46 So. 2d 631 | La. Ct. App. | 1950
Lead Opinion
On December 18, 1948, plaintiff, Jake Sciambra, purchased from, defendant, Emblem, Inc., a television receiving set for the price and sum of $1,428.48, upon which he paid cash the sum of $450.00, and for the balance-gave defendant a note for $978.48, which was- secu.red by chattel mortgage. Plaintiff brought this suit to rescind and cancel the said sale, to recover the sum of $450.00 paid on account, and to compel defendant to cancel and return to him the promissory note for $978.48.
Defendant answered, admitting the execution of the -contract, but denying that it was indebted to plaintiff in -any 'sum whatsoever. Defendant reconvened, seeking judgment on the note for $978.48, with eight per cent interest thereon from January 18, 1949, until paid, with twenty-five per cent attorney’s fees on the principal and interest, and for recognition of its vendor’s lien and privilege and chattel mortgage on the television set, and for a judicial sale thereof by the Civil Sheriff, at public auction, without appraisement, for cash, to the highest bidder, and that the avails of the sale be applied pro tanto towards payment of the judgment.
After a trial on the merits in the court below, plaintiff’s demand was dismissed, and defendant recovered a judgment in re-convention as prayed for. Plaintiff has appealed.
Plaintiff operates a restaurant and bar in the City of.New Orleans, and'defendant is a retailer of television receivers- and other appliances. During August, 1948,. the -knowledge was widely circulated¡-th,at television reception would shortly be made available to the residents of- New Orleans. At that time, few, if any retail dealers possessed samples of television receivers, and, therefore,, sets were sold from illustrated pamphlets or catalogues, and for future delivery. Defendant .was one of those engaged in the retail selling-of television receivers for future delivery, and had in its -employ, as salesman on.a part-time' basis, one John Perino, whose, principal occupation was the “tile business.” . In order that Perino might acquaint himself with television sets for which defendant was taking orders for future delivery, he was given two pamphlets, one of which contained illustrations o’f the set as it would appear if
On August 30, 1948, Clark brought Peri-no to Sciambra’s establishment, and Perino attempted to sell plaintiff, who was obviously interested, a television set. The substance of the sales discussion is in dispute. Sciambra, who had never seen a television receiver, agreed to purchase a set designated as an “RCA Clubman,” for the agreed price of $1,095.00, plus an installation charge of $200.00, taxes and freight $48.85, or a total amount of $1,343.85, to which was to be added finance or carrying charges. Perino testified that he had seen a television receiver only once, in Chicago-about three months prior to his negotiations with Sciambra, and that when he contacted Sciambra he had been engaged in selling sets for only about two weeks. Plaintiff made the agreed deposit of $100.00, and obligated himself to pay, when the set was delivered within sixty days, the further sum of $350.00 cash, and to execute a note for the unpaid balance. Qark, who was present during the entire discussion, corroborates in substance the testimony of plaintiff. The set • was delivere'd between December 18 and 20, 1948, and it was upon delivery of the set to plaintiff that the present controversy arose. When the set reached Sciambra, the television receiving mechanism was attached to a chassis and enclosed by a steel frame; photographs are in evidence, which reflect a naked television receiving mechanism. Plaintiff who had been laboring under the erroneous impression that a “beautiful cabinet” would arrive at a later date, with the service men to install the set, paid, the sum of $350.00 to defendant’s employee who delivered the set, and Sciambra later that day executed a note in favor of defendant for $978.48 for the unpaid balance, as well as a chattel mortgage securing the same, all as was previously agreed upon between the parties. On the following day, a representative of the Radio Corporation of America, the installation agent for defendant, called at plaintiff’s place to “check the wiring,” and observing the unenclosed television receiving mechanism, volunteered suggestions to plaintiff as to the manner in which a cabinet might be constructed to enclose the set. It was then that plaintiff realized that a misunderstanding may have occurred, and he immediately telephoned defendant’s office and advised that the cabinet had not arrived, and requested information as to when the arrival of the cabinet might be expected.
Sciambra was advised by an employee in defendants’ office that if he desired a cabinet, an additional charge of $150.00 would, be added to the original purchase price. Sciambra protested that the set which he-had agreed to purchase was enclosed in a. cabinet “like a radio or piano;” defendant’s employee informed plaintiff ’that he-was in error.
A day or so after Christmas of 1948, Sci-ambra, in company with a friend, Roy Martin, visited defendant’s business establishment and discussed the matter with Dr. Joseph LaNasa, who is the president and. principal stockholder of defendant company. Dr. LaNasa told plaintiff there were-five other people who ordered the set, and. that if he was not satisfied with it, Emblem, Inc., would send for it the next day and. return Sciambra’s money. Plaintiff agreed to this, and departed from defendant’s establishment, believing that the matter was. closed and that defendant would send for the set and refund the payments made on account of the purchase price. It seems,, however, that on the following' day defendant’s president had a change of mind! and thereafter lefused to send for the television set and return to plaintiff the payments previously made. The set is still in, its shipping crate in plaintiff’s place of' business.
It is plaintiff’s contention (1) that defendant's salesman, Perino, misrepresented!, the appearance of the set in describing it-to plaintiff as a “beautiful set,” ■ which plaintiff interpreted to mean that it would, be enclosed in a cabinet such as encloses, a piano or music box, and (2) that the sale-of the television receiver had been can—
After carefully considering the record, our opinion is that there was never a meeting of the minds as between plaintiff and defendant’s representative, with respect to the sale and purchase of the television receiver. We are impressed by the fact that Perino testified that he, Clark, and Sciam-bra, were present during the entire negotiations leading up to the sale; that prior to the sale, Perino had been selling television receivers for only approximately two weeks, and had effected only one sale prior to the date on which the sale was made, to plaintiff, and on that same day he sold five other sets. Television reception was very new in the New Orleans area, and the only informátion in Perino’s possession, relative to a description of television receivers, which he could convey to prospective purchasers, was “the diagram, the book, and I was told it comes on’a frame and placed in the wall,” and that was all Perino knew about television receivers; and when he showed the diagram to plaintiff, “I showed this particular set has no cabinet, it’s put in the wall,” and that it was. a “beautiful set.”
In answer to questions propounded by the trial judge, Perino testified:
“Q. Did you leave that pamphlet which was introduced in evidence, showing the screen of the television set, — did you leave that with Mr. Sciambra? A. I didn’t leave it with Mr. Sciambra. I gave Mr. Clark some later to give. That was the only one that I had.
“Q. I’m speaking about the little book? A. That is the only' one I had and I couldn’t afford to leave it.”
Sciambra testified that Perino “put the pamphlet on the desk and he showed me the picture; it’s fifteen by twenty, with this size picture, you can see the picture from any corner of the bar, it can be well seen. * * * So I bought the set with the understanding — and they made me vision it was a beautiful set, and what they sent me was just a skeleton and doesn’t make no comparison. Like if you buy an automobile and in the catalogue you see the automobile and then they send you a chassis and motor.”
Clark’s testimony is:
“Q. Mr. Clark do you recall ever hearing Mr. Perino say that the set when delivered would be delivered on an open steel frame, with the inner works, inner parts all exposed? A. No, I didn’t.
“Q. Do you remember or rather can you give us a general outline, some idea, from Mr. Perino’s description what the set would look like? (Objection by counsel which was referred to the merits.)
“Q. You were present throughout the whole of the conversation? A. That’s right.
“Q. You heard Mr. Perino selling the set to Mr. Sciambra? A. That’s right.
“Q. Now, what kind of looking thing was it that you personally thought was being sold? A. My thoughts, by Mr. .Per-ino’s having seen, one in Chicago or New York, was that .it was beautiful and I thought it would come in some sort of a cabinet, like a music box or something to that effect
******
“Q. What was your first reaction when you saw the set in Mr. Sciambra’s store? A. When I saw it, Mr. Sciambra called me; ‘Mr. Jake, they didn’t sell you this for a television?’ He said ‘Yes.’
“Q. Now, did you hear Mr. Perino say that in addition to the above cost, 1395, that Mr. Sciambra would have another expense? A. No, I never- heard anything like that.
“Q. Did you hear him say it would cost anything other than $1095 for the machine, $200 for installation, $38.95 for tax and $10 for freight. Did -you understand that would be the total expenses or costs that Mr. Sciambra would have? A. That is what he was selling.”
It is manifest that Perino was insufficiently informed as to the appearance and characteristics of the television receiver
Article 2439, R. C. C., provides:
“The contract of sale is an agreement by which one gives a thing for a price in current money, and the Other gives the price in order to have the thing itself.
“Three circumstances concur to the perfection of the contract, to-wit: the thing sold, the price and the consent.”
Under the provisions of R. C. C. art. 1881, the injured party has a right to avoid his contract made through error: “Engagements made through error, violence, fraud or menace, are not absolutely null, but are voidable by the parties, who 'have contracted under the influence of such error, fraud,' violence or menace, or by the representatives of such parties.”
This case is similar in several respects to Wellington-Stone Co. v. Thomas, 11 La.App. 242, 123 So. 410, 411, wherein the court annulled a sale because the buyer labored under 'a, misapprehension as to what he had agreed to purchase. The court said:
“The evidence seems clear to us that defendant wanted a davenport suite and not a settee suite,, and that he so understood his order when he gave it to plaintiff’s salesman. It is shown by the testimony that in' the New Orleans .territory a davenport is understood to be a sofa, which, when opened, may. serve as a bed, and, on the other, hand, it is contended'that in the Chicago trade a settee and a davenport are ordinary sofas, and the terms settee and davenport are interchangeable..
“Be that as it may, the testimony convinces us that defendant did not get delivery of what he intended to buy, and that in making the contract there was not the aggregatio mentium necessary to constitute a valid contract of sale. Defendant bought a sofa bed and plaintiff sent him a sofa settee.” . .
Having concluded that plaintiff is entitled to a rescission of the sale for the reason that the minds never met, and, therefore, there actually was no sale, we shall not discuss the legal question which might have been- presented had there been a sale. This legal question was raised by the plaintiff’s second contention, which, obviously, was in the alternative, that even if there had been a sale originally, it was cancelled by mutual consent. If There was no sale, then there was not ■ presented any legal question as to whether such consent would have been binding.
For the reasons above assigned, the judgment appealed from is annulled and reversed, arid it is now ordered that there be judgment herein in favor of plaintiff, Jake Sciambra, and against the defendant, Emblem, Tnc., rescinding and cancelling the sale of the television receiver, and, further, condemning defendant to return to plaintiff the sum of $450.00 cash and his promissory note for $978.48, dated December 18, 1948, and plaintiff is ordered to return to defendant the “RCA Clubman” television receiver; defendant’s reconven-tional demand is dismissed, and costs of both courts are to be borne by defendant.
Reversed.
Concurrence Opinion
(concurring).
■ The majority opinion finds as á 'fact that there was ‘no meeting of the' minds between plaintiff and defendant with respect to the sale and purchase of the television receiver, the subject of this litigation, and, therefore, no contract of sale existed.
The. reasons for • judgment written by the court, a qua, impressed upon the author
In conformity with this view of the matter, and for the purpose of this concurring opinion, the author is accepting the trial court’s finding of fact that there was a complete meeting of minds with respect to the sale arid purchase of the television receiver, which is a view most favorable to the defendant; however, the author retains his .opinion that the judgment of the •court, a qua, should be reversed and that plaintiff should be permitted to recover for the reason that the sale of the television receiver was abrogated by mutual agreement and, in this connection, it is interesting to note the following extract from the trial judge’s reasons for judgment:
“.There is evidence to the effect that the president of the defendant corporation agreed to take the set back, because the plaintiff coinplained that it was not in accordance with his idea of what .he had purchased; that, as he said, he believed he was going to get a set encased in a beautiful cabinet. The complaint was made after the set was delivered. The testimony of the president of- the defendant corporation to the effect that he had not agreed to take back the set is at variance with paragraph 3 of defendant’s answer, in which it is stated:
“ ‘The defendant admits that the plaintiff contacted its president regarding the said set, but avers that at the time the president ■ did not know the facts, and believed that the said sale had not been consummated by its General Manager, N, Bunol, who had full charge of all such matters, plaintiff was then advised that said set' would not be taken back, and insisted on full payment by said plaintiff.’
“This court believes the testimony of the plaintiff in this respect, that the defendant’s President did agree to take■ the set back, but there was no consideration for such gratuitous agreement to tc-ke the set back and cancel the sale.” (Italics ours.)
The author is in'full accord with the trial court’s findings of fact “that the defendant’s president (Dr. LaNasa) did agree to take the set back” a fortiori in the author’s opinion only the question of the trial court’s interpretation of the law that “there was no consideration for such a gratuitous agreement to take the set' back and cancel the- sale” is posed for consideration.
The author is of the opinion that the trial court’s interpretation of the law in this respect was in error. As paradoxical as it may seem, both counsel for plaintiff and defendant rely on the case of Noto v. Blasco, La.App., 198 So. 429, 431, to sustain their respective adverse contentions. The facts in that case are that plaintiff entered into a contract on February 7th, 1938, with defendant to purchase three lots of ground for $1,700.00, and that on that day he gave his check for $50.00 to defendant’s agent. Plaintiff alleged that four days after the contract was entered into, defendant' requested a release from the contract to sell these lots, giving ás a reason, among others, that he and his wife wanted to build a duplex thereon ,and that they had no intention of selling them to any one else. Plaintiff did release the defendant from his contract to sell • the lots and defendant returned the check 'for $50.00 to the plaintiff. --Defendant, a few days after the release was granted, sold the lots to one,- Tuminello, for $1,850.00. The prayer ,of plaintiff’s, petition was for damages representing the difference in the price for which plaintiff agreed to purchase the lots and the price for which they were sold to , Tuminello and, in the alternative, that if the contract was not a- sale, but only a promise of sale with the giving of earnest money, that he recover $50.00 as earnest money. Plaintiff contended that the release which he granted to defendant should be annulled because (1) the release was invalid because it was not in writing; (2) because there was no consideration for the release; and (3) on account of fraud and misrepresentation practised in obtaining the release.
While the case' finally ■ turned on the point that <f'a release or discharge fr'om an
Counsel for defendant, in distinguishing the case at bar from Noto v. Blasco, place great emphasis on the fact that the court in that case used the phrase that “unex-ecuted commutative contract may be abrogated by the parties bound without a new consideration” and, therefore, the reasoning of that case makes it inapplicable to this case where the contract was admittedly consummated.
Apart from the fact that the author believes that the word “unexecuted” was improperly used to convey the organ of the court’s intention - in Noto. v. Blasco, see Home Services v. Marvin, La.App., 37 So. 2d 413, and that the correct word should have been “executory”, the author fails to see that the distinction between an execu-tory contract and a consummated contract would have created a different' result in the conclusion reached in Noto w Blasco. Assuming in that case that an act of sale had occurred in place of the agreement to buy and sell (which.in itself is a complete contract — subject to an action for specific performance) would the court’s reasoning and conclusions have been altered by this fact? The author does - not think so. In the author’s opinion the court would still have had to hold that a release of each of the parties from the contract (executory or consummated) was sufficient consideration for the release of the other.
When defendant informed plaintiff “if you are not satisfied with it, we will send for it tomorrow and give you your money back” and plaintiff agreed to this, this constituted a release under the contract for the sale of this television receiver and that agreement was not void for want of consideration, since, a release of each of the parties from the contract was sufficient consideration for the release of the other. Civil Code Article 2199. Although contracts legally entered into have the force and effect of law between the parties thereto, contracts nmy be abrogated or revoked by the mutual consent of the parties. Civil Code Articles 1901, 1945 and 2130. Therefore, the release of each of the parties bound by the contract was sufficient consideration for the release of the other and the contract may, therefore, be abrogated without other independent consideration.
There is no question but that an obligation may be extinguished by the creditor by remission. Civil Code Art. 2130. Benson v. Smith, 2 La. 102, and, in the author’s opinion, there is no reason why the philosophy immaculately conceived by the subject of remission is not inclusive of the instant case. Remission is in the Civil láw, the demonstrated intention of the creditor to release the debtor. A creditor may demonstrate his intention to release the debtor by expressly so declaring. The creditor can not revoke his remission, the debtor’s acceptance of it is presumed. Civil Code Article 2201. Lee v. Ferguson, 5 La.Ann. 532. A creditor may make this declaration orally or in writing; he may make it in a formal writing-or in a mere informal writing as the law does not prescribe any particular form of remitting- a debt. In other words, the proof o'f remission may be oral, by parol, or by writing, and formal or informal, if in writing. Civil Code, Article 2199, La.Civil Code of 1870; Mouton v. Noble, 1846, 1 La.Ann. 192; Succession of Piffet, 1887, 39 La.Ann. 556, 2 So. 210; Noto v. Blasco, 1940, supra; Civil Code Article 1989, La.Civil Code of 1870, where “revise gratuite d’une dette” in the French text of the Article 1984 of the Revised Civil Code of 1825 is translated as “release
It is interesting to observe that when you are analyzing the component parts of an express remission you simply have to consider what has been proven to be said or written and to interpret what has been said or written according to the ordinary terms that the creditor makes use of. This remission may be definitely implied. In other words, the creditor may say something which demonstrates' his intention to release the debtor. This implied remission evidenced by the conduct of the creditor may be shown by any fact whatsoever which indicates the creditor’s intention; any method apart from what the debtor says which clearly implies and recognizes a release of the debtor would bind the creditor as a remission. Therefore, in the author’s opinion, this release or express oral remission which was granted to plaintiff by defendant in connection with the television receiver, was not void for want of consideration since the release of each of the parties bound from the contract was sufficient consideration for the release of the other.
