129 S.E.2d 283 | N.C. | 1963
Lem D. SEAWELL
v.
Frank BRAME and Halifax Paper Co., Inc.
Supreme Court of North Carolina.
*285 Maupin, Broughton, Taylor & Ellis, Raleigh, for defendant appellant Brame.
Teague, Johnson & Patterson and Ronald C. Dilthey, Raleigh, for defendant appellant Halifax Paper Co., Inc.
H. F. Seawell, Jr., Carthage, and Royster & Royster, Oxford, for plaintiff appellee.
BOBBITT, Justice.
There was ample evidence to require the submission of plaintiff's case to the jury. Indeed, defendants abandoned their exceptions and assignments of error relating to the denial of their motions for judgment of nonsuit in failing to discuss them in their (joint) brief. Rule 28, Rules of Practice in the Supreme Court, 254 N.C. 783, 810.
We pass, without discussion, all of defendants' assignments of error except those relating to the basis of our decision. Defendants' other assignments of error are of such nature that discussion thereof would be of no assistance in conducting the next trial.
Plaintiff alleged he "was badly crushed about his back, chest and both shoulders, causing severe abrasions and contusions to the chest, back and both shoulders, a number of fractured ribs and severe, painful and permanent injuries to his back and left shoulder." (No reference to a neurosis, asthma or an ulcer appears in the complaint.)
Evidence offered by plaintiff tended to show, inter alia, the facts narrated in the following numbered paragraphs.
1. The Hyster "mashed the breath out of" plaintiff when it came up against him. Plaintiff was "scared." He did not fall to the ground when Brame backed the Hyster off of him. He "hobbled""staggered" *286 out from between the two vehicles. Brame and another person caught hold of him and "led (him) around to the depot." At the depot, he was sick, sweating and still could not get his breath. Too, he was worried. Soon thereafter he was taken to the Granville Hospital and remained there (on this occasion) one week.
2. Upon arrival at the hospital, plaintiff "was half gasping for breath and complained of severe pain in his chest and some in his left shoulder." A physical examination disclosed "slight abrasions on his right shoulder, but otherwise * * * no bruises or marks * * * he was quite tender to any pressure or touch of the sternum or any of the anterior wall of the chest and * * * pain in the back on the left side when you applied pressure on the chest." An x-ray "suggested fracture of the first right rib." (There was some conflict as to whether a rib was fractured. In either event there were no bandages, no brace and no strapping of his ribs.)
3. When plaintiff returned home from the hospital, he was complaining "about the wheezing in his chest" and about a week later he started complaining about the "burning" in his stomach. Plaintiff was suffering from asthma and from an ulcer.
4. Plaintiff "laid around for about a couple of months," tried to do some work for about twelve weeks but had to quit, and since then has been unable to work.
5. Plaintiff was 58 years old when injured. Prior to January 1, 1960, his general health had been good and he had not suffered from asthma or an ulcer. After January 1, 1960, plaintiff'sgeneral health was bad. He now is "highly nervous," suffers from asthma and an ulcer, takes medicine for his condition, and is unable to work.
Defendants assign as error the court's admission of testimony of Dr. C. B. Finch to the effect plaintiff's injury of January 1, 1960, in his opinion, either caused or aggravated plaintiff's neurosis and that plaintiff's neurosis caused his asthmatic condition and ulcer.
Dr. Finch saw plaintiff on January 1, 1960, soon after he reached the hospital, and treated plaintiff in the hospital and thereafter.
On direct examination, Dr. Finch testified he had an opinion satisfactory to himself as to what caused plaintiff's asthmatic attacks and ulcer. When asked his opinion defendants objected. Dr. Finch, directed by the court to "Go ahead," testified as follows:
"The opinion is that this fellow developed a neurosis, a nervous condition that led to the formation of an ulcer and of an asthmatic condition. Now, my reasons for saying this are that at first I could not evaluate him accurately because I did not know his background other than what the patient himself related. After talking to his former employee and after talking to other members of his family and finding out that the man had never suffered any symptoms relative to these he now had before and for them to onset afterwards and with both diseases known to be at least made worse, if not caused, in the opinion of most medical people, by a nervous condition, I would have to, therefore, associate this with the accident in my own mind." (Our italics)
Defendants' motion that the court strike the (quoted) testimony of Dr. Finch was denied and defendants excepted.
Upon cross-examination, Dr. Finch testified: "I stated that I am not an expert in the diseases of the mind and the nervous system. My diagnosis was made on the basis of what Mr. Seawell's wife and other people had told me about him in the past. My opinion is based on that." (Our italics) Defendants excepted to the denial of their motions that Dr. Finch's testimony "as to mental diseases or anything to do with neurosis be stricken," and that "any *287 hearsay evidence that he has presented here be stricken."
Defendants assert all of Dr. Finch's testimony relating to mental diseases or neuroses should have been stricken when he testified he was "not an expert in the diseases of the mind and the nervous system." This contention is without merit.
"In this connection this Court has uniformly held that the competency of a witness to testify as an expert is a question primarily addressed to the court, and his discretion is ordinarily conclusive, that is, unless there be no evidence to support the finding, or unless the judge abuse his discretion." State v. Moore, 245 N.C. 158, 164, 95 S.E.2d 548, and cases cited. It was for the court upon all the evidence to determine whether and on what subjects Dr. Finch was qualified to testify as an expert. As stated in Spaulding v. City of Edina, 122 Mo.App. 65, 97 S.W. 545: "Whether the doctor considered himself an expert on nervous affections, although a matter to be taken into consideration by the court in order to determine his competency as such, was not conclusive of the question any more than if he had said he was such."
It was admitted that Dr. Finch was "a medical expert specializing in the general practice of medicine." Dr. Finch testified he had psychiatric training while in medical school at Duke but did not hold himself out to be a psychiatrist. Certainly it was within the power of the presiding judge to determine that Dr. Finch was better qualified than the jury to draw inferences from the facts in evidence with reference to the subjects of his testimony. Stansbury, North Carolina Evidence, § 132.
"* * * it may be concluded that, by the great weight of authority, a physician or surgeon is not incompetent to testify, as an expert, merely because he is not a specialist in the particular branch of his profession involved in the case; although this fact may be considered as affecting the weight of his testimony." Annotation: 54 A.L.R. 860, 861. It was so held by this Court in Pridgen v. Gibson, 194 N.C. 289, 139 S.E. 443, 54 A.L.R. 855.
In Spaulding v. City of Edina, supra, the admission of the testimony of a practicing physician concerning the nervous condition of the plaintiff was held proper, although the physician testified that he did not "claim to be an expert on the subject of nervous diseases." In accord: Sanguinett v. May Department Stores Co., 228 Mo.App. 1161, 65 S.W.2d 162; Taylor v. Monongahela Railway Co., D.C., 155 F. Supp. 601; Parker v. Gunther, 122 Vt. 68, 164 A.2d 152; McGhee v. Raritan Copper Works, 133 N.J.L. 376, 44 A.2d 388; Frye v. Joe Gold Pipe & Supply Co., La.App., 50 So. 2d 38.
Even so, Dr. Finch was subject to the rules applicable to opinion testimony of expert witnesses.
"It is well settled in the law of evidence that a physician or surgeon may express his opinion as to the cause of the physical condition of a person if his opinion is based either upon facts within his personal knowledge, or upon an assumed state of facts supported by evidence and recited in a hypothetical question." Spivey v. Newman, 232 N.C. 281, 284, 59 S.E.2d 844, 847, and cases cited. "The witness may not base his opinion on facts related to him by the subject whose condition he is testifying about, or by any other person, even though such person be another expert." Stansbury, op. cit., § 136.
Dr. Finch testified he had never examined plaintiff before January 1, 1960, and that the accident on that date was the only thing to which he could trace the ulcer. He testified: "There may be some other facts that I do not know that could have caused it." Plaintiff's wife, plaintiff's former employee, and other members of plaintiff's family, are identified as the source of information on which Dr. Finch based in material part his opinions as to plaintiff's neurosis, asthma and ulcer. What any of these persons told Dr. Finch is not disclosed. *288 Suffice to say, the opinion evidence of Dr. Finch was not based "either upon facts within his personal knowledge, or upon an assumed state of facts supported by evidence and recited in a hypothetical question."
For the reasons stated, defendants' motions to strike the challenged opinion testimony of Dr. Finch should have been allowed and denial thereof was prejudicial error.
Since a new trial is awarded, we need not consider whether defendants were prejudiced by the variance between plaintiff's allegations and evidence in respect of his injuries. Before the next trial plaintiff may, if so advised, move for leave to amend his complaint.
New trial.