Duwayne Mason appeals the district court’s grant of summary judgment in favor of Seacor Holdings, Inc., Seacor Offshore, L.L.C., and Seacor Marine, L.L.C. (collectively, “Seacor”), as well as the denial of Mason’s motion to be recognized as a plaintiff who opted out of the class action settlement at issue in this case. For the reasons that follow, we AFFIRM..
I.
This is one of the many cases to arise from the Deepwater Horizon oil spill, the facts of which are well known and need not be recited at great length. Suffice it to say, Seacor owned and operated the M/V SEACOR VANGUARD, a vessel that assisted in putting out the fire after the explosion in the Gulf of Mexico and that subsequently took part in the cleanup efforts.
In response to a class action filed against it relating to damages stemming from the Deepwater Horizon incident, Sea-
“In order to manage this complex litigation, the district court issued Pretrial Order No. 11 establishing several ‘pleading bundles’ into each of which claims of similar nature would be placed for the purpose of filing a master complaint, answers, and any Rule 12 motions.” Ctr. for Biological Diversity, Inc. v. BP Am. Prod. Co.,
Under the Agreement, all released claims of the class members against all released parties would be dismissed once the Agreement became effective, including those for personal and bodily injuries related to the Deepwater Horizon incident. The Agreement specifically identifies the released parties as including, among others, Seacor. The district, court preliminarily approved the Agreement and set forth procedures for individuals to opt out from the Medical Benefits Settlement Class.
After the Agreement had been filed with the court, but several months before the opt-out period had expired, Mason moved to sever his claims from the MDL. This motion provided that “Mason hereby certifies .that he has filed no claim in connection with the BP oil spill nor have any claims been submitted in connection with the [Agreement].” .Furthermore, it stated that “[u]ndersigned counsel has thoroughly investigated the nature of the [Agreement] and is satisfied that an adequate remedy is not available for his client within the ambit of that settlement. Undersigned counsel’s investigation has been confirmed through detailed discussions with members of the Plaintiffs’ Steering Committee handling the MDL.”
In its opposition to the motion.to sever — filed over a month before the opt-out period expired — Seacor noted that Mason’s claims appeared to fall within the ambit of the B3 pleading bundle and the Agreement. Seacor also opposed the mo-tton to sever because it claimed it would “necessarily have to .implead others who may have caused” the oil spill at the heart of the class action if “compelled to defend itself in a proceeding that raises the very same issues as those common to the B3 and B4 pleading bundles.” On March 5, 2013 — -after the opt-out deadline — the court denied the motion to sever.
After the Agreement became effective, Seacor moved for summary judgment on Mason’s claims against it, citing the release provision of the Agreement. The district court granted the motion and entered final judgment in favor of Seacor, holding that Mason “is a member of the Medical Class” covered by the Agreement and that his claims against Seacor had been released by the Agreement. Additionally, in accordance with its denial of
II.
We have jurisdiction over this appeal from an order of final judgment under 28 U.S.C. § 1291. As a preliminary matter, Mason does not appeal his status as a member, of the Medical Benefits Settlement Class. Moreover, there is no dispute that Mason did not follow the opt-out procedure set forth by the district court. Rather, Mason’s appeal is best understood as raising two issues:
1. Whether the district court abused its discretion in failing to determine that Mason had. opted out through informal means; and
2. Whether the district court erroneously determined that Mason had received sufficient notice of the Medical Benefits Settlement Agreement.
We address each issue in turn.
A. Informal Opt Out
As a threshold issue, Mason contends it is unclear what standard of review applies to whether a “non-formal” attempt to opt out should be recognized in these circumstances. To the extent we have not spoken on.the proper standard of review for a district court’s determination of whether a member of a class action proposed for settlement under Rule 23(b)(3) & (c)(2)(B) has opted out of that class, we hold that review is for an abuse of discretion. See In re Nissan Motor Corp. Antitrust Litig.,
We have consistently applied the abuse of discretion standard in analogous contexts. Cf. Ayers v. Thompson,
Having established the proper standard of review, we turn to Mason’s arguments on the merits. In his first issue on appeal, Mason maintains that his conduct was sufficient, to opt out of the Medical Benefits
We have not directly addressed the degree to which an effort to opt out that does not conform to the designated procedures can be treated as an effective opt out. Case law from other circuits and from the district courts suggests that an opt out request need not perfectly conform to the format chosen by the district court or the proposed settlement agreement to effectively express a desire to opt out of a class action settlement. For example, in In re Four Seasons Securities Laws Litigation, the Tenth Circuit concluded that notice of an intent to opt out was communicated by a letter sent to a trustee and the plaintiffs’ attorneys from a class-member bank, inquiring whether the bank could submit a modified form so that it could remain a member of the class and still pursue a separate suit previously filed in state court.
These decisions logically follow from the desire not to require class members “to retain counsel and prepare a formal legal document” in order to opt out while preventing excessive informal opt outs that “might pose problems of authenticity and ambiguity.” 7AA Charles Alan Wright, et al„ Federal Practice and Procedure § 1787 (3d ed. 2005). In cases often involving hundreds of unrepresented and potentially unsophisticated parties, some courts have concluded that “considerable flexibility is desirable in determining what constitutes an effective expression of a class member’s desire to be excluded.” Id. Although we have not addressed the precise requirements for allowing class members to informally opt out of class settlements, other courts have concluded that reasonableness is key. Cf. In re Four Seasons,
We need not decide whether to adopt the approach of these other courts because, even assuming arguendo that we
The district court provided sound reasons for refusing to treat the motion to sever as an opt put. Mason’s attorney made clear in an affidavit filed with the district court that he had not discussed the need to opt out with his client before the opt-out dáte. Additionally, MaSon did not sign the motion to sever. These facts show that the motion to sever could not have been interpreted as an informal but effective opt out in this case, to the extent that we would even recognize such an opt out. As the -district court noted, the Agreement required that an opt out be signed by the class member* not the attorney, in order to “ensure that the exclusion was with the client’s express consent.” The district court noted that it “consistently enforced” this “common and practical requirement” throughout the MDL. Since Mason’s attorney failed to discuss the need to opt out with his client before the opt-out deadline and Mason did not sign the motion to sever, the district court reasonably concluded the motion to sever could not have been interpreted as an effective opt out of the Agreement. Additional factors supporting the district court’s decision include that the motion to sever itself was not “unequivocal” in evincing a desire to opt out, particularly in the event that it was denied. The district court also found relevant that Mason’s attorney' had actual notice of the settlement and said he had “thoroughly investigated” the Agreement,
Additionally, the district court expressed concern about setting precedent for similar requests in the MDL. That concern has particular relevance in this litigation. Although a concern for encouraging clarity in opt out requests is relevant in many class actions, this case is no ordinary class action. It is particularly complex, even epic, given the number of plaintiffs' and defendants, the different types of claims involved (represented by the various pleading bundles), and the thousands of filings before the district court. ' Indeed, the docket sheet for this case spans over 1,300 pages of the appellate record, representing almost 15,000 docket entries.
The gargantuan size and extraordinary complexity of this litigation therefore support the district court’s decision. This multidistrict litigation “consists of hundreds of cases, with over 100,000 individual claimants..., ” Ctr. for Biological Diversity,
The district court has “especially strong and flexible” managerial power in this highly complex MDL. Ctr. for Biological Diversity,
B. Notice of the Medical Benefits Settle- ‘ ment Agreement
In his second issue on appeal, Mason maintains that the notice of the Agreement was Constitutionally deficient in both delivery and content. These objections seek to challenge the sufficiency of the notice given regarding the Medical Benefits Settlement Agreement, although this court has already affirmed the district court’s order approving the Agreement and the attendant notice procedures. See In re Deepwater Horizon,
“As a general rule, a judgment in a class action will bind the members of the class.” Kemp v. Birmingham News Co.,
However, there is an “exception to this rule[,] grounded in due process.” Kemp,
The facts of this case indicate that Mason may not collaterally attack the class action judgment. Mason argues he was deprived of due process because Mason’s attorney did not realize Mason would be considered a member of the Medical Benefits Settlement Class,' did not receive any of the electronic filing notifications from the MDL, did not receive the Class Action Settlement Notification, and paid no attention to published notifications regarding the Agreement.- While absent class members may collaterally attack a class action judgment for a lack of notice and due process, Mason was arguably not absent because his counsel had actual notice of the Agreement. See Hunter,
These circumstances are inconsistent with the usual context in which we allow collateral attacks by an absent class member who lacked notice and any opportunity to object to a proposed settlement agreement. Cf. Juris,
Notes
. The court ordered that "any Medical Benefits Settlement Class Member wishing to exclude himself .or herself from the Medical Benefits Settlement Class must submit a writ- . ten request stating. 'I wish to exclude myself from the Medical Benefits Settlement Class' (or substantially similar clear and unambiguous language), and also containing that .Medical Benefits Settlement Class Member’s printed name, address, phone number, and date of birth, and enclosing a copy of his or her driver’s license or other government-issued identification., The written request to Opt Out must be signed by the Medical Benefits Settlement Class Member seeking to exclude himself or herself from the Medical Benefits
. After the opt-out deadline, in response to the denial of the motion to sever, Mason's ■ Counsel filed an affidavit seeking to clarify that he did not view Mason’s claims as falling within the Agreement or as relating to the oil spill because they were filed against Seacor, not BP, and because Mason did not personally collect dispersant or participate in recovery and cleanup efforts, except as an engineer in the engine room of the M/V SEACOR VANGUARD while other crew members helped with those efforts. As discussed herein, Mason does not appeal his status as a member of the Medical Benefits ■ Settlement Class. Therefore, we need riot and do not* address whether the district court properly concluded that Mason'is a member of the Medical Benefits Settlement Class whose claims constitute "Released Claims” under the Agreement.
. Mason moved for the district court to extend the deadline to opt out, and his appellate briefs include vague láriguage concerning die district ■ court’s refusal to extend the opt-out deadline. Yet, Mason does not now appear to challenge the district court’s refusal, to extend the opt-out deadline. Even if he meant to pursue this issue on appeal, Mason's briefing is vague and entirely unsupported by any citations to' authority. We thus do not consider whether the district court should have extended the time for Mason to opt out, as we find any argument on this issue abandoned through inadequate briefing. See, e.g., Young v. Repine (In re Repine),
. .As we discuss infra, notice to Masbn’s attorney is imputed to Mason. See Link v. Wabash R.R. Co.,
. Mason asserts that the district court erroneously failed to consider the complexity and confusing nature of his claim vis-á-vis the pleading bundles in determining whether he informally opted out. First, Mason has not identified any authority that this consideration is relevant under the law. Second, there is no indication that the district court failed to consider this fact. Third, even assuming this consideration is relevant to the informal opt-out analysis, the remaining facts still overwhelmingly support the district court's decision determining that Mason did not informally opt out, particularly since Mason was represented by counsel to aid him in any complexities.
. Although Hunter is not "controlling precedent,” it “may be [cited as] persuasive authority." Ballard v. Burton,
. Éecause we determine that Mason’s counsel received actual notice, we do not address BP and Seacor’s arguments that constructive notice given in this case also satisfies due process requirements.
. Although we conclude Mason.is precluded from collaterally attacking the judgment approving the Agreement, even if we assumed arguendo that Mason could attack the notice related to the Agreement, we would find his challenge meritless. Mason claims, inter alia, that the notice was deficient because "nothing in the notice would have alerted Mason that his Jones Act claims against Seacor, his employer, were subsumed in the settlement____” Yet, the notice explicitly stated that "BP and all of the 'Released Parties’ (identified in Section II.MMMM of the Medical Benefits Settlement Agreement)” would be released by the Agreement for class members .who did not opt out. Seacor is identified in the Agreement as a Released Party, an Agreement -Mason’s counsel claimed to have "thoroughly investigated.” Even if Seacor was not specifically named in the notice sent to class members, other courts have found such notice sufficient. See, e.g., Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. v. Visa U.S.A., Inc.,
.See also Nunley v. Dep’t of Justice,