Lead Opinion
OPINION
In this еase, we must decide whether a party may appeal an order establishing a receivership approximately five years after the entry of the order. We hold that he may not and dismiss the appeal.
The appellant, Richard Sclafani (Richard), and the appellee, Susan Sclafani (Susan), were divorced in 1979.
In point of error one, Richard contends that the trial court erred in overruling his motion to set aside receivership and in ordering the receiver to sell the property because Susan did not file an applicant’s bond, in violation of Tex.R.Civ.P. 695a.
Richard and Susan were divorced on August 6, 1979. On October 21, 1986, Susan filed a petition to appoint a receiver to sell the real property at issue. On November 12, Richard and Susan entered into an agreed temporary order stating that they would list the property for sale “immediately.” The agreed temporary order was approved and signed by the trial court on February 16, 1987. For reasons not clear from the record, the property was not sold.
On September 21, 1987, Susan, alleging that the lack of a sale was due to dеlays caused by Richard, again moved the trial court to appoint a receiver to sell the property. On October 27, 1987, the trial court ordered that if the property “is not sold by March 29, 1988 ... Ted McMorrough is appointed Receiver to take charge and possession of’ the property. The property was not sold by March 29.
On April 17, 1990, Susan moved the court to aрpoint a substitute receiver. In an order signed on August 10, the court reaffirmed that it was “of the opinion that proper grounds exist for the appointment of a receiver,” removed McMorrough and appointed Lee Wiley as the new receiver. On August 5,1991, Susan, dissatisfied with Wiley, moved the court to remove Wiley and appoint a new receiver. Wiley continued as the receiver. On February 12, 1993, Richard moved, for the first time, to set aside the receivership. He argued that the receivership changed the terms, set out in the divorce decree, under which the property would be sold. On May 4,1993, the trial court, finding that the initial
Section 51.014(1)
Susan contends that Richard’s appeal was untimely filed under section 51.014(1) of the Civil Practice and Remedies Code. That section provides:
A person may appeal from an interlocutory order of a district court, county court at law, or county court that:
(1) appoints a receiver[.]
Tex.Civ.PRAc. & Rem.Code Ann. § 51.014(1) (Vernon Supp.1993). She argues that any appeal must have been brought within 20 days after the original order appointing a receiver was signed.
Because we have found no recent authority for Susan’s contention, we are constrained to resort to mature case law for guidance. For example, in McFarlane v. Greenameyer,
The appellees moved to dismiss the appeal.
The disposition of McFarlane was contrоlled by former article 2079 of the Texas Revised Civil Statutes, then in force, which provided:
An appeal shall lie from an interlocutory order of the district court appointing a receiver or trustee in any cause: Provided, such an appeal is taken within twenty days from the entry of such order.
We do not think this statute should be construed to authorize an appeal from a judgment or order of a court adjudicating the question of whether property in litigation should be taken into the custody of the court and administered by a receiver appointed by the court pending adjudication of the rights of the parties to the suit in the property, unless such appeal is taken within twenty days from the entry of such order....
The purpose of the statute is to grant sрeedy relief to a person whose property is wrongfully taken from his possession by the summary process of a receivership, but this relief is conditioned upon the prompt exercise by the defendant of his right of appeal in order that the right of plaintiff to a receivership may not be suspended longer than is necessary to have an adjudication of such right by the appellate court.... We cannot bring ourselves to believe that it is the intention of the Legislature, in the enactment of this law, to give a right of appeal every time a receiver is appointed in the course of an administration of property by a court through a receivership.
In Benningfield v. Benningfield,
The appellant filed the appeal bond on June 1.
In order to give this court jurisdiction the bond must be filed within twenty days after the order of appointment. The right of appeal is given only from the order of appointment ... The original order was appealable from the moment of its entry.... [T]he original order, which brought the property under administration by the court, was entered twenty-two days before the appeal bond was filed, and therefore did not confer jurisdiction upon this court.
Id. at 827-28. The court dismissed the appeal. Id. at 828.
The right to appeal an interlocutory order appointing a receiver and the requirement that the appeal be brought within 20 days of the entry of the order, once embodied together in article 2079, are now found in separate authorities. The right tо appeal given by that article was subsequently embodied in article 2250, and is now found in section 51.014(1). The 20-day requirement, later contained in Tex.R.Civ.P. 385, is now located in Tex.R.App.P. 42(a)(3). Therefore, although the right to appeal and the 20-day requirement are now split between two separate authorities, both are still part of Texas law.
We agree with the reasoning expressed in McFarlane and Benningfield. We hold that the right to appeal grаnted by section 51-014(1), and controlled by rule 42(a)(3), is the right to appeal the original order of receivership, i.e., the order of receivership itself, and must be exercised within 20 days after the receivership order is entered. Richard’s complaint on appeal, that a receivership should not have been established in the first place, has been waived because he raised it for the first time approximately five years after the trial court ordered its establishment.
A contrary holding would meаn that a party could rightfully attempt to set aside an order of receivership in an appeal regardless of how long ago the receivership order was entered. The setting aside of an order of receivership has “the effect of nullifying all intervening acts of the receiver ... or, at least, of raising serious questions concerning the validity of such intervening aсts.” Christie v. Lowrey,
We hold that Richard’s appeal was not timely filed under section 51.014(1). We stress that Richard seeks to set aside the receivership, not to terminate it on the grounds that no necessity exists for its continuation. Richard styled his motion “Motion to Set Aside Receivership” and asks the Court to “vacat[e] the receivership.” It is cleаr from the motion that vacation of the receivership is the specific relief he seeks. Had Richard sought to end the receivership because there is no necessity for it to continue, his remedy was to file a motion to terminate. See Christie,
Section 51.014(2)
Susan also argues that Richard’s appeal of the overruling of his motion to set aside the receivership is untimely filed under section 51.014(2) of the Civil Practice and Remedies Code. That section provides:
A person may appeal from an interlocutory order of a district court, county court at law, or county court that:
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*612 (2) overrules a motion to vacate an order that apрoints a receiver[.]
Tex.Civ.Prac. & Rem.Code ÁNN. § 51.014(2) (Vernon Supp.1993).
This Court considered the same issue in Lauraine v. First Nat’l Bank of Whitney,
On appeal, Lauraine argued that the trial court had erred in overruling his motion to vacate because defects in the petition for receivership necessitated setting the receivership aside.
If an appellate court should revise a judgment of a trial court overruling a motion to vacate an order appointing a receiver made long after the receiver was appointed, and based upon objections which should have been made at the time the appointment was made, and which do not affect the jurisdiction of the court or render the order granting the receivership void, such ruling would, in effect, abrogаte the statute which provides that an appeal from an interlocutory order appointing a receiver shall be taken within 20 days after the order is entered of record.
It is clear that if a motion to vacate an order appointing a receiver upon the ground that error was committed in the proceedings, when the error complained of is not such as to render the proceedings void, can be entertained at any time, the order appointing a receiver would never become final and the statute which only gives 20 days in which to appeal from such order would be rendered nugatory and idle. We cannot believe the Legislature intended any such result in enacting the statute giving the right to appeal from an order overruling a motion to vacate an order appointing a receiver.
Id.
The court found two factors compelling: (1) the length of time between the order of receivership and Lauraine’s motion to vacate the order; and (2) the potential damage to the rights of third parties:
After all these years ... when rights of creditors who were induced to intervene in the receivership by the Allens for the adjudication of claims amounting to hundreds of thousands of dollars are dependent upon the validity of those proceedings, neither A.C. Allen nor the representative of the estate of Mrs. Allen will be heard to question the validity of the proceedings upon the ground of defects in the petition which do not affect the jurisdiction of the court.
In the ease before us, Richard asserts two bases of error in his motion to vacate: (1) that the applicant, Susan, did not file an applicant’s bond; and (2) that the receivership “materially changes the terms of the original Divorce Decree.” Richard’s motion to vacate, like the one in Lauraine, was (1) filed long after (approximately five yеars after) the receiver was appointed; (2) based upon objections that clearly could have been made at the time the appointment was made; and (3) based upon complaints that do not implicate the jurisdiction of the trial court or
We hold that, for these reasons, Richard has nоt perfected a timely appeal under section 51.014(2). A holding that Richard may bring his appeal under this section would produce the same result as a holding that Richard may bring his appeal under section 51.014(1): a party could attempt to set aside an order of receivership in an appeal no matter how long ago the order was entered. Such a holding would mеan that, because of section 51.014(2), an order of receivership would always be susceptible to challenge by appeal, and thus never gain finality. We do not believe that the legislature intended section 51.014(2) to foster such a result.
A motion to vacate a receivership must be brought within 20 days of the order establishing the receivership. Once a receivership order is еntered, a party opposed to the order may appeal the order directly, bringing his or her appeal within 20 days (consistent with section 51.014(1) and Tex.R.App.P. 42(a)(3)). Alternatively, the party may first move the trial court to vacate its order, and then upon denial of the motion, appeal the motion’s denial (consistent with section 51.-014(2) and Tex.R.App.P. 42(a)(3)). Should the party choose the second route, the requirement that he or she must move the court to vacate its order within 20 days is consistent with section 51.014(1) and rule 42(a)(3) in that it requires the challenge to the order to be brought within 20 days, and yet still allows what section 51.014(2) obviously intends: that the complaining party have the choice to present its complaint to the trial court first before proceeding with an appeal. This choice, however, as noted in Lawraine, was surely not meant by the legislature to be exercised at literally any time, no matter how long ago the order was entered and how much has happened in the meantime. Rather, a complaint to the trial court, like an appeal from an unsuccessful complaint, must be brought within a time that is consistent with the intent оf section 51.014.
We dismiss this appeal for want of jurisdiction.
MIRABAL, J., dissenting.
Notes
. Without intending any disrespect to the parties, for convenience and to avoid confusion, we shall refer to the parties by their first names.
. That rule provides that “[n]o receiver shall be appointed with authority to take charge of property until the party applying therefor has filed with the clerk of the court a good and sufficient bond, to be approved by such clerk, payable to the defendant in the amount fixed by the court, conditioned for the payment of all damages and cost in such suit, in case it should be decided that such receiver was wrongfully appointed to take charge of such property.” TexR.Civ.P. 695a. We note that while this proceeding was pending in this Court, Susan filed an applicant’s bond, making Richard’s complaint about the lack of a bond moot. O & G Carriers v. Smith Energy 1986,
. Rule 42(a)(3) of the Texas Rules of Appellate Procedure provides that "[i]n all accelerated appeals from interlocutory orders ... the bond, or the notice or affidavit in lieu thereof, shall be filed, or the deposit in lieu of bond shall be made, within twenty days after the judgment or order is signed.”
. "An order appointing а receiver is void when the court lacks jurisdiction of the parties or subject matter. The fact that it was made improvidently, or issued on insufficient evidence, does not nullify an order appointing a receiver.” Whitaker Oil Co. v. Ward,
Dissenting Opinion
dissenting.
I dissent.
The majority dismisses this appeal for want of jurisdiction, holding that the appeal was not timely filed. I disagree.
The Civil Practice and Remedies Code specifically provides:
A person may appeal from an interlocutory order of a district court, county court at law, or county court that:
(1) appoints a receiver or trustee; [or]
(2) overrules a motion to vacate an order that appoints a receiver or trusteed]
Tex.Civ.PRAC. & Rem.Code Ann. § 51.014(1) and (2) (Vernon Supp.1993).
Appellant filed his motion seeking to vacate thе receivership, the trial court overruled the motion, and appellant appealed from that order within the 20 days required for appeals from interlocutory orders by Tex R.App.P. 42(a)(3). By virtue of section 51.-014(2) and rule 42(a)(3), we have jurisdiction of this appeal. We should reach the merits of the appeal and determine whether the trial court abused its discretion when it overruled appellant’s motion seeking to vacate the order that appointed the receiver.