4 Johns. Ch. 218 | New York Court of Chancery | 1819
The material charges in the bill are not denied in the answer, but the motion for dissolving the
We are, upon this motion, to take, as true, the charges in the bill, that the ship Middlesex put into Fayal in distress; that part of the cargo was lost by the perils of the sea; that the ship was properly condemned as unseaworthy; that it became necessary for the purpose of conveying the cargo that was saved, to New-York, to charter the ship Enterprise, and that the captain acted with good faith, and to the best of his judgment, throughout the transaction.
Under these circumstances, I take the rule of law to be, that the cargo brought to New-York was chargeable with the increase of the freight arising from the charter of the new ship. Whether the amount of freight, according to that rule, and under the complicated circumstances of this case, has been correctly ascertained, is not now the question. The important point now in dispute is,4vhether the owner of the cargo delivered at New-York,is bound to pay the original freight only, or whether the plaintiffs are entitled to demand, in lieu of it, the new freight contracted for at Fayal. The plaintiffs, in ther bill, claim only the new freight from Fayal to New-York, according to the adjustment* and the defendant, in his answer, seems to admit that the original freight, as contracted for by the charter-party at London, was due, and that freight he has offered to pay.
It is understood to be the duty of the master, when his. vessel is disabled in the course of the voyage, to procure another, if he can, and take on the cargo. (Emerigon, tom. 1. 427, 428. Wilson v. The Royal Exchange Insurance Company, 2 Campbell’s Nisi Prius, 623. Scheffelin v. The New-York Insurance Company, 9 Johns. Rep. 21.) This duty arises from the character of agent for the owner of the cargo, which, is cast upon him from the necessity of the case; and in that character he is hound to. aet for the-
Emerigon, (tom. 1. 429 to 433.) lays down this doctrine, and declares that if the ship be forced by necessity into a foreign port, the captain becomes the agent of the owners of the cargo, as well as of the ship, and he is bound to see to the preservation of the cargo, and to do whatever the circumstances of the .case shall dictate to be for the best, and what it is to be presumed the owners would do, if they were present. His character of master invests him with the care and responsibility of a general agent of the ship and cargo ; and he would be very blameable, continues Emerigon, if he left the cargo at a foreign port, while he had it in his power to carry it by another vessel to the port of destination.
■ These general principles, in respect to the power and duty of the master, in a case of extremity, have been repeatedly recognized in the English Courts.
In Miller v. Fletcher, (Doug. 231.) Lord Mansfield said, that the captain, at an intermediate port into which he was forced by necessity, had an implied authority to do what was right and fit to be done, as if it were his own ship and cargo; and this general discretion arising from the necessity of his situation, was again laid down as sound doctrine, by the King’s Bench, in Plantamour v. Staples, (1 Term Rep. 511. note.) But the power of the master over the cargo, in situations of distress, was much more fully discussed in the case of The Gratitudine, (3 Rob. Adm. 240.) and the principles which were there brought forward, are so clearly illustrated, and so powerfully enforced, that they can scarcely fail to command universal conviction.
The language of that case is, that considering the peculiar
Upon the doctrine of these decisions, (and which has received the sanction of the Supreme Court, 9 Johns. Rep. 29.) there can be no doubt of the authority of the master, in a. case of necessity, to hire another ship at the foreign port, and in the character- of agent, to charge the cargo with the extra freight of suCh renewed voyage. The necessity of
The power of the master to hire another vessel for the completion of the voyage, and to charge the cargo with the increased freight, is not only to be deduced from general principles of maritime law, but it is. a power explicitly recognised' and admitted in the books;
Emerigon (ubi supra) raises and discusses the question, at whose expense the new ship is to be hired. He is of opinion that the captain ought to have his election, either to take the entire freight first agreed, and assume upon himself the freight of the new ship,, or to charge only a rateable freight for the proportion of the voyage performed in the first ship, and to let the freight of the substituted ship be at the charge of the cargo saved and transported. It is much better, he says, that it should be considered the duty of the master to hire another ship, and that the charge of the increased freight should be at the expense of the cargo, than that if should be left to his own volition whether or not he would hire another ship at his own expense, and complete the voyage.
Valin and Emerigon did not agree in their construction of the ordinance of the marine, upon this subject. According to the former, (tit. Du Fret, art. 11. tom,. 1. p. 653.) the master is not obliged to hire another vessel to take on the cargo, and is only to do so, if he means to earn and demand his entire freight,, instead of remaining contented, at the interruption of the voyage, with his pro rata freight; and if he hires another vessel, he does it at his own expense, though the hiring should exceed the freight which remained; to be earned by the first ship. But Valin admits, (and the con.
The royal declaration of August, 1779, charges the insurer of the cargo with the extra freight in such cases; (surer oil de fret, sHl y en a ;) and this, in the opinion of Emerigon, gives the true spirit of the ordinance of 1681. The French Code 'de Commerce, No. 391. 393. adopts the regulations of the ordinances of 1681 and 1779, and declares, that if the ship becomes unfit for sea, the master is bound to use his best endeavours to procure another ship, and the insurer on the cargo is bound for the charges of unloading, storing, re-shipment, and extra freight. (De Pexcedent du fret.) In addition to the weight justly due to these foreign writers and ordinances, on a question of marine law, we have an express decision upon the point, in the case of Mumford v. The Commercial Insurance Company, (5 Johns. Rep. 262.) It was there held, that the insurer upon the goods must pay the increased freight arising from the nel' cessary change of the ship. This decision settles the law here, and shows that the claim of the plaintiffs to a lien on the goods for the freight from Fayal, was well founded. If the cargo was chargeable, under the contract of the master, with this new freight, there can be no doubt that the plaintiffs were entitled to retain possession of the goods until the freight was paid.
It might require some consideration, before the master, to settle the amount of freight which is to be paid in these cases of a change of ship; but the parties before me seem to agree that the only point in dispute between them is, whether the original or the new freight should be demanded and paid. I understand from the French books, that the extra freight means the surplus beyond what the freight would have been
The motion to dissolve the injunction must accordingly be denied, except upon the condition of bringing into Court the freight charged in the bill, with interest thereon from the time the plaintiffs were dispossessed of the goods.
Order accordingly.
is the duty of the master, when his vessel is disabled in the course of the voyage, to procure another, if he can, to take on the cargo.
is, in such case, from necessity, the agent of the owner of the cargo; and his acts, in relation to the cargo, are binding upon it.
Where the master, in case of necessity, hires anov ther ship to carry on the cargo, the e®tra freight for the renewed voyage, is & lien on the cargo.
The master has no right to sell the cargo at the port of necessity, and then put an end to the adventure, if he can hire another vessel to carry the cargo to its destined port.