Sears v. Board of Aldermen

173 Mass. 71 | Mass. | 1899

Knowlton, J.

This is a petition for a writ of certiorari to quash alleged illegal assessments laid to meet the cost of watering streets in the city of Boston under St. 1897, c. 419.

The first and most important question in the case is whether this statute is constitutional. The right of the Legislature to raise money by taxation is founded upon Art. 4, c. 1, § 1, of the Constitution of the Commonwealth. Under this article, there is authority “ to impose and levy reasonable duties and excises upon any produce, goods, wares, merchandise, and commodities,” etc. This authority we need not consider in the present case. Secondly, there is authority “to impose and levy proportional and reasonable assessments, rates, and taxes upon all the inhabitants of and persons resident and estates lying within the said Commonwealth.” The watering of streets in thickly settled portions of cities is such a public benefit that it legitimately may be provided for at the public expense. So far as it promotes the comfort, convenience, and prosperity of the people generally, as distinguished from landowners, it should be provided for by general taxation, which involves the assessment of proportional and reasonable taxes upon all persons and property within the city. The statute purports to authorize every city, not only to “appropriate money for watering the public ways, or portions thereof, within its limits at the expense, in whole or in part, of the city,” but also to “determine that certain other public ways or portions thereof shall be watered at the expense, in whole or in part, of the abutters thereon.” St. 1897, c. 419, § 1. This last provision calls for another kind of taxation, which is local and special. Such taxation, under the Constitution, can only exist when there is a special or peculiar benefit to certain real estate, different from that which is received by the inhabitants generally. The owners of the land upon which such an assessment is made must pay the same share of the general taxes in proportion to the value of their property that other persons pay. As the Constitution requires that taxes shall be proportional and reasonable, this additional special tax can be justified only when there is a special benefit to property from the expenditure on account of which the assessment is made. Wright v. Boston, 9 Cush. 233, 234. Dorgan v. Boston, 12 Allen, 223, 237. Mount Auburn Cemetery v. Cambridge, 150 Mass. 12, 14. Norwood v. New York & New England Railroad, 161 Mass. 259, 264. Boston v. Boston & Albany Railroad, 170 Mass. 95. Norwood v. Baker, 172 U. S. 269. Stuart v. Palmer, 74 N. Y. 183, 189. Sharp v. Speir, 4 Hill, (N. Y.) 76, 82. Hammett v. Philadelphia, 65 Penn. St. 146, 157. Tide-water Co. v. Coster, 3 C. E. Green, 518, 527. Norfolk v. Chamberlain, 89 Va. 196, 213. Nichols v. Bridgeport, 23 Conn. 189. Thomas v. Gain, 35 Mich. 155, 162. Taylor v. Palmer, 31 Cal. 240, 254. Sheehan v. Good Samaritan Hospital, 50 Mo. 155. In the last analysis the assessment is not laid as a part of the burden of public expenditure put upon the land; for the burdens which are strictly public are to be shared proportionally by all the people, according to the value of their taxable property. It is rather in the nature of a diminution of that which at first is a public burden, by subtracting from it the amount of the special enhancement of value of private property from the expenditure of public money in part for its benefit. It is taxation in the sense that it is a distribution of that which is originally a public burden, growing out of an expenditure primarily for a public purpose.

It is a grave question whether the benefit that comes to abutting property from the watering of the street in front of it is such an improvement to the property that it can be made the subject of an assessment upon it. There must be a real substantial enhancement of value growing out of a public work to warrant an assessment of special taxes upon particular estates on account of it. The watering of streets produces only transitory effects, and makes no permanent change in the condition of the property. It greatly promotes the health and comfort of the people generally, who use the streets from time to time, but its greatest benefit is to the abutting estates as places for residence or the transaction of business. Indeed, so much more important to the occupants than to the general public have been the benefits from watering streets that until lately the expense of the work in this Commonwealth has usually been borne by the abutters, who have procured the watering to be done by private contractors. If a special benefit, accruing from day to day, which very materially increases the rental value of real estate by reason of the proximity of the property to the place where the beneficial work is done, can be treated as an improvement within the reason of the rule which permits special assessments, then such assessments may be made to pay the expense of watering streets. With some hesitation, we hold that there is an improvement of private property, when this work is done by a city regularly from day to day, which may warrant an asssessment upon the abutters. It was so held in State v. Reis, 38 Minn. 371, and in Reinken v. Fuehring, 130 Ind. 382, although the cases generally which uphold such assessments relate to improvements of a permanent character. . Many improvements from which real estate receives an incidental advantage are held to justify only general taxation. Hammett v. Philadelphia, 65 Penn. St. 146. Washington Avenue, 69 Penn. St. 352. Erie v. Russell, 148 Penn. St. 384, 386. Dyar v. Farmington, 70 Maine, 515, 527. State v. Chamberlin, 8 Vroom, 388. Dietz v. Neenah, 91 Wis. 422, 427.

Treating the watering of a street in a city as a work which may cause a direct, special, and peculiar benefit to abutting estates, and thus enhance their value so long as it continues, we come to the question whether the mode of assessment directed by this statute is within the constitutional power of the Legislature. Section 2 of the statute is as follows: “ If a city shall determine that the streets, or certain streets or portions of streets within its limits shall be watered, in whole or in part, at the expense of the abutters, the expense of the watering of such streets or portions of streets for that municipal year, and the proportion of such expense to be borne by abutters, and the rate to be assessed upon each linear foot of frontage of estate upon such streets or portions thereof, shall be estimated and determined by the board of aldermen, and the expense so determined of such watering to be borne by the abutters shall be assessed in the manner hereinafter provided, upon the estates abutting on such streets or portions of streets, in proportion to the number of linear feet of each estate upon the street or portion thereof so watered.” Section 3 provides for a determination of the amount of the assessments, either by the board of aldermen, or by that one of several other specified boards of public officers which the aldermen may designate. Section 4 declares that each assessment shall be a lien upon the estate on which it is laid, and directs the collection of assessments in like manner as other taxes are collected, and provides for abatements.

It is now established by the highest judicial authority that such assessments cannot be so laid upon any estate as to be in substantial excess of the benefit received. The case of Norwood v. Baker, 172 U. S. 269, contains an elaborate discussion of the subject, with a citation of authorities from many of the States, and holds that a local assessment for an amount in substantial excess of the benefit received is in violation of the Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution of the United States, inasmuch as it would deprive one of his property without compensation, and so without due process of law. The authority of this case is controlling in all State courts, and if it were not, it is in accordance with sound principles, and with the great weight of authority in other courts. The principles which have often been stated by this court lead to the same result. Boston v. Boston & Albany Railroad, 170 Mass. 95, 101, and cases cited. The case of Kingman, petitioner, 153 Mass. 566, dealt with a legislative distribution of public burdens among different political subdivisions of the Commonwealth, and the language in it must be construed in reference to the facts to which it relates. The right to apportion public burdens among cities, towns, and counties as it deems reasonable, in reference to benefits and to other considerations which are not capable of exact estimation in money, is within the power of the Legislature under the first part of Art. 4, c. 1, § 1, of the Constitution, and is not the same as the right to impose and levy taxes upon individuals. It is of the same nature as the right to create, change, or abolish cities, towns, or other political subdivisions of the Commonwealth.

While these assessments must be founded upon benefits, the courts have generally recognized the difficulty, and in many cases the impracticability of attempting to estimate benefits to estates one by one without some rule or principle of general application which will make the assessments reasonable and proportional, according to the benefits. Accordingly, the determination of such a rule or principle by the Legislature itself, or by the tribunal appointed by the Legislature to make the assessments, has commonly been upheld by the courts. If, however, its effect plainly is to make an assessment upon any estate substantially in excess of the benefit received, it is set aside. Weed v. Boston, 171 Mass. 51. Norwood v. Baker, ubi supra. Assessments of special taxes according to an estimate of the particular benefits to each lot, according to a measurement of the amount of frontage upon a street or sewer, according to a measurement of the area of the lots, and according to a valuation of the property, have all been sustained. Springfield v. Gray, 12 Allen, 612. Dorgan v. Boston, 12 Allen, 223. Downer v. Boston, 7 Cush. 277. Wright v. Boston, 9 Cush. 223. Codman v. Johnson, 104 Mass. 491. Howe v. Cambridge, 114 Mass. 388. Workman v. Worcester, 118 Mass. 168. Keith v. Boston, 120 Mass. 108. Chapin v. Worcester, 124 Mass. 464. Snow v. Fitchburg, 136 Mass. 183. Leominster v. Conant, 139 Mass. 384. But, as we have already intimated, the only ground on which they can properly rest is that they are methods reasonably determined upon, by the tribunals charged With the duty of determining, in reference to the ascertainment of the benefits actually received' by the different estates on which assessments are to be laid. It may be that in the light of recent decisions some of these cases would have been decided differently, but in general they rest on sound principles, upon the grounds already stated. Most of our cases and our statutes assume under the Constitution that these assessments, like other taxes, are to be reasonable, and in a general sense proportional.

Under the present statute it is implied that the board of aider-men and the tribunal making assessments will proceed upon correct principles, and assess according to the benefits received, unless the requirement that the assessments are to be “ in proportion to the number of linear feet of each estate upon the street or portion thereof so watered” is objectionable as founded on a wrong principle. Such requirements in regard to ordinary estates fronting upon streets and sewers have often been upheld. On the other hand, in reference to estates differently situated, they sometimes would call for assessments far beyond any benefit received, and would therefore be unconstitutional and void. Weed v. Boston, ubi supra. No facts appear in the present case to show that this rule is not proper in its application to the petitioner’s estates, as a method of determining benefits with such approximation to accuracy as can reasonably be required. There may be unoccupied lands in the city which are so situated that they could receive no substantial benefit, either actually or potentially, from the watering of adjacent streets, so long as they remain in their present condition. Assessments made upon such lands might be void; but as the case does not disclose such, we have no occasion to consider them. We see no reason why the Legislature may not authorize a city to water some of its streets at the public expense, and to assess benefits for the watering of others upon abutters, as it deems best. As a result, some landowners get the benefit of watering streets adjacent to their estates without paying for that special benefit. But perfect equality in the distribution of public burdens is not attainable. • We are therefore of opinion that, in its application to the facts of the present case, the statute is constitutional.

If the aldermen might cause some of the streets to be watered at the expense of the city and others to be watered at the expense of the abutters, it is not shown that their determination in regard to it was improper.

Although the proceedings were in some respects informal, we see no fatal error in them. We are inclined to agree with the petitioner’s counsel in his contention that the determination of the expense of watering streets to be watered in whole or in part at the expense of the abutters, and the proportion of such expense to be borne by the abutters, and the rate to be assessed upon each linear foot of frontage of estates upon such streets or portions thereof, is to be by the board of aldermen, and cannot be delegated to any other board or tribunal. But we are also of opinion that the action of the superintendent of streets in making these assessments and reporting them to the board of aldermen, with the communication of the mayor and the subsequent order making an appropriation, taken in connection with the previous orders, are equivalent to an original determination of these matters by the aldermen themselves. The petitioner shows no such error as to entitle him to a writ of certiorari.

Petition dismissed.