not drive after taking a muscle relaxant. Seek’s supervisor again explained that he could not return until his doctor certified he was able to return to work with no restrictions.
Finally, on August 8, Seek submitted another return-to-work certificate. This certificate, signed by Dr. Allen on August 2, eliminated all of the restrictions from the July 28 certificate and verified that Seek was able “to return to work without restrictions.”
Suspicious about the misspelling, Mo-DOT contacted Dr. Allen’s office to see if she had written the note stating that Seek could not return until August 8 because he needed to finish his medication. MoDOT was assured not only that Dr. Allen did not write this statement but also that the statement had been added to the form after Dr. Allen signed the certificate and cleared Seek to return to work on August 2 with no restrictions. When asked about this notation upon returning to work on August 8, Seek admitted that he had altered the certificate after Dr. Allen signed it. As a result, MoDOT terminated Seek on September 8, 2011, for falsifying Dr. Allen’s return-to-work certificate.
Later, MoDOT objected to Seek’s application for unemployment benefits on the
Seek now seeks judicial review of the Commission’s decision under section 288.210. The Division acts as the respondent in such an appeal, see section 288.210, but appears in support of the public interest and not on behalf of the employer. After granting transfer pursuant to Rule 83.04, this Court has jurisdiction, see Mo. Const, art. V, § 10, and affirms the Commission’s denial of Seek’s unemployment benefits.
II. Standard of review
The Missouri Constitution guarantees the right of judicial review of administrative decisions affecting the substantive rights of individuals. Mo. Const, art. V, § 18. Section 288.210 provides that this constitutional right may be exercised by filing a notice of appeal with the Commission and sets forth the standard of review that courts must apply:
The findings of the commission as to the facts, if supported by competent and substantial evidence and in the absence of fraud, shall be conclusive, and the jurisdiction of the appellate court shall be confined to questions of law.
§ 288.210.
This statute identifies various grounds on which a reviewing court may overturn a Commission decision. The two grounds invoked by Seek are:
The court, on appeal, may modify, reverse, remand for rehearing, or set aside the decision of the commission on the following grounds and no other:
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(3) That the facts found by the commission do not support the award; or
(4) That there was no sufficient competent evidence in the record to warrant the making of the award.
Id.
Seek contends that, under subdivision (4), there is insufficient competent evidence in the record to support the Commission’s finding that Seek falsified his medical return-to-work certificate. Even if the evidence supports the facts found by the Commission, Seek also contends under subdivision (3) that those facts do not constitute “misconduct connected with [his] work” under section 288.050.2. The standard of review for this second argument is de novo because it raises only a question of law. See Fendler v. Hudson Servs., 370 S.W.3d at 588-89 (“Whether the Commission’s findings support the conclusion that a claimant engaged in misconduct connected with his or her work is a question of law”). The standard of review for Seek’s first argument, however, is more complex.
Following a bench or jury trial, an appellate court determines whether the evidence was sufficient to support the facts found by reviewing only the evidence and
Article V, section 18, guarantees the right of judicial review and requires that agency findings be “supported by competent and substantial evidence upon the whole record.” [Emphasis added.] As a result, a court reviewing factual findings by an administrative agency must consider all of the evidence that was before the agency and all of the reasonable inferences that may be drawn from that evidence, including the evidence and inferences that the agency rejected in making its findings. Fendler, 370 S.W.3d 585, 588 (Mo. banc 2012) (court must “examin[e] the evidence in the context of the whole record”).
Even though the constitution requires courts to give greater scrutiny to administrative fact findings than it does to facts found by a jury or judge, it does not authorize a reviewing court to substitute its judgment for that of administrative agency being reviewed. Section 288.210 reinforces this point, with the result that courts must: (1) defer to the Commission’s credibility determinations and, (2) in the absence of fraud, accept all factual determinations made by the Commission that are supported by the evidence on the record as a whole.
III. The Commission Properly Found that MoDOT Fired Seek for Falsifying the Certifícate Signed by Dr. Allen
As noted above, the Commission adopted the appeals tribunal’s decision in this case, including the following findings and conclusions:
On August 2, 2011, the claimant was released to work without restriction by his physician. Claimant falsified the doctor’s note by writing on the document that he was released to return to work on August 8, 2011.... Claimant asserts he wanted to return to work. However, the claimant changed his return to work date from August 2, 2011 to August 8, 2011. Claimant was not credible.... [He] was discharged on September 8, 2011 for misconduct connected to his work." [Emphasis added.]
At the hearing before the tribunal, Seek admitted that he altered the return-to-work certificate after it was signed by Dr. Allen on August 2 and that he submitted the altered certificate to MoDOT on August 3. The certificate that Dr. Allen signed demonstrated that Seek was able to return to work on August 2 with no restrictions. After Seek’s alteration, however, the certificate stated that Seek could not return until August 8 because he needed to finish his medication. Seek made his alteration directly above Dr. Allen’s signature, in the part of the form where Dr. Allen previously had included handwritten restrictions, and immediately below space provided for the doctor to identify any “Restrictions or Instructions Related to Prescription Medications.” Finally, Seek does not contest — and his testimony plainly demonstrates — that he understood his doctor’s certificate was an important part of MoDOT’s return-to-work procedure when he submitted the altered certificate to MoDOT on August 3. Collectively, this evidence gives rise to reasonable inferences that Seek intended for his alteration to be understood by the reader as a statement by Dr. Allen that Seek was allowed to return to work only on and after August 8. Accordingly, had a judge or jury found
But Seek does not contend that the evidence was insufficient for the Commission to find that he “falsified his doctor’s note.” Instead, Seek contends that the Commission’s finding is not supported by the “record as a whole” because it ignores Seek’s explanation that he altered the certificate only to reflect an “agreement” that his supervisor made after Dr. Allen signed the certificate. Seek argues that he called his supervisor on August 3 and told him that, even though Dr. Allen had certified he was able to return to work without restrictions, he wanted to delay his return until August 8 so he could take the last of the muscle relaxants that Dr. Allen had prescribed for him on July 19. Seek claims that he altered the certificate solely to reflect his supervisor’s agreement to this delayed return and not, as the Commission found, to create the impression that the delay was required by Dr. Allen.
MoDOT declined to participate in the hearing before the appeals tribunal and, therefore, did not present any evidence contradicting Seek’s version of the conversation with his supervisor. As a result, Seek contends that, unless the Commission explicitly rejects his explanation of the alteration on credibility grounds, it is prohibited from finding any fact that is inconsistent with that explanation. In other words, Seek maintains that the “record as a whole” cannot support the Commission’s finding that he “falsified the doctor’s note” because of Seek’s uncontradicted evidence that: (1) his MoDOT supervisor agreed to Seek’s delayed return even though the certificate from Dr. Allen authorized him to return to work immediately and (2) the purpose and effect of Seek’s notation on the certificate was not to attempt to alter the substance of Dr. Allen’s clearance but, instead, simply to reflect this agreement by his supervisor. Even though the Court is bound by the Commission’s credibility determinations, Seek argues that such determinations must be explicit and must refer specifically to the testimony being rejected. This Court has rejected this argument in other contexts. See, e.g., State v. Million, 794 S.W.2d 181, 184 (Mo. banc 1990) (deferring to trial court’s credibility determination, noting only that it “ostensibly found the trooper’s testimony incredible”). But the Court need not resolve that issue here because Seek’s characterization of the evidence below is not accurate.
In his hearing before the appeals tribunal, Seek did not testify that his MoDOT supervisor agreed to extend his return-to-work date to August 8, nor did Seek testify that his alteration to Dr. Allen’s certificate was intended to reflect that agreement. Instead, even though he testified that Dr. Allen had cleared him “to go to work as of August 2, 2011, without restrictions,” Seek repeatedly testified that he decided to alter the certificate to delay his return until August 8 because he wanted time to finish taking the muscle relaxants that Dr. Allen had prescribed on July 19. Seek admitted that he wanted Dr. Allen to change his return date, but decided in the end to make that change himself because he was afraid to ask Dr. Allen for any more changes:
Seek: And when they [MoDOT] approach me, tell me who wrote this [notation on the certificate], I don’t have to lie. I be honest and tell them — I’m open, honest, I wrote it. And say why? I say I just want to finish my medicine. I [had left] like two, three pills, four pills (unintelligible)....
ALJ: Why didn’t you ask your doctor to give you until whatever day it was, you know, August 8, that you wanted ... to go back to work instead of 8/2? Why*81 didn’t you ask your doctor to put it on the document instead of you?
A: You know, the doctor was kind of mad because back and for[th], I — I don’t want to — I don’t — I was disturbing him too much because my supervisor was making me back and for[th] all the time. And I was not — he was so — he was kind of — kind of nervous after that, kind of— kind of mad because I was coming back and for[th]. He say, okay, you know, I don’t want to ask him no more questions because I don’t want to make him mad. And because of my supervisor.... And that’s why I wrote this and to finish my medicine.[3 ]
Seek admitted that Dr. Allen never told him that he needed to finish his medicine before returning to work. More importantly, Seek did not testify — and he does not now argue — that he misunderstood the instructions that Dr. Allen gave him on July 19 when she prescribed the muscle relaxants, i.e., that he was to take them only “as needed” for spasms or pain. Finally, Seek admitted that — when Dr. Allen certified on August 2 that he was able to return to work with no restrictions — he did not ask if this was meant to change the doctor’s original instructions. Accordingly, there is no evidence that Dr. Allen required Seek to finish this medication before returning to work or that Seek believed — if only mistakenly — that he was supposed to do so. Instead, as Seek admitted, he “wanted” to delay returning to work until August 8 because he only had a couple of the pills left and he “wanted” to finish taking them before going back to work.
Not only is Seek’s argument on appeal not supported by his testimony at the hearing, it is inconsistent with Seek’s written request that the appeals tribunal review the Division deputy’s decision. There, rather than claim that he altered Dr. Allen’s certificate merely to reflect an agreement by his MoDOT supervisor that he could return to work later than his doctor said he could, Seek explained that— because this supervisor told him “to report for work while still on [the muscle relaxants]” — Seek “wrote a note on the bottom of the [certificate] that Dr. told me to finish the medicine before I operate machinery.” [Emphasis added.] As noted above, however, there was no evidence at the hearing that Dr. Allen ever told Seek this or that Seek mistakenly believed this was true. Instead, Seek admitted at the hearing that Dr. Allen never told him that he needed to finish taking his muscle relaxants before returning to work, and Mo-DOT confirmed with Dr. Allen that Seek was not required to do so.
In sum, therefore, Seek’s argument on appeal that he altered Dr. Allen’s certificate merely to reflect an agreement with his MoDOT supervisor is not supported by the record. Instead, after considering “the whole record,” the Court holds that sufficient competent and substantial evidence supports the Commission’s finding that Seek “falsified his doctor’s note,” including evidence: (1) that Seek’s own statements provide contradictory reasons for altering Dr. Allen’s certificate; (2) that Seek phrased his alteration as a requirement from his doctor, not as an agreement separate from (and inconsistent with) his doctor’s conclusions reflected throughout the rest of the certificate; (3) that Seek did not sign or initial his alteration (let alone adding the note to the facsimile cover sheet or separate sheet of paper rather than including it on the certificate itself),
IV. The Commission Properly Concluded that Seek was Discharged for “Misconduct Connected with [His] Work ”
Seek also argues that, even if the Commission properly found MoDOT fired him for falsifying the return-to-work certificate signed by Dr. Allen, the Commission erred in concluding that this constituted “misconduct connected with [his] work” for purposes of section 288.050.2. First, Seek contends that falsifying Dr. Allen’s certificate was not “misconduct” under section 288.030.1(23) because his actions were not “willful.” Second, Seek contends that falsifying Dr. Allen’s certificate was not “connected with [his] work” because MoDOT suffered no actual prejudice as a result. These arguments challenge the Commission’s legal conclusions based on the facts as it found them rather than challenging the findings themselves. Therefore, the Court reviews these claims de novo, i.e., without deference to the Commission or its conclusions.
A. Willfulness is Not Required for All Forms of Misconduct
As a general matter, unemployment benefits are reserved for “persons unemployed through no fault of their own.” § 288.020.1. Under section 288.050.2, therefore, a claimant is not eligible for these benefits if he was “discharged for misconduct connected with the claimant’s work.” Though the claimant has the burden of proving his right to receive unemployment benefits in the first instance, the employer bears the burden of proving that the applicant is ineligible because he was discharged for misconduct connected with his work. Fendler, 370 S.W.3d at 589.
Section 288.030.1(23) identifies four separate categories of work-related behavior that qualify as “misconduct” for purposes of section 288.050.2:
an act of wanton or willful disregard of the employer’s interest,
a deliberate violation of the employer’s rules,
a disregard of standards of behavior which the employer has the right to expect of his or her employee, or
negligence in such degree or recurrence as to [a] manifest culpability, wrongful intent or evil design, or [b] show an intentional and substantial disregard of the employer’s interest or of the employee’s duties and obligations to the employer.”
§ 288.030.1(23) (bracketed numbers added for clarity).
Fendler examines this definition and finds that the four categories of “misconduct” focus on different conduct and require different degrees of scienter. Id. at 589-90. Under the first category, for example, even a single act taken in disregard of the employer’s interests can constitute misconduct for purposes of section 288.030.1(23), but only if the employee’s disregard for that interest is “wanton or willful.” Under the fourth category, however, simple negligence can constitute misconduct, but only if the nature or number of the employee’s action demonstrates ei
The Court in Fendler was not called upon to construe the second or third categories of section 288.030.1(28), but the analysis is the same. Under the second category, an employee’s violation of the employer’s express (i.e., oral or written) rules is misconduct only if the employee’s violation was “deliberate.” Finally, even in the absence of an oral or written rule, an employee commits misconduct under the third category in section 288.030.1(23) if he disregards the “standards of behavior which the employer has a right to expect” from its employees.
Seek argues that his conduct in falsifying Dr. Allen’s return-to-work certificate does not fall within this third category of misconduct because there was no basis for the Commission to conclude that his misconduct had been “willful.” This argument must fail, however, because it has no basis in the plain language of section 288.030.1(23). As this Court held in Fendler, the mental state required for each of the categories of misconduct is only that which is set forth in the statute. Id. at 589-90. The “disregard” in the third category of misconduct under section 288.030.1(23) is not limited to “wanton or willful disregard” (as in the first category), nor to “intentional and substantial disregard” (as in the fourth category), nor is there even an explicit requirement that the conduct be “deliberate” (as in the second category). Accordingly, the plain language of this statute does not support Seek’s attempt to take a requirement from one of the other categories of misconduct under section 288.030.1(23) and make it a requirement of the third category.
However, given the remedial nature of the purposes of unemployment benefits, it is clear that the third category of section 288.030.1(23) is not intended to preclude benefits for every employee who is discharged merely because his conduct fell short of his employer’s expectations. As noted above, other categories of “misconduct” are limited by the nature of the employee’s disregard (i.e., by requiring disregard that is “intentional and substantial” or “wanton or willful”). The third category, on the other hand, is limited by the relatively few standards to which it refers. The third category applies only to those “standards of behavior which the employer has a right to expect” from its employees, which means that the application of this category is restricted to those basic “standards of behavior” that apply universally in the workplace. Unlike the second category, therefore, which applies only to violations of express rules of which the employee has been given notice, the third category applies only to those standards of behavior for which no such notice is needed because they are fairly understood by both the employer and the employee even where not included in the employer’s express rules.
This ease falls squarely within the third category of section 288.030.1(28). Even though it apparently is not stated among its express rules for employees, MoDOT—like all employers—is entitled to expect that its employees will not falsify medical certificates required from and signed by the employees’ physicians. By the same token, Seek knew that this standard of behavior was expected of him. As shown above, Seek knew that MoDOT would not let him return to work until Dr. Allen completed and signed the return-to-work certificate, and Seek knew that the purpose of the certificate was for MoDOT to know whether Seek’s doctor believed he was able to return to work with no restrictions. Seek disregarded that standard of behavior by altering Dr. Allen’s certificate and then submitting it to MoDOT as though the statement he added had come from her. Accordingly, the Commission did not err in concluding that Seek’s conduct in “falsifying his doctor’s note” constituted “misconduct” under section 288.030.1(23).
C. Seek’s Misconduct was “Connected to [his] Work ”
Finally, even if an employee is discharged for actions that constitute “misconduct” under section 288.030.1(23), the employee is not ineligible to receive unemployment benefits under section 288.050.2 unless the misconduct was “connected to the claimant’s work.” Seek argues that falsifying Dr. Allen’s return-to-work certificate was not “connected to [his] work” because his misconduct did not harm Mo-DOT. Specifically, Seek claims that he received no more sick leave—paid or unpaid—as a result of falsifying Dr. Allen’s certificate than he otherwise was entitled to receive. Because MoDOT failed to show that it was harmed, or that Seek obtained some benefit to which he was not entitled, Seek claims that the misconduct in falsifying his doctor’s note was not “connected to” his work with MoDOT.
The Court rejects Seek’s construction of the “connected to” requirement in section 288.050.2. As with the argument that proof of “willfulness” is required for every category of misconduct under section 288.030.1(23), the argument that proof of harm to the employer is required before misconduct can be “connected to the claimant’s work” finds no support in the plain language of the statute. Even though the “connected to” language in section 288.050.2 protects an employee’s right to receive benefits after being discharged for misconduct that had no relationship to his work, the statute demands only that there be such a relationship, i.e., that the misconduct and the work be “connected.” Nothing in the statute requires—or even suggests—that there must be proof of harm to the employer resulting from the employee’s misconduct, and the Court holds that no such proof is required.
There is no question that Seek’s misconduct was “connected to” his work with MoDOT. Seek understood that Dr. Allen’s medical certificate controlled whether— and when—he would be allowed to return to work at MoDOT, and he changed the date of that return when he falsified that certificate. Accordingly, the Commission did not err in concluding that Seek was discharged for misconduct “connected to [his] work.”
V. Conclusion
For the reasons set forth above, the Commission’s decision is affirmed.
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. Unless otherwise noted, the statutes cited herein are found in RSMo 2000 or the 2013 supplement thereto.
. A copy of Dr. Allen's August 2 certificate is included as an appendix to this opinion.
. Seek's native language is French. He does not claim that he had any difficulty understanding the questions or making his answers understood at the hearing, however, nor does he claim that the Division’s appeals tribunal misunderstood his testimony.
. Notwithstanding the plain language of the statute, some decisions have held that "a disregard of the standards of behavior that an employer has the right to expect" must still be willful or intentional in order to constitute misconduct under section 288.030.1(23). See, e.g., Nevettie v. Wal-Mart Associates, Inc., 331 S.W.3d 723, 729 (Mo.App.2011); Bostic v. Spherion Atl. Workforce, 216 S.W.3d 723, 725-26 (Mo.App.2007); Murphy v. Aaron’s Auto. Products, 232 S.W.3d 616, 621-22 (Mo. App.2007). In the future, such cases should not be followed.