Scott v. Parkview Realty & Improvement Co., 241 Mo. 112

241 Mo. 112 | Mo. | 1912

VALLIANT, C. J.

— Plaintiffs sue to recover a balance claimed by them to be due from defendant for work done in grading a certain tract of land belonging to defendant lying partly in tke city and partly in the county of St. Louis.

Tke petition is in six counts; before entering on tke trial plaintiffs dismissed tkeir second and fourth counts, and went to trial on tke first, tkird, fiftk and sixtk. At tke close of the evidence on both sides tke court at tke request of defendant g'ave instructions to tke jury to tke effect that as to tke first and tkird counts tke plaintiffs were not entitled to recover, whereupon tke plaintiffs took a nonsuit with leave as to those two counts; tke trial progressed as to tke fiftk and sixtk counts, resulting in a verdict in each for tke plaintiffs; thereupon a judgment was rendered to tke effect as to tke first and tkird counts tke plaintiffs take nothing by tkeir writ, and that as to tke fifth and sixth counts they have and recover of defendant the amounts awarded tke plaintiffs by tke verdicts of tke jury. In due time plaintiffs filed their motion to set aside tke judgment of nonsuit, which motion tke court overruled and tke plaintiffs in due form applied for and obtained an appeal- to this court.

Tke plaintiffs’ complaint here is that tke court erred in giving tke instructions that forced them to a nonsuit on tke first and third counts; no appeal was taken by defendant and no complaint is made by the plaintiffs as to the judgment in so far as it disposes of tke fiftk and sixtk counts.

I. It is contended that this appeal should be dismissed, because, it is said, there is a final judgment as to the fifth and sixth counts, but none as to the first and third. The argument is that since under our statute, section 1973, Revised Statutes 1909, there can be but one final judgment in a case, although there may be several causes of action united in one petition, and the plaintiffs having allowed final judgment to be entered in their favor on the fifth and sixth counts without disposing of the first and third, their only course now is to allow this appeal to be dismissed and bring a new suit on the first and third counts. But that argument overlooks the fact that this judgment as the record shows disposes as well of the first and third counts as it does of the fifth and sixth, it is as final a judgment as to the first and third counts as it is to the fifth and sixth, it is as final a judgment as a circuit court can render and the whole case is disposed of in one final judgment. The judgment, after reciting facts leading to the nonsuit, continues: “And thereupon the plaintiffs by leave of court take a non-suit as to said first and third counts of said petition, with leave to move to set the same aside; and it is accordingly ordered and adjudged by the court that . plaintiffs take nothing by this their .suit as to said first and third counts of said petition.” Then the judgment goes on to recite the verdicts of the jury on the fifth and sixth counts and continues: “It is therefore considered and adjudged by the court that plaintiffs have and recover against said defendant the sum of nine hundred and twenty-two dollars, said sum being the aggregate of said sums of $872 and fifty dollars, damages assessed by the jury as aforesaid,” together with interest and costs, etc.

The motion to set aside the nonsuit stands in the same relation to that part, of the judgment as a motion for a new trial would stand to the part of the yAR’ ment that is based on the verdict of the jury; the me - tion does not annul the judgment; the appeal that follows is from the judgment, not from the order overruling Hie motion. In theory the judgment follows •the order overruling- the motion, though in practice it precedes it. A judgment of nonsuit may not end the litigation, because another suit may be brought on the same cause of action, but it ends that suit, and is as to that suit as much a final judgment as a judgment on the merits would be.

A party cannot appeal from a judgment that is wholly in his favor, one that gives him aril he asks, but he 'may appeal from a judgment that gives him only a part of what he sues for. If the plaintiffs should prevail in this appeal the judgment will be reversed, not only that part relating to the first and third counts, but that part relating to the fifth and sixth also, but the verdicts will stand, there being no appeal in relation to them, and the judgment on them will be reserved to be made a part of the final judgment in the case when all the issues are tried.

■ The judgment rendered by the circuit court in this case fully conforms to the requirement of the statute that there shall be but one final judgment; and if the trial court was correct in its conclusions it is the only judgment it could have rendered. Respondent insists that the appeal should be dismissed for the reason that appellant has failed to bring up parts of the testimony.

Respondent has availed itself of its privilege to file an additional abstract and has also 'filed a statement of facts. It is not made to appear from respondent’s motion to dismiss or its showing in support' thereof that the part of the testimony alleged to have been omitted by appellant is material to the question of law presented to this court for consideration.

The abstracts filed by both parties put this court in possession of sufficient facts to enable us to decide the only real question in the case, that is, whether the trial court was justified in forcing the plaintiffs to a nonsuit on their first and third counts. The motion to dismiss is ovérruled.

II. The suit grows out of a grading contract. The first count is on the contract, the third is for the same demand but is in the form of an action quantum meruit for work and labor done. The answer besides a general denial pleads a settlement, accord and satisfaction; the reply is a plea of confession and avoidance, that the alleged settlement was obtained by-misrepresentation and duress and was without consideration. The case seems to turn chiefly on the issue of accord and satisfaction as alleged in the answer and avoided in the reply.

The contract called for excavating earth in the high places, hauling and depositing it in the low places, for which plaintiffs were to be paid eighteen cents per cubic yard when the average haul was 1400 feet, and, in addition thereto three-fourths of one cent per cubic yard for every 100 feet of average haul when it exceeded 1400 feet. The main controversy in the case is in reference to the plaintiffs’ claim for that overhaul. When the work was fully completed the engineer in charge made his final estimate showing excavating and grading of 2,053,585 cubic yards at eighteen cents, plus allowance of 260 feet as excess of overhaul, the whole amounting to $409,692.20, which after deducting amounts of previous payments left due plaintiffs $72,497.70. Plaintiffs in their bill rendered claimed that the true overhaul was 506 feet more than the 260 feet allowed by the engineer, which at the contract price showed the amount due the plaintiff to be $77,933.94 in excess of the $72,497.70 balance shown by the engineer’s final estimate.

III. There is no dispute of the fact that the engineer did not estimate the overhaul as' it actually was, but he estimated it on a plan of his own devising which he thought was just. The engineer, who was the defendant’s agent in charge of the work, and under whose direction the contract required the work to be done, was a witness for defendant, and on this point testified: “I did not measure it tbe way they baulecl it, because I had never given any direction or consent to hauling’ it in that way, but simply did not object to it, and because they increased the haul themselves and because the contract provided that the haul should be calculated according to the judgment of the engineer in charge. To do this entire grading- of two million cubic yards with teams and wagons would require 100 teams 400 days, if they carried fifty yards a day, which is a fair allowance. Now then operating 100 teams on 200' acres of land, they would not interfere with each other, unless the work was purposely done so as to make them interfere. ■ As near as I can estimate Messers. Scott lost $50,000 on this work.” That is defendant’s own testimony on that point, adduced to justify the measurement, not according- to the fact, but according to what the engineer thought was just. The contract required the plaintiffs to do the work “in' conformity with directions which may from time to time be given by Pitzman’s Co. of Surveyors and Engineers, or its successors, as engineers of the party of the second part in charge of the work.” It was also stipulated: “If, in making tbe final estimate it should be found that the average haul is greater than 1400 feet, then the contractor is to be paid three-fourths of one cent per cubic yard for each one hundred feet of average overhaul in excess of said 1400 feet haul. The engineer’s opinion as to the increase of haul is to be binding on both contracting parties.” The contract also contains this clause: “And when all the work embraced in this contract i§ fully completed, agreeably to the specifications and stipulations of this agreement, and accepted by the engineer, said engineer shall cause a final estimate to be made of the amount and value of said work, according to the terms and prices of this agreement. From the total amount so found he sliall deduct all sums previously paid or rightfully retained and certify the remainder as then due. Provided, further, that nothing- herein contained shall be construed to affect the right of the party of the second part (the defendant) hereby reserved, to reject the whole or any portion of the work aforesaid should the said certificate be found or known to be inconsistent with the terms of this agreement or otherwise improperly given.”

It is on those clauses in the contract, particularly the words, “The engineer’s opinion as to the increase of haul is to be binding on both contracting parties,” that the defendant relies for its contention that the engineer’s decision is binding on the plaintiffs, although the overhaul is measured not as it in fact was done, but in a way the engineer thought it might have been done. If we read that clause in connection with the last clause above quoted we have a seeming cpnflict; in one clause it is. said that the engineer’s opinion shall be binding on both contract parties, in the other it is not binding on the defendant if the “certificate be found or. known to be inconsistent with the terms of this agreement or otherwise improperly given.” Does it mean that it is binding on the plaintiffs although it “be found or known to be inconsistent with the terms of this agreement or otherwise improperly given,” but not binding on the defendant? By the clause last quoted there are two grounds on which the defendant may dispute the binding effect of the engineer’s certificate, first that it is “inconsistent with the terms of this agreement,” second, that it was “otherwise improperly given.” "What does that second ground mean? We can see very well how the defendant might anticipate that its own engineer might, make a mistake in his judgment as to the meaning of the contract, but that the defendant should anticipate that its engineer might act “otherwise improperly” in giving the certificate is not so reasonable. Again, does the preceding cláuse, which says that the engineer’s opinion should be binding on both parties, mean that it shall be binding on the plaintiffs although “inconsistent with the terms of this agreement or otherwise improperly given,” yet by force of the latter clause not binding on the defendant? Assuming that these two clauses, taken together, were designed in all fairness and honesty, the reasonable interpretation to be given them is that the opinion of the engineer in matters pertaining to the science of engineering should be binding on both parties, but it was not given him to judge the law of the case, and his certificate would be binding on neither party if it was contrary to the terms of the contract.

There is nothing in Williams v. Railroad, 153 Mo. 487, to the contrary of what is here said. In that case the contract was: “The work shall be executed under.the direction and supervision of the chief engineer of said railway and his assistants, by whose measurements and calculations the quantities and amounts of the several kinds of work performed under this contract shall be determined, and whose determination shall be conclusive upon the parties, and said chief engineer shall decide every question which can or may arise between the parties relative to the execution thereof, and his decision shall be binding and final upon both parties.” The court said that that was a valid and binding agreement and that “in the absence of fraud, or gross mistake, as would necessarily imply bad faith, the classification and estimates of the chief engineer and his assistants would be conclusive on both parties.” In that case there was-a dispute over the classification of material removed and other points relating to the character of the work done. The court said in reference to the engineer’s estimate as to the character of certain work done: “At most it can only be held to have been an error in the estimation,” There was nothing submitted to the decisión of the engineer in that case except matters pertaining to the science of civil engineering. It was not claimed that his decision would he binding if it was contrary to the terms of the contract or that he had authority to pronounce a legal interpretation of the contract. On that point the court in that case said: “Moreover, plaintiffs were entitled to show, if they could, under either count, that the engineer misconstrued the contract in his classification of the loose-rock clause, and had not measured the work according to contract. ... We think the plaintiffs are correct in their interpretation of this clause, and, if the engineer did so misconstrue it, he exceeded the power vested in him by the contract, and there is no principle of law or equity that demands that plaintiffs should submit to a misconstruction of their contract which would result in serious loss to them. ... It is the province of the courts to construe contracts, and the plaintiffs had a right to the construction of the courts on this clause.” The power given the engineer in that case was more comprehensive than that given in the case at bar, yet the court held that he had no authority to. construe the contract.

In McCormick v. St. Louis, 166 Mo. 315, the contract sued on contained this clause: “To prevent all disputes and litigation, . . . the water commissioner shall, in all cases, determine the amount of the several kinds of work, which are to be paid for under this contract, and he shall decide all questions which may arise relative to the execution of. the contract, on the part of the contractor, and his estimates and decisions shall he final and conclusive.” In that case the plaintiff sought to .recover for certain work done by him under the contract which was not included in the final estimate, but a divided court held that the final estimate was binding on plaintiff and he could not recover. The case really seems to have turned on the plea of account stated and accord and satisfaction. But the authority given the commissioner in that case was to determine the amount of the' several kinds of work which are to be paid for under, the contract, and to decide all questions relative to the execution of the contract; he was not given authority to interpret the contract and it was not so contended.

In the case at bar the engineer has undertaken to interpret the contract, and when the contract says that the plaintiffs are to have extra three-fourths of a cent per cubic yard for every 100 feet of average haul over 1400 feet, the engineer says it does not mean the actual overhaul, but it means an overhaul that might have been effected with different means and under a different plan of operation. The work could have been done with spades and horse-scrapers, wagons and teams; it was done with steam shovels, engine and cars, on a railroad track erected by plaintiffs for the purpose. The contract does not specify the appliances to be used; the contractor had the right to decide which was the most economical and expeditious manner of doing the work, he was under a heavy penalty to accomplish the work within a given time. Whilst the engineer testified that the plaintiffs “increased the haul themselves,” he does not say or intimate that plaintiffs acted in bad faith in increasing the haul, or that, using the means and appliances that were used, there was any unnecessary increase. Pie said: “I did not measure it the way they hauled it, because I had never given any direction or consent to hauling* it in that way, but simply did not object to it.” One of the engineers of the Pitzman Company was .on the ground every day supervising and directing* the work, Mr. Pitzman himself was there frequently supervising the work, he saw how it was being done and knew the route that was being taken in hauling the material, he was the agent of the defendant to see that the work was done according to the contract, in that respect he was the defendant’s vice-principal, IJnder those circumstances there is no difference between not objecting and consenting.

In a letter to the defendant company touching the point in dispute Mr. Pitzman said: “My entire plan for the work was based on a wagon haul and when the contractors proposed to make the long haul by the use of steam shovel and cars, I changed my plan to accommodate them, but I did not suppose that the company would or could be charged for'the excess of haul in consequence of the change of motive power. To my knowledge no order has been given to the contractors during the progress of the work in consequence of which the length of haul has been increased, provided the hauling had been done by teams, but the use of steam shovels and cars did increase the length of haul. If the length of haul is calculated by carrying all the earth used for filling east of the railroad over the bridge built over the Wabash I am satisfied that the average haul would be increased about 500 feet over and above the haul as stated in my final estimate. My superintendent reported weekly the number of teams, men, steam shovels, engines and graders used on the -work and I am satisfied from my calculations and estimates that John Scott '& Sons after collecting the estimate as submitted will find that their loss on this contract exceeds $50,000, which fact I regret exceedingly, because they have done first-class work, notwithstanding the fact that they were losing money daily. If John Scott & Sons should insist upon the payment of the estimate ma.de by Mr. Russell and you would decline to pay it, they could appeal to the courts, and what the court or jury would decide is, of course, problematic. All I can say is that I have carefully considered every point and given my unbiased opinion.”

The contract says that the engineer’s “opinion as to the increase of haul is to he binding on both contracting parties.” That means his opinion as to how much the overhaul actually was; but it cannot be said the measurement given in his final estimate was his opinion as to what the overhaul actually was, because 'he says in his letter, which we have just read, that if the overhaul was calculated by the route it was actually made, “I am satisfied that the average haul would be increased about 500 feet over and- above the haul stated in my final estimate.” ,That is his “opinion as to the increase of haul.” And his testimony was to the same effect. That is his opinion as an engineer, but in his final estimate he did not confine himself to the science of a civil engineer in which he is an expert, but undertook to construe the contract and construed it to mean that it gave him the power to substitute what might have been for what was. The contract did not make the engineer the umpire to construe it; when the contest arose between the parties to the contract as to its meaning that contest could be settled only in the courts.

So far we have discussed this point from the defendant’s testimony alone, but the testimony on the part of the plaintiffs put their case in a stronger light. Their testimony tepded to show that the overhaul was along the shortest route practicable; that both before and1 after the contract was signed they discussed the matter with Mr. Pitzman and explained to him the manner and means they purposed to adopt, and pointed out the general course of the. route. Mr. Pitzman located the bridges that plaintiffs had to build for their railroad track to cross the River Des Peres and assisted them in obtaining a crossing over the Colorado railroad. He knew that they were going to do the work mainly with steam shovels, engine and cars; while the work was in progress he told them that the 'overhaul would be measured as it was actually made; after the work was completed and they came for their final estimate, he told them that he could not calenlate the overhaul as it was made, because it would be too much money and the Park View Realty Company would not pay it. There was a good deal of other testimony on the part of the plaintiff on this point but we do not deem it necessary to mention more of it, because enough has been mentioned to show that the plaintiffs made a prima facie case and were entitled to go to the country on the first and third counts of their petition, unless they were precluded by the facts Stated in the answer as accord and satisfaction. "We do not of course pass on the weight of the evidence, but we do hold that it was not the province of the engineer to interpret the contract and that his estimate based on his legal opinion of the meaning of the contract is not binding on the plaintiffs.

IV. We will now consider the plea of accord and satisfaction.

1. By its amended answer the defendant said that on the first day of February, 1904, the plaintiffs were fully aware of all the facts and conditions they now complain of; they had asserted their claim fo,r the overhaul to the defendant’s engineer and to defendant, and had fully discussed the matter; that defendant “in good faith claimed against and to plaintiffs that it was entitled to liquidated damages from plaintiffs as provided in said contract, modifications and supplements, on account of plaintiffs having failed to complete the work agreed by them to be done within the time agreed upon in said contract, modifications and supplements; and plaintiffs and defendants contended concerning said claim of plaintiffs and said claim of defendant;” and that finally on February 1, 1904, defendant “in a spirit of adjustment and compromise tendered to plaintiffs $76.497.70 in full accord and satisfaction” of all claims, and the plaintiffs accepted the same -and gave a receipt in full of all damages.

2. In so far as that plea rests on the alleged claim of liquidated .damages for failure to complete the work in the time specified there was no evidence to support it. The contract called for liquidated damages at the rate of $500 a day if the work was not completed within the time specified, and the statements in the petition show that it was not completed within that time. In the final estimate which Mr. Pitzman submitted to the defendant he said: “The above is subject to our right to claim liquidated damages for delay in completing the work on time. Under the terms of the supplemental contract the work was to have been completed October 1, 1903, whereas they finished the grading December 5, 1903.” That communication was addressed and delivered to the defendant company before the alleged settlement was made; it was after several spirited discussions between the plaintiffs and the engineer in his office as to the amount due the plaintiffs, wherein no claim of liquidated damages was made. The matter then came before the board of directors of the defendant when there was again a discussion long and spirited, in which the question was whether the board would pay what the plaintiffs claimed was due them for the actual overhaul or would abide by the engineer’s estimate, and they finally resolved that they would pay what the engineer’s estimate called for, and no more. The board then, with Mr. Pitzman’s estimate before them suggesting that a claim of liquidated damages might be made, made no such claim. Mr. Coffin, one of the board of directors, testified: “At the two meetings of the board referred to, the board always took the position and held to it that they would pay the amount of the estimate of the engineer and no more, and they never offered anything more than that amount. They were willing to pay that, no more and no less. They took the position that they were bound under the contract to pay that amount. There was no compromise offered, it. was just the one thing.” Mr. Greenwood, another member of the board, testified: “The members of the board then stated that they felt that they would be justified only in paying what the engineer in charge had certified to and that they would pay and they felt they were bound to pay it, to pay what the engineer had estimated and they were ready and willing to do that and nothing more.” The only item in dispute was the item of overhaul, there was no hint of a counterclaim. There were two meetings- of the board and every phase of the case was considered; if it was in the mind of anyone that the company had a claim, which counsel for defendant in their brief now say amounted to at least $30,000, is it reasonable to suppose that no mention of it was made? The defendant in the alleged compromise made no concession, waived no claim, they paid only what they admitted to be due as the testimony of their two directors shows and as all the facts show.

The amount shown by the engineer’s estimate as due the plaintiffs was $72,497.70, the amount paid plaintiffs was $76,497.70, the $4000 added was an item in previous estimates among orders of plaintiffs supposed to have been paid by defendant for plaintiffs during the progress of the work, but it was discovered that that item had not been paid and therefore it was added to the plaintiffs’ balance; there was, no dispute about that and that it is not claimed as a disputed point is conceded.

3. Defendant refused to pay what it conceded to be due unless plaintiffs would accept the amount as in full satisfaction of all their claim, plaintiffs yielded to the demand and signed the receipt, and defendant now pleads that that was a fair compromise, accord and satisfaction. Plaintiffs in their reply say that defendant told them that unless they accepted the amount tendered on the terms offered it would pay them nothing and they would have to sue, that the litigation would last at least three years and by the end of that time the defendant would have disposed of its property and have no means to pay; that plaintiffs investigated the matter and became satisfied that defendant was rapidly placing its property in such condition that they could not collect by law a judgment that mig’ht be obtained at the end of a long litigation, and so they accepted the tender and gave the receipt in full; but that afterwards plaintiff's discovered that notwithstanding the articles of association declared that the stock subscriptions had all been paid in full in cash yet that some of the solvent stockholders in defendant corporation had not paid their stock subscriptions in full and the amounts due by them would be sufficient to satisfy plaintiffs’ claim, and upon that discovery they brought this suit.

Part payment of a debt is not a discharge of the whole obligation even when the creditor gives a receipt in full. But an exception to that rule is when there is an account between the creditor and debtor sufficiently involved to afford the basis of a fair dispute as to the amount due and after full consideration the creditor yields to the debtor’s view and agrees to accept the amount which the latter concedes to be due as in full satisfaction and gives a receipt in full; it comes under the head of account stated and is binding. If therefore it be conceded that there was ground for a fair dispute as to whether the plaintiffs were entitled to pay for their overhaul, estimated on what it actually was, or were entitled only to so much as the engineer estimated it would have been if done differently, and if the plaintiffs finally yielded the point and agreed to settle and did settle on the theory contended for by defendant, and if there was no other moving influence in the case, then the settlement was binding.

But there was another influential fact in this case according to plaintiffs’ testimony that forced them to this settlement. After the second session of the board of directors and they had pronounced their ultimatum, one of the plaintiffs had a discussion of the subject with the president of the company in which he gave the president to understand -that they were going to sue for the amount they claimed to be due, and thereupon the president said it would suit the company just as well to be sued, because if the company should settle then it would have to borrow the money it proposed to pay, whereas a lawsuit would last three years or longer, and in the meantime if the company was successful in disposing of its property it would have enough to pay the whole of plaintiffs’ claim or else it would be insolvent and plaintiffs would get nothing. Plaintiffs looked into the matter and were satisfied that the prospect of insolvency of the company foreshadowed by the president °was correct and they yielded to defendant’s demand and settled, giving a receipt in full.

Ordinarily there is nothing wrong in a debtor, dealing with an honestly disputed balance of account, saying to his creditor, This is all I owe you, but I am not willing to pay it to you and then leave you free to sue me for the balance which you claim; I will pay you this only on condition that you accept the amount in full satisfaction of your claim and receipt for .it accordingly. The presumption in such case is that if the creditor is right in his claim the law will give him satisfaction, therefore no wrong is done him, he is free to accept what is offered or go to law with confidence that in the end the law will give him what is right.

But if the debtor should take the occasion to represent to his creditor his financial condition as being such that at the end of thé lawsuit there would be nothing to satisfy the judgment, he would thereby introduce an element of coercion in his offer. The offer then instead of being, take this or take what the law will adjudge to be your due, will be equivalent to take this or you will never get anything. A debtor who refuses to pay what he acknowledges to be due under those circumstances does not deal fairly with his creditor and is not entitled to the advantage so obtained; if he knows that the probabilities are such that a lawsuit would yield his creditor nothing, the only honest course to pursue is to pay what he acknowledges to be due. Respondent relies on the decisions of this court in Pollman Coal Co. v. St. Louis, 145 Mo. 651, and McCormick v. St. Louis, 166 Mo. 315. In both of those cases the plaintiffs were offered the alternative of taking what the city admitted to be due or going to law for what they claimed; they accepted what was tendered and receipted in full, and sued the city for the balance claimed; the court held the settlement valid and binding. But in those cases the creditor was not dealing with an insolvent debtor or with one representing himself as insolvent, the courts were open to the creditor and there was no doubt of the city’s ability to satisfy the judgment. There was no coercion there.

4. Besides there was, according to the plaintiffs’ reply and their offer of proof, a concealment of available assets of the corporation by the president in his discussion of the subject with the plaintiffs, perhaps not an intentional concealment, but still a failure to disclose an important fact- bearing on the very point then under discussion, that is, the indebtedness of solvent stockholders for their unpaid, or fictitiously paid, stock subscriptions. That was a material fact bearing on the question of fairness of this alleged settlement, and the court erred in rejecting the plaintiffs’ evidence offered.

It is argued that because the representations of the president as to the prospective insolvency of the corporation were true, there was no fraud. But this is not a case of obtaining goods under false pretenses; it is the case of a debtor, professedly able then to pay what he acknowledged to be due, refusing to pay it, and coercing his creditor to execute a receipt in full by holding up to him the prospective insolvency of his company. If the alleged settlement was coerced under the circumstances which the plaintiffs’ testimony tended to prove, it was not a fair settlement and the plaintiffs are not bound by it; whether it was so obtained it is not for this court nor was it for the trial court to say; it was a question for the jury.

The settlement was not a compromise because there was nothing conceded by defendant, it was not an accord and satisfaction because there was no consideration to support it, and it was not a binding settlement if it was obtained under the circumstances above indicated.

The judgment is reversed and the cause remanded to be retried according to the views herein expressed.

All concur, except Wooclson, J., who concurs in all except paragraph 4 and the result, as to which he dissents.