Schwarzbach v. Ohio Valley Protective Union

25 W. Va. 622 | W. Va. | 1885

GReen, Judge:

The first question presented by the record is: Did the municipal court of Wheeling err in overruling the motion of the defendant to exclude all the plaintiff’s evidence from the jury ? The court ought not to have excluded the plaintiff’s evidence from the jury on this motion of the defendant, unless regarding the- defendant, as though he was a demurrant to the plaintiff’s evidence, and the plaintiff as a demurree and considering the plaintiff’s evidence with all the favor and giving to it all the force and drawing from it all the inferences, it would be entitled to, if there had been a formal demurrer filed thereto, the court would-feel itself bound to find for the demurrant and render a judgment for the defendant. But if on such a demurrer to the plaintiff’s evidence the court would have felt itself bound to render a judgment in favor of the demurree, the plaintiff, then it did not err in refusing to exclude all the plaintiff’s evidence from the jury. (Point 1, of syllabus in Dresser v. Transportation Company, 8 W. Va. 553.) Now where the plaintiff’s evidence is considered, as it must be on this motion in order to exclude it from the jury, with all the favor with which the evidence of the demurree is construed on a demurrer to the plaintiff’s evidence, such motion would be properly overruled in such case as this. As a demurrer to evidence or, as we have seen, a motion to exclude from the jury the plaintiff’s evidence withdraws from the jury, the proper triers of facts, the consideration of the evidence, by which they are to be ascertained and the party, whose evidence is thus withdrawn from its proper forum, is entitled to have it most benignly interpreted by the substituted court, the plaintiffs below in this case, ought to have all the benefit, that might have resulted from a decision of the case by the proper persons, the jury. (Miller, &c. v. Insurance Company, 8 W. Va., point 2 of syllabus.)

The evidence being thus weighed, we must regard the plaintiffs’ evidence, which was moved to be excluded, as having proven their case. It proved that the defendant had issued the life-policy sued upon to George W. Scwarzbach for the benefit of the assured, his wife and children, the plaintiffs in this suit; that he died June 22, 1881; that the proofs of his death required by the policy were received by the defendant September 15, 1881; that about two months afterwards, on November 25, 1881, the defendant refused, when called upon by the agent of the plaintiffs, to pay the amount of this policy and made no objection to the proofs of the death of the party insured. It is not disputed, that, if the plaintiffs’ evidence thus benignly construed establishes these facts, the court below did not err in refusing to exclude it from the jury; for this proof was sufficient to make out plaintiffs’ case. (See Insurance Company v. Francisco, 17 Wal. 672.) But that these facts could all of them be deduced from the evidence, even when thus benignly construed, is controverted. It is denied, that the evidence justified the conclusion, that the defendant received the proofs of the death of the assured on September 15, 1881. It seems to me clear beyond controversy, that this fact was well established by the evidence, even if it was not thus benignly construed in favor of the plaintiffs. The defendant at the instance of the plaintiffs produced what was admitted to be the proofs of the death of the insured ; and on the back of these proofs produced by the defendant was endorsed “received September 15, 1881.” The word received being printed and a blank left after it for the date, which was filled up “September 15, 1881.” This paper had also endorsed on it., “Proofs of the death of George Schwarzbach, who died at Wheeling on June 22, 1881,” and also “The above blanks are to be filed only at the office of the Ohio Protective TJnion,” the defendant below. Yet itis contended in this Court, that this does not prove that these proofs of the insured’s death were received by the defendant September 15, 1881, because, it is said, the meaning of “ Eeceived September 15, 1881,” is doubtful, and because it was not proven to have been made by the defendant, and it might have been put there by some one else. Such a conclusion from this evidence would have been most unjustifiable and certainly could not possibly be reached, if this evidence were to be benignly construed in favor of the plaintiffs below.

But it is said that these endorsements ought not to have been permitted to go to the jury, unless the plaintiffs also submitted to the j ury the proofs of the death of the insured contained on the-face of the paper so endorsed by the defendant, because a party offering in evidence a written paper must offer the whole, and when a plaintiff offers a paper, his opponent is entitled to insist, as he did in this case, that the whole be introduced as a part of the plaintiffs’ case. No one disputes this proposition. But it seems to me obvious, that the proofs of the death contained on the face of this paper, which had been made out some time before and signed by one of the plaintiffs and by others, was an entirely different paper from those endorsements madeby the defendant on September 15, 3881. What was contained in these endorsements might just as well be made 6u the books of the defendant, as probably they were, or on some other and different piece of paper; and surely then no one could pretend, that these proofs of the death of the insured and these entries made on a different piece of paper subsequently by the defendant or on its books were part and parcel of the proofs of death. And it seems to me clear that the fact, that the defendant thought proper to put the matters contained in these endorsements on the back of the proofs of death of the insured for its convenience, in noway alters the case. They still constitute no part of the proofs of the death of the insured. They constitute still in law a separate and distinct paper and were not at all necessary to make out the plaintiffs’ case. (Insurance Company v. Francisco, 17 Wall. 672; Thurston v. Murray, 3 Binney 326.) In fact the contents of this proof of the death of the insured could not have been used as evidence for the plaintiffs, they being nothing but ex parte affidavits. (Lycoming Insurance Company v. Robin, 77 Ill. 402-8; Lycoming Insurance Company v. Schriffler, 42 Pa. St.; Commonwealth Insurance Company v. Sennet, 41 Pa. St. 161.) All that the plaintiffs could have produced them for would have been to show, that they were the proofs of the death of the insured required by the policy to be delivered to the defendant below. And that this was their character was admitted by the defendant below, when it produced them as such on the demand of the plaintiffs, and also by the express statement in the endorsement, that they were the proofs of the death of the insured.

As this suit was instituted on January 3,1882, it obviously was not brought too soon, for by the policy the insurance was payable ninety days after the delivery to the defendant of these proofs of the death of the insured. Probably it might have been instituted on the November 25, 3881, when the defendant refused to pay the policy and made no objection to the proofs of the death of the insured, which it had received on September 15, 1881. It is said in the argument by the counsel for the defendant below, the plaintiff in error, that Avhen a contract is to be performed at a future day, a denial of liability before the day gives the plaintiff no right to sue, until the time has expired, as the defendant may after all pay on the day fixed, and there will be no breach of the contract. To sustain this position counsel cites Phitpotts v. Evans, 5 M. & W. 475; Ripley v. McClure, Welsb. H. & Gord. 345. The counsel for the defendants in error, the plaintiffs below, insist, that the law is not properly laid down in these cases and that they have been overruled and cites Ford v. Foley, 6 B. & C. 325 (55 E. C. L. 388); Lovelock v. Franklyn, 8 Ad. & El. N. S. 371 (55 E. C. L. R. 371); Short v. Stone, Id. 388; and especially Roehster v. DeLatour, 20 E. L. & E. 160, and Cort v. Ambergate Railway Company, 6 E. L. & E. 237, all cited in 1 Rob. (new) Pr. 452-5. On this point counsel for the defendants in error, also' cited Norwich and New York Trans. Company v. Western Massachusetts Insurance Company, 34 Conn. 561; Same Case, 12 Wall. 201; Allegre v. Maryland Insurance Company, 6 Harr. & J. 408, 413; Cobb v. Insurance Company, 11 Kan. 93; Ætna Insurance Company v. McGuire, 51 Ill. 342, 352; McComas v. Covenant Insurance Company, 56 Mo. 573, 576. The last, while differing somewhat from the other cases, is nevertheless like them in conflict with the cases from Welsh. IT. & G. cited by the counsel for the plaintiff in error. These cases establish the position, it is claimed by the counsel for the defendants in error, that a refusal to pay by an insurance company is a waiver of the stipulation allowing the company ninety days, within which to pay the loss, and that suit may be brought on the policy as soon as the company refuses to pay the policy; though the Missouri case holds that suit can not be brought until ninety days after the death of the party, though the company has refused to pay. But according to the view I have expressed, this question so fully discussed by counsel need not be decided, as the plaintiffs’ case was sustained by his evidence, when this motion was made to exclude the evidence ; and this suit was not brought too soon, it being more than ninety days after the receipt of the defendant of the proofs of the death of the insured. It is therefore immaterial, whether the defendants by refusing to pay the insurance waive the benefit of the provision of the policy, that the insurance should be payable ninety days after proof of insured’s death. We shall therefore express no opinion on this subject.

The next question I will consider is: Did the court below err in refusing to permit the defendant below to prove the statements made by George Schwarzbach, the insured, prior to his application, which contradicted his statements contained in his application for this policy of insurance in reference to his having had serious sickness within seven years before making this application and in reference to his having brothers and sisters? When this evidence was offered, it was not stated by the defendants below, that these statements with reference to his health had been made about the time of his application for the insurance, or that they were statements relative to his health when these statements were made, but relative to his having had serious sickness some time prior to these statements. For all that the record shows, these statements may have been made years before.

The decisions on the question of the admissibility of declarations made by the insured, when the insurance is for the benefit of others as in this case, are somewhat conflicting. In Averson v. Kinnard 6 East. 188, it was held, that in an action by a husband on a policy of insurance on his wife’s life declarations made by the wife to an acquaintance, while lying in bed in the daytime apparently ill, that she was in bad health and had been sick for some time and was sick, when she went to Manchester a few days before to get a certificate of her good health preparatory to getting this policy of insurance on her life in favor of her husband, and that she was afraid she would not live ten days, "when the policy would be returned, and her husband would lose the benefit of the insurance, were proper evidence to show her ill state of health, when the policy was issued. In Kelsey v. Union Life Insurance Company, 35 Conn. 225, in an action by a husband on his policy on his wife’s life letters of hers written a few days before the application was made, iu which she spoke of her health as very bad, were held admissible to contradict the policy was issued, she was in bad health.

These cases were decided partly on the ground that these declarations were a part of the res gestae. But the reasoning of the court in these cases especially and the decisions have not been approved in other cases. In Fraternal Mutual Insurance Company v. Applegate, 7 Ohio St. 92, where the suit was on a policy on the husband’s life for the benefit of his wife, it was held, that the admissions of the husband, alter the policy was issued, were not competent evidence against the plaintiff. The court say : “ They are not the declarations of a sick person in relation to his condition at the time of making them. * * * They wore not against his interest. * * * They were not the statements of one, who had been a witness in the trial, offered to impeach his credit. * * * They were therefore mere hearsay.” It is evident, that had the declarations of the husband been in this case made with reference to his health at some previous time, and these declarations had been made before the policy was issued, on the reasoning of the Ohio case they would have been necessarily rejected as mere hearsay. The same views were taken in Washington Life Insurance Company v. Hunay, 10 Kan. 525, and speaking of the English and Connecticut cases before cited, the court say: “ In both cases, however, they were considered by the courts as being so near the application as to be properly a part of the res gestae. * * * While it may bo doubted whether the reasons given for these two decisions are good, still they in no wise conflict with the well-settled principles, upon which other cases wore and this must be decided.” In accordance with these views it has been held that statements as to health made by the insured some months prior to the insurance to persons other than the company or the physician were inadmissible. (Swift v. Massachusetts Mutual Life Insurance Company, 2 N. Y. Supreme R. 303; see also Reed v. N. Y. C. Railroad Company, 45 N. Y. 574.) So the previous declarations of the insured as to his habits have been held mere hearsay and inadmissible against the assured, (Rawels v. American Mutual Life Insurance Company, 36 Barb. 357,) and his statements subsequent to the issuing of the policy are equally inadmissible, (27 N. Y. 282.) These authorities as well as reason lead meto the conclusion, that the court below did not err in refusing to admit any of the declarations of the insured made to third persons at or about the time the policy was issued either as to the former state of his health, his having formerly had severe sickness, or as to his having had brothers and sisters. These declarations were all mere hearsay and cannot be used as against the plaintiffs. The insured, who made them, had no interest in the policy, most if not all these declarations having been made long before the policy was issued. Even if made afterwards, they were equally mere hearsay ; he never did have any interest in the policy. lie was not a witness in this case, so as to permit his evidence to be thus contradicted; nor were they declarations of a sick person relative to his condition at the time of the making of these declarations.

It is further insisted by the counsel of the plaintiffs, that, as the policy provided, “that the amount named therein should be paid on the receipt of the policy”, therefore the surrender of the policy at the office of the defendant below was made a condition of the payment. It was, it is claimed, one of two dependent covenants, on the performance of which the right of the plaintiffs depended, as in Kern v. Zeigler, 13 W. Va. 716 and Roach v. Dickison, 9 Grat. 154. Suppose, as is claimed, that this was one of two dependent covenants, still there was, as appears by the evidence in this case offered by the plaintiffs in the opening of the case, strengthened by the evidence subsequently offered, no necessity for the plaintiffs to prove that they either surrendered or offered to surrender the policy to the defendants. It was sufficient on the proofs in this case to show, that they were ready to perform this or surrender the policy but were prevented from so doing by the defendant. It was proven that the defendant on November 25, 1881, refused to pay this policy and, as was subsequently shown by the evidence, expressly based this refusal on the ground that the demand was unjust; and, as it was proven on the opening of this case, the jury would have had a right to infer, that the defendant refused to pay this policy when demanded, because it deemed the demand unjust. It became -of course a useless ceremony for the plaiutiffs after that to present this policy to the defendant formally and offer'to surrender it upon payment-of its full amount. As a matter of course they wore and still are ready and able to perform this, whenever the defendant pays the amount due on this policy; for to keep it, after such payment in full was made, could be of no possible use to the plaintiffs.

That this is the law governing cases where concurrent dependent covenants exist, as it is insisted by the counsel of the plaintiff in error was the caseinthispolicy, cleaidy appears from Kern v. Zeigler, 18 W. Va. 707, the case relied upon by the counsel for the plaintiffs in error. It is there laid down in this language: “The covenants declared on are clearly dependent, and unless the excuse for not performing it is valid, the count is clearly bad. Roach v. Dickinson, 9 Grat. 154. In Clark v. Franklin, 7 Leigh. 7, Tucker, President, said, ‘Nothing is more true, than that, when a contract is entire, and the covenants are dependent, the plaintiff is generally obliged to aver and prove a complete performance of all that was to be done and performed on his part, before he is entitled to demand payment from the other party. Put to this well established rule, there is the equally well established exception, that, where the defendant has prevented a performance by the plaintiff on his part, it is not necessary, that the plaintiff should aver or prove a complete performance to entitle him to his action. He may recover without doing so, and it is sufficient to show a readiness to perform, and that he was hindered by the defendant. See Gas Company v. Wheeling, 8 W. Va. 369, opinion by Haymond, Judge; Smith v. Lewis, 24 Conn. 621; Borden v. Borden, 5 Mass. 67; Smith v. Smith, 25 Wend. 405.’” See also Williams v. Bank of U. S., 2 Peters 96; Ripley v. McClure, 4 W. H. & G. 344, 358-9. These eases establish, that, even had it been the duty of the plaintiffs under the policy to surrender it or offer to surrender it, before the defendant was bound to pay, the positive refusal of the defendant to pay the policy, because there was no just demand created by it upon the defendant to pay, dispensed with any. obligations, which might have been on the plaintiffs to offer to surrender this policy on its payment, before they could bring suit upon it and recover, if anything was due.

Another assignment of error argued at much length by the counsel for the plaintiff in error is the rejection by the court below ot certain communications or conversations bad personally with George Sehwarzbach by the examining physician of the defendant, when the certificate of the examining physician was being prepared as a preliminary to the issuing of the policy sued on. The plaintiffs below, defendants in error insisted in the municipal court, as they still insist in this Court, that these conversations between George Sehwarzbach and this examining physician were inadmissible as evidence since the death of George Sehwarzbach under chapter one hundred and thirty, section twenty-two of our Code, as amended by chapter one hundred and sixty of Acts of 1882, because this examining physician was then, and has ever since continued tobe a member of the defendant’s company, and if the plaintiffs in this suit recover, -will have to pay a portion or the judgment. As the rejection of these conversations as evidence in my judgment could not have prejudiced the defendant, as I shall presently show’, I deem it unnecessary to determine wrhother their rejection Avas right or wrong. The plaintiff in error to support his position on this point refers to the following cases. Metz v. Snodgrass, 9 W. Va. 194; Hildebrant v. Crawford, 65 N. Y. 107; Carey v. White, 59 N. Y. 340; Mattoon v. Yong, 45 N. Y. 699; Swan v. Snow, 11 Allen 224; McClure v. Johnson, 36 Iowa 620; Barry v. Insurance Company, 59 N. Y. 387. The counsel for the plaintiffs below, the defendants in error, roly on the following cases to sustain their position on this point: Mattoon v. Yong, 45 N. Y. 690-699; Zane v. Fink, 18 W. Va. 754; Martz v. Martz, 25 Grat. 36; Dewey v. Goodenough, 56 Barb. 54, 58-9.

Every fact, which the court beloAv refused to alloAV this examining physician to testify to, which could have influenced the jury in their verdict, had already been proven by this examining physician without objection, or AAmre proven during the progress of the case. These facts were, that the agent of the defendant, who obtained the application of the defendant for this policy, Avas present, when this application Avas handed to the examining physician to obtain his certificate upon it; that George Sehwarzbach admitted his signature to the application to be genuine; the signature of George Sehwarzbach to the declaration at the end of the examining physician’s certificate; that when brought to the examining physician the application oí George Schwarzbach was just as it was at the trial of the case, except the answer to question 13; and the application for membership of George Schwarz-bach and the certificate of examination. These were all the matters, which were proposed to be proven by the examining physician, which the court would not allow him to prove. The first of these matters he had on a former examination during the trial of this case been permitted to prove without objection, and all the other matters were proven by other witnesses, and these papers at that time rejected wore after-wards submitted to the jury as evidence. These facts wore none of them disputed by the plaintiffs below, the defendants in error; and their formal rejection,'when .offered to he proven by the examining physician, if improper in the court below, could not have prejudiced the defendant below, the plaintiff iu error, and for that reason such an error by the court below would furnish no ground for the reversing of the judgment below, especially as the record shows that this examining physician was permitted without objection to respond to all other questions, and that the counsel for the defendant below specified all the above matters and none others as what he wanted to prove by him, which the court did not allow.

A question to one witness was objected to, not because it was in itself improper, but because it was not proper on a cross-examination. The question and answer show, that the defendant could not have been prejudiced by their admission at that stage of the examination rather than at another; and I therefore deem it unnecessary to consider such objection.

The examining physician of defendant was asked by the defendant: “ What would be the character of the risk on a man’s life, if within three months before he applied for insurance he had a hemorrhage of the stomach?” An insurance agent, who for many years had been connected with the life-insurance business as a superintendent and inspector of agencies and of the appointment of medical examiners, was asked by the defendant: “What is the custom of insurance companies generally with reference to receiving or rejecting an applicant for insurance, who has within three or four months before making his application had a hemorrhage of the stomach?” The plaintiffs objected to these questions; and the court refused to permit them to be answered. The first question was then propounded to the second witness; and the court would not allow it to be answered. The counsel for the plaintiff’ in error refers to Luce v. Dorchester Insurance, Company, 105 Mass. 298, to show, that the court ought to have allowed these questions to be answered by these witnesses, and the counsel for the defendants in error refers to the following cases to show, that the court did not err in rejecting this proposed expert testimony : Raube v. American Life Insurance Company, 27 N. Y. 282-293; High v. Guardian Mutual Life Insurance Company, 53 N. Y. 603; Mutual Benefit Life Insurance Company v. Wise, 34 Md. 582, 602; Bryan v. Peabody Insurance Company, 8 W. Va. 605; State v. Watson, 65 Me. 74; Hartford Insurance Company v. Hosmer, 2 Ohio St. 432. An examination of these authorities satisfies me, that the court below did not err in rejecting the evidence proposed to be introduced as expert evidence. It was entirely immaterial what description of persons companies engaged in the business of liie-insurauee would consider good or bad risks. The inquiry did not relate to matters of science or skill; but opinions of witnesses were in effect asked as to what persons engaged in a particular business would consider prudent to do in certain cases. Such an opinion could in no manner enlighten the jury in the matters at issue, but would only have tended to mislead. The court properly refused to gllow these miscalled questions to experts to be answered.

The next important question in this case is : “ What is the construction of this policy ? Wore all the answers made by the applicant to the questions propounded on his application warranted to be absolutely true; or could the jury consider whether the answers given, which wTere not true in whole or in part, were material or immaterial, and whether they tended in any way to injure'the defendant below by misleading it and inducing it to enter into a contract and issue a policy, which it might possibly have declined, had true answers been given to the questions ? The authorities all agree, that if by the contract and policy the applicant warranted his answers to be true in all respects, then this removes tlieir materiality from the consideration of the jury or of the court; and if the answers are any of them untrue, though they be such as the court or jury might believe could not have prejudiced the defendant nor in any degree influenced the defendant in entering into the contract or issuing the policy, yet the insured or person, for whose benefit the policy was taken, can not recover upon it. For the parties to the contract have for themselves declared, that every question and answer should be regarded as material, and an untrue answer should avoid the policy. See Ætna Insurance Company v. France et al., 94 U. S. 510; Jeffries v. Life Insurance Company, 22 Wall. 47; Foot v. Ætna Life Insurance Company, 61 N. Y. 571; Powers et al. v. Northeast Mutual Life Association, 50 Vt. 630; Co-Operative Association v. Leflore, 53 Miss. 2 syl. 4 & 5.

But in ascertaining whether the answers to questions put to the applicant are warranties or representations, it should be borne in mind, that, when a policy contains contradictory provisions, or is so framed as to render it doubtful, whether the parties intended, that the exact truth of the applicant’s statements should be a condition precedent to any binding coutract, the construction which imposes on the insured the obligations of a warranty should not be favored. (National Bank v. Insurance Company, 95 U. S. 673.) The case of Washington Insurance Company v. Raney, 10 Nan. 525, was one, in which this principle of construction was applied, and the answers of the insured were not regarded as warranted to be absolutely true.

There is in this contract and policy certain phrases that taken by themselves would be warranties of the truth absolutely of the answers by the applicant to the questions propounded to him, whether they were material or not, while in other portions of it there are provisions, which seem to qualify or contradict this warranty of the truth of these answers without regard to their materiality or the good faith with which they were made. Thus the policy says it was issued “in consideration of the representations, agreements and warranties made by the insured;” and in the application the insured says: “I hereby represent and warrant that the statements and answers above and herein made and the statements accompanying are true and correct, and I have not concealed, withheld or misrepresented any material circumstance or fact of the past or present state of my health, condition or habits of life, which the managers of the Ohio Yalley Life Insurance Protective TJniou ought to be made acquainted with, or which renders me unfit for membership in said association. That these answers or statements not written by me were written on my dictation and at my request and constitute warranties on my part.” But in apparent contradiction of these sweeping phrases there follows directly afterwords this language: “And if the same be in any material respect untrue or false or tend to deceive said association, then this contract shall be void.” And in the fourth clause' Of the policy this application containing these phrases is made a part of the policy. It may be regarded as settled, that in construing a policy the courts lean in favor of the construction, which makes a statement of the insured a representation rather than a warranty, and when taking the 'whole policy and papers referred to in it as a part of it together, it is doubtful, whether the parties intended, that the statements or answers of the insured should be regarded as representations or warranties, the Court will construe them to be representations and not -warranties. See Wilkeson v. Connecticut Mutual Insurance Company, 130 Iowa 119; Campbell v. New England Mutual Life Insurance Company, 98 Mass. 381; Garcelon v. Hampton Fire Insurance Company, 50 Me. 580 ; Hall v. Howard Insurance Company, 14 Wend. 385. Applying these rules in this case it is true, that the applicant in one part of his application says: “ I hereby represent and-warrant the answers above are true and correct.” The words by themselves constitute a warranty. But in the same application the applicant states: “if these answers and statements be in any material respect untrue or false or tend to deceive the association, this contract shall be void.” This unqualified warranty first set forth in the application of the i nsured immediately following the answers and also the unqualified warranty, with which this application commenced “that he did thereby declare and warrant that he was then of sober and temperate habits, in good health, of sound body and mind and that he did usually enjoy good health and that his age at his next birth day was fifty-six years,” are to be construed in connection Avith the statements contained in the latter part of this application, “if these statements and ansAvers be in any material respect untrue or false or tend to deceive the association, then this contract shall be void and any benefit to other persons at the death of the insured shall be forfeited to said association.” When so construed according to the rules above laid down,- they convert Avhat might lnwe been Avarranties into representations and require of us to apply the law, which belongs to representations and not to Avarranties, to this case. The laAv, as I understand, is, that, when a fact is specifically enquired about, by this specific enquiry the insui’er shows, that he regards this fact as material; and a misrepresentation contained in an answer to such question avoids the contract, though the court or jury may think the enquiry is not in reality material, that is, that a true answer would probably have prevented the policy from issuing, or if issued, would have caused the premium demanded to beincreased. (Miller v. Mutual Life Insurance Company, 81 Ia. 266; Campbells. N. E. Mutual Life Insurance Company, 98 Mass. 381-403.) Tf the answer to a question is untrue, the jury'has no right to say, that the variation from the truth is as to a matter not material. (Fitch v. Amer. Pop. L. Ins. Co., 2 New York Supreme Court Reports 247.) But Avhether a particular enquiry be made as to a fact or not any statement as to a material fact, Ahich is a misrepresentation, will avoid the policy. (Daniels v. Hudson River (F.) Insurance Company, 12 Cush. 416). By a material fact is meant one which would probably have caused the policy not to be issued or caused a change of the terms, on which it was issued.”

There has been a considerable diversity of opinion as to Avhat constitutes a misrepresentation which avoids a policy. Some hold that, if the representation is materially untrue, it avoids the policy, even when it is made in good faith and is the result of ignorance. (Campbell v. New England Mutual Life Insurance Company, 98 Mass. 381, and Vose v. Eagle Life and Health Insurance Company, 6 Cush. 42.) But there are other cases, in which it is held, that a representation as to a material fact will not necessarily avoid a policy, simply because it is untrue, and that in addition to its untruth its falsity must be known to the insured. (Whalton v. Hardesty, 8 El. & B. 232; Anderson v. Fitzgerald, 4 House of Lords Gas. 484, (24 Eng. L. & Eq. 1.) See also remarks of Lord Mansfield in Ross v. Bradshaw, 1 Blackst. 313, and in Stackpole v. Lenion cited in Park on Insurance, 392. See also Rawlins v. Desborough, 2 Moor. & R. 328, 333; Hackman v. Feme, 3 M. & W. 505; Sweete v. Farlie, 6 C. & P. 1.) It seems to me that no peculiar or arbitrary rule should be applied to life-policies. After a long controversy in England it may be now regarded as well settled there, that to make a vendor responsible in damages for a representation, which turns out to be untrue, it must be made mala fide and not in the bona fide belief that it is true. And this is supported by the weight of American authorities. See Crislip, guardian, v. Cain, 19 W. Va. 471 and 472, where these-English cases are all cited. But it should always in this connection be borne in mind, that, if one represents as personally known to him what is not true, though he may believe it, he has in contemplation of law acted mala fide, and is guilty of a legal fraud though he may in point of fact have acted bonafide; and in such a case he is responsible for any injury resulting from his false representation. (Cabot v. Christie, 42 Vt. 121; Hamut v. Emerson, 27 Maine 308, 326; Bennett v. Judson, 21 N. Y. 238; Stone v. Deemey, 4 Metc. 151; Howard v. Erwin, 18 Pick. 95; Fisher v. Miller, 103 Mass. 506.) These cases are cited and this doctrine considered and approved in Crislip, guardian, &c. v. Cain, 19 W. Va. 491 to 493.

This doctrine has peculiar and special application to policies of life-insurance; for it is obvious, that most of the facts set out especially in-the applications now generally attached to the policy and expressly made a part of it are facts peculiarly within the knowledge of the insured and, whether he says so or not, must be regarded as stated on his own personal knowledge, and hence- with reference to most facts, especially when stated in answer to questions propounded to him, he must be regarded as making them on his own personal knowledge and as being by him intended to be so understood by the insurer. This being the case, if a part of this dis-cription is untrue in point of fact, he is guilty of legal fraud, though he may not have intended to deceive, and really did not act mala fide, in point of fact. But sometimes facts are stated by the insured, which the insurer must from the nature of the fact stated have known were not stated as facts absolutely true and within the personal knowledge of the insured. "When the fact stated is of this description, on the principles we have laid down the policy should not be avoided, merely because the statements turn out afterwards to be in point of fact untrue, if the statement was made in perfect good faith and with the full belief, when the statement was made, that it was true. Of this character would be a statement in an application that the insured was of “ sound bodyfor of course the insurer must have understood such a statement as made not upon the personal knowledge of the insured, but upon his belief from all the knowledge he had of his constitution. For of course men sometimes believe they are of “ sound body,” when in point of fact they have some “ internal disease,” which in its character is fatal. When such a statement as this is made m an application for a life-policy on the principles we have laid down the policy is not forfeited, if the statement turns out to be untrue, if, when it was made, the insured believed, that he was of “sound body” and had no suspicion, that he was the subject of an “internal disease” fatal in its character. If on the other hand, the insured in his application should state in answer to a question, that he had not had a serious illness for seven years, this state mentthe insurer must have regarded as made on his own personal knowledge; and if in point of fact it was untrue, on the principles we have stated it must forfeit the policy, though he did not make the statement in point of fact mala fide, that is, with a purpose of deceiving, but only from thoughtlessness or forgetfulness, or because he had forgotten that a serious illness, which he had had, was within seven 3’ears.

I apprehend that the conflict of authorities on the question, whether there must be fraud in a misrepresentation of a fact in order to avoid a policy, has arisen principally from a failure to distinguish between actual fraud, that is, a misstatement of a fact made with the intention ot deceiving, and legal fraud, which is a mistatement of a matter within the personal knowledge of the insured or of such a character, that the insured must have regarded it as within the personal knowledge of the insured. Such a mistatement of a matter of this character is a legal fraud, though it was not made with intent to deceive. And I apprehend the law to be that a misrepresentation of a fact made by the insured, whether such misrepresentation be an actual fraud or a legal fraud, will avoid a policy; but if there be an absence of all fraud legal or actual in the misrepresentation of a fact, such misrepresentation will not avoid a policy.

I will now apply this law to the facts proven in this case. The additional specifications of defence filed by order of the court set out all the grounds of defence, on which the defendant below can rely. They are that the fifth clause of the policy was broken, as George Schwarzbach’s death was caused by dissipation and drunkenness. The jury by their verdict found otherwise; and certainly the evidence on this ptoint would not justify us in setting aside this verdict. This defence says further that the statements and declarations in the application of the insured were found in material respects untrue in three particulars : 1. “The statement that the insured was then of sober and temperate habits were untrue.” The jury in effect found otherwise; and the evidence certified certainly would not justify our setting aside this verdict on that account.

2. “The statement that he was in good health and of sound body.was untrue.” There is no evidence to show that he was not then in good health. But the evidence does show that he was not then “of sound body”. The evidence shows, that for at least three or four months before he had this policy issued and made this statement, he had a cancer of the stomach, and that this disease continued exhibiting itself only occassionaly till his death some eight months after he was insured.” This representation was therefore untrue. But, as we have seen, it belongs to that class, which, the insurer must have known, was not made on the personal knowledge of the insured. And this being the ease, if the insured acted in perfect good faith in making the statement and had then no suspicion, that he was not “sound of body,” such a statement, though it turned out afterwards to be untrue when the statement was made, would not forfeit the policy. The jury on the evidence by their verdict found, that in rnak-ing tbis statement tlie insured acted in good faith; and we cannot set aside the verdict on the assumption that they could not have fairly drawn this inference from the evidence. He had had an attack some three months before, in which he had vomited blood four or five times; but he had apparently entirely recovered from this attack. The cause of his vomiting hlood was then unknown not only to the insured but to the physician who attended him. The insured had, so far as his physician could tell, no reason to suppose there were any lingering effects of this attack in his system, when he was insured. He had an ulcer in the stomach; but it was proven, that this may exist without the person, who has it, feeling it at all. As the jury would have in this case to learn, if possible, whether the insured had, when he said he was “sound of body,” any suspicion that he had then an ulcer in his stomach, it is obvious, that the court did not err in permitting the enquiry, whether he had, so far as the physician could tell, any reason to suppose that any effects of his previous attack remained in his system, though the defendant objected to the question. From the whole evidence I do not think the jury erred in the inference it apparantly drew, that the insured acted in good faith and stated what he believed to be true, when he averred that he was “sound of body.” If this be so, the fact, that he was not then “sound of body,” does not vitiate the policy ; and the verdict of the jury can not be set aside because of the evidence on this point.

Defence No. 3 is: “The statement that he did usually enjoy good health is untrue.” This defence is not sustained by the evidence, or at least the jury from the evidence were justified in the conclusion, that he did, when he was insured and prior thereto, enjoy good health.

Defence No. 4, that “ He was not and had not ever been addicted to the frequent or intemperate use of alcoholic stimulant wras untrue,” was not sustained by the evidence ; and the jury might well, as they did in effect, find otherwise.

Defence No. 5 is: “ That the statement in answer to questions in paragraph thirteen, that the applicant had never had consumption or spitting of blood, was untrue.” A sufficient answer to this defence is, that there is no evidence, that the insured ever made such statement. It was proven that these questions in paragraph thirteen were never put to him, and that when he signed the application, no answer to any of the questions in paragraph thirteen were filled up; that these answers were filled up subsequently, but at what time or by whom it does not appear. The jury had a right from the evidence to infer, that it was done subsequently to the issuing of the policy.

The sixth matter of defence was that the statement that “insured had not had during the last seven years any disease or severe sickness, was untrue.” If we are to regard this answer as made by the insured to a special question propounded to him, as the application on its face shows it was, and no legal replication was made and sustained, then in my judgment on the facts proven the jury were bound to find for the defendant. For this answer being to a direct and specific enquiry must as a matter of law be regarded as material ; and, as it was about a matter, of which the insured must have had personal knowledge, it is immaterial whether he made the answer thoughtlessly, or because he deemed the question immaterial. It matters not, whether he intended by such answer to deceive the insurers or not;. for such an answer, if untrue, was a legal fraud upon the insurers, as the evidence shows clearly that he had a disease or at least a severe sickness three or four months before. The vomitings of blood he then had and his sickness then was the only disease or severe sickness, which he had had iu the previous seven years, so far as the evidence shows. The jury had a right determine whether this attack was a severe sickness or a disease. (Manhattan Life Insurance Company v. Francisco, 17 Wall. 672; Mutual Benefit Life Insurance Company v. Wise, 34 Md. 582.) But that this sickness as proven by the evidence was a disease or severe sickness, we think there can be no doubt. (Geach v. Ingalls, 14 M. & W. 95; Vose v. Eagle Life and Health Insurance Company, 6 Cush. 42; Price v. Phenix Accident Life Insurance Company, 17 Minn. 497.)

The seventh defence was that the statement iu answer to the eighteenth 'question was untrue. The question was: “ Has either of yoúr parents or any brother or sister or near relative of yours been affected with rheumatism or with any pulmonary, scrofulous or hereditary disease? If so, state fully.”

The answer was, “ No.” There was no evidence, which even tended to contradict this answer or to show it to be untrue. It was endeavored to be shown, that years before the insured had stated that he had brothers and sisters. This evidence was in this case properly excluded, as we have seen. But had it been proven, that the insured had brothers and sisters, it would not have sustained this defence, unless it was shown they were subject to some of the diseases named, and there was no attempt to prove this even by hearsay.

The eighth defence is that the insured answered he.had no brothers or sisters. There was no evidence that he ever had, which fully answers this defence.

The last defence is that the warranties in this policy were broken. We have seen that when properly construed there were no warranties in this policy.

It remains to enquire whether the replications of the plaintiffs to these defences are sufficient in law and are sustained by the defence. The first of these replications is a general denial of the truth of the matters set up in defence; and the other is, that the matters set up as a defence, where they existed, were fully known to the defendant below, and with such knowledge it made two assessments on the insured on account of this policy and under its terms, which assessments, wore paid by the insured in order to keep this policy in force; and that the defendant is thereby estopped from claiming, that this policy is forfeited by facts' which were so known to it, when it made these assessments. Two questions are here raised. The first is whether the answer to the seventeenth question, which, we have seen, was false and would work a forfeiture of this policy, was the answer of the insured. The question was : “ Have you had during the last seven years any disease or severe sickness? If so state the particulars of each case and the name of the attending physician.” The answer to this question was, “ None.” This question was in the printed form for applications made out by the defendant below and handed to its various agents, and among others to its W. C. Peterman, whom the defendant paid for each application it got through him, which was regarded as satisfactory, and on which it issued a policy ; but on such applications as he presented, which were not regarded as satisfactory, and on which it refused to issue a policy, it paid nothing to the agent for the trouble he had taken in the matter. So that under this system adopted now, it is believed, by all or nearly all life-insurance-companies, their agents to procure applications have a direct pecuniary interest and generally a large one to procure applications, on which the insurance-company will issue policies; and in order to do so these agents frequently take the preparations of such applications into their own hands and procure the signature of the insured, who trusting to the agent has not read the application.

It has beeniusisted,and formerly itwas generally held, that under such circumstances the insured or assured should be bound by the written application signed by the insured, unless some device was resorted to for the pm’pose of preventing the insured reading the application which he signed. And on general principles, which are applied to ordinary business transactions, this would seem to be right and the insured or assured ought to be bound. But to apply these principles in their full force to the system, which is now almost universally adopted by companies to obtain policies of insurance both for life and against fire, would be a snare and delusion leading, as it has done in numerous cases, to the grossest frauds, of which insurance-companies receive the benefits; and the parties supposing themselves insured are the victims.

The modern and better opinion is, that where this course has been pursued by the agent to obtain policies of an insurance-company, the description of the risk or the facts set out in the application, though nominally proceeding from the insured, must be regarded by the court as proceeding from the insurers. (See Plumb v. Cattarangus Co. Mutual (Fire) Insurance Company, 18 N. Y. 392; Rowley v. Empire (Fire) Insurance Company, 36 N Y. 550; Woodbury Saving’s Bank and Building Association v. Charter Oak Fire and M. Insurane Company, 31 Conn. 517; Masters v. The Madison Co. M. Insurance Company, 11 Barb. 624; The Columbia Insurance Company v. Cooper, 14 Wright 331; The Malleable Iron Works v. The Phœnix Insurance Company, 25 Conn. 465; Union Mutual Insurance Company v. Wilkison, 13 Wallace, 222.) In this last case the whole subject is reviewed at considerable length, and the grounds are stated, on which the insured is not held bound by answers in his application, though signed by him, if they be not his statements but those of the agent of the insurance company, and he was when he signed the application not aware that such untrue answers had been inserted in his application; and these principles have been sustained or at least countenanced in many other cases. (Crane v. The National Insurance Company, 16 Md. 209; Beal v. The Park Insurance Company, 16 Wis. 241; Molier v. The Park Insurance Company, 5 Rawle 342; Combs v. Hannibal, 43 Mo. 148; Bartholomew v. The Merchant Insurance Company, 25 Ohio 507.) Though the weight of the modern authorities as well as reason in my judgment leads to the conclusion, that, where an application for a policy, which is filled up by an agent of an insurance-company and signed by the insured on the faith, that it has been properly filled up, who has not read the application, though he had an opportunity to do so, it none of the false answers were given' by him but were inserted by the agent of the insurance-company either -fraudulently or by mistake, where the mistake was not the result of anything said or done by the insured, the insured or assured is not bound by such false answers inserted in the application, but these answers should be regarded as the act of the insurance company by its agent and not as the act of the insured. It is true this position is still controverted by respectable authorities. (See Barrett v. The Union Insurance Company, 7 Cush. 175; Lee v. The Howard Insurance Company, 3 Gray 583; Abbott v. Shawmut Mutual Fire Insurance Company, 3 Allen 813; Mallory v. Shawmut Mutual (Fire) Insurance Company, 4 Allen 116; Dowhees v. Manhatton Fire Insurance Company, 35 N. J. 366.) But outside of Massachusetts the weight of authority now seems to be in favor of the position, that under circumstances above stated false answers in the application for an insurance will not forfeit the policy; and I concur in this view.

In this case Peterman, the agent of the defendant below to get applications, states that some few of the questions in the printed application furnished him were read and answered by the insured, but most of them were not. He can not remember which of the questions he asked, but thinks he asked him in regard to his father’s age and his mother’s age and others. lie did not ask the questions generally because he knew about them, as he says, pretty nearly as well as the insured did himself, for they had almost always been together every day. He states that he asked him no question about diseases, because he knew he had ' never been sick to his knowledge but once, which was four or five years before his death, when he sat up with him. He filled up the answer to the seventeenth question, which was that he had not during the last seven years any disease or serious sickness. This answer was, as we have seen, false and its falsity was unknown to this agent of the defendant below; but he seems to have known that this answer was not strictly correct, as he knew of a sickness of the insured some four or five years before, which was apparently severe or may have been so at least. His answers to the various questions in the thirteenth paragraph he left blank, and they were not filled up when the application was signed by the insured. The insured signed this application in the agent’s presence and could have read it, as he had it in his hands, after he had signed it, but the agent did not know whether he read it or not. The presumption is of course that he read it; and this is a strong presumption. But despite this presumption the evidence was strong to show, that he never did read it or know that the agent had filled up an answer so as to make this paper state, that he had not had a disease or a severe illness within the last seven years. This agent of the defendant below states, that, after he had signed the application, he had the paper in his hand, that he was standing up with others in the saloon and was talking about other matters. From this evidence the jury had a right to infer that he did not read'the paper or know how the answers to questions, which had not been put to him, were filed up, but trusted to this agent to fill them up correctly, a trust induced by the fact, that he was a friend whom he was with every day, and who, he presumed, could and would fill up the answers correctly. This evidence at least was such, that we are not authorized to set-aside the ver-diet of the jury, because they drew the inference, that 'the application was not read by the insured, especially as it appears by a question propounded to'and answered by the examining physician of the defendant, that insured not only had no intention of deceiving the defendant, but also that he had regarded the sickness, which he had some three or four months before, as such a slight attack, that it was deemed unnecessary to state it, even when a question was asked, which called for its being stated, (the seventh question put to the examining physician appearing on his certificate, and which the certificate states was made after an examination of the insured.) It apptars on the face of this certificate, that the defendant in a paragraph printed on the form of this certificate requested this medical examiner to be very minute in his examination of the applicant. After such careful examination, it is to be presumed, and after, it is presumed, conversing with the insured on the subject he answers the seventh question in a manner to show, that he was made aware of this sickness in the August preceding. This seventh question was: “ Is he free from any tendency to cough, catarrh, vitiated expectoration, spitting of blood, difficulty of breathing, or disease of the throat?” The answer was, “No;” that is, that he was not free from those symptoms of disease; and the insured signed a paper at the foot of this physicians’s certificate stating, that he had given true answers to all questions put to him by the examining physician. This seems to indicate pretty clearly that he did not know what answers had been put to the questions about diseases, to which he might be subject, which appear to have been written in his application. For this answer is inconsistent with them.

"Was the second replication of the plaintiffs in law a good reply to the defence of the defendant? That is, did the fact, that the defendant below knew, when it issued this policy, that the insured had had a disease or a severe sickness within seven years before this policy was issued, estop it from relying on this fact as a forfeiture of the policy ? That this is a good replication to a defence, that there was in the application a misrepresentation of a material fact, is sustained by the authorities and is supported by reason. (Lindman v. Desborough, 3 C. & P. 353; Pwrim v. Lewis, 2 F. & F. 778; Swift v. Massachusetts Mutual Life Insurance Company, 2 N. Y.) The question when an insurance company is chargeable with knowledge of a fact known to its agent but not really known to the principal, has given rise to many cases, in which nice distinctions are drawn. But if it is shown, that the principal knew the fact before the issuing of the policy, it seems clear enough, that he is estopped from relying on this fact as a forfeiture of the policy; and on general principles a knowledge, which -■would be sufficient to lead any prudent person to enquire about the matter, when it could easily be ascertained upon such enquiry, ought to be regarded as a knowledge of the fact.

■ In this case the certificate of the examining physician was one of the papers which formed the basis, on which the life policy in this case was issued; and the answer to the seventh question certainly pointed out to the defendant, that the applicant for the insurance was probably subject to some serious disease. Having this knowledge the defendant can not claim, that the policy is forfeited by the fact, that the insured had a disease, -which had exhibited itself some three months before the application, unless the applicant practiced actual fraud and designed deception in the false answers, which, we have seen, he did not. But it is regarded as not sufficiently established, that, when the policy was issued, the defendant knew, that the applicant for the policy was not sound and free from disease and ought therefore to be regarded as knowing that he vomited blood a few months before, yet it is well established, that the defendant knew this fact well prior to his death; and the jury from the evidence had a right to infer, that this came to the knowledge of the defendant shortly alter the policy issued, which was on October 29,1880. We can not set aside the verdict of the jury, because they inferred, that the defendant acquired this knowledge shortly after the issuing of the policy and before March 24, 1881. And yet on that day and afterwards, on April 80, 1881, and May 31, 1881, they received assessments on this policy from the insured. This was a waiver of the forfeiture of the policy. (Frost v. Saratoga (F.) Insurance Company, 5 Denio 154; Campbell Mutual Insurance Company v. Mitchell, 48 Pa. 374; Neal v. Genesser Mutual (F.) Insurance Company, 19 Barbour 440; Elliott v. Lycoming Co. Mut. (F.) Ins. Co. 66 Pa. St. 22.)

Our conclusion for these reasons is, that the court below did not err in refusing to set aside the verdict of the jury and to grant a new trial. The jury made apparently no mistake of law to the prejudice of the plaintiff in error. The three instructions given to them were all offered by the defendant; and they certainly state the law favorably enough for the defendant. The third of these instructions is according to the views, which I have expressed, too favorable to the defendant. As it states in effect, that, if the insured had the opportunity to see the application, after it was written, and before it was delivered, it would be the same in effect, as though he had road it, before it was delivered. This we think is not the law; but it is obviously an error, of which the plaintiff in error can not complain, not only because he asked this instruction, but also because it was an error in his favor.

I have considered all the errors, which the court below is claimed to have committed relied on by the counsel for the plaintiff in error; but the counsel for the defendants in error insists, that under the pleadings and statements of defences filed by the defendant below that plaintiffs below were not bound to furnish any evidence, that the proof of the death of the insured had been furnished the defendant below. In Cappellar v. Queen Insurance Company, 21 W. Va. 577, point 7 of the syllabus, this court decided that “under chapter 66 of Acts of 1877 these statements, whether filed by the plaintiff or defendant, are not in the nature of pleadings, but are in the nature of notices to the adverse party of the claim or defence to beset up against him.” They resemble closely hills of particulars heretofore required to be filed in certain actions. Chapter 66 of Acts of 1877 has been re-enacted in chapter 71 of Acts of 1882, section 61 and subsequent sections 164-65-6. Under these sections it is necessary for the defendant to file a statement of his defence sufficient to notify the plaintiff of the nature of his defences; and if it fails to do so, the court, if asked at the trial, should exclude the evidence of the de-fence as to any matter, which it has failed to so state. But under the policy in this case the amount named in it was not payable till ninety days after the proofs of the death of the insured had been furnished to the company. And therefore the plaintiffs, in order to make out a prima facie case, were bound to prove, that when the suit was instituted, the amount of the policy was due, that is, that ninety days had elapsed after the proofs of the death of the insured had been delivered to the defendant. If the ninety days had not elapsed, or the proofs of the death of the insured had never been delivered to the company, then, to make out a prima facie case, the plaintiffs as a part of their case would have to prove, that the company had formerly or informally waived either the delivery to it of the proof of the death of the insured or the lapse of ninety days after the delivery of these proofs. This evidence being necessary to prove the plaintiffs’ case, the defendant could demand it without filing any statement notifying the plaintiffs, that it relied upon the failure to deliver these proofs of death ninety days before the institution of the suit. For this did not constitute a defence, but was necessarily a part of the plaintiff’s case; and it is only of its defences that the defendant is bound to give notice by including them in the statement of defence which he files. It was therefore necessary for us to consider, whether these proofs of the death of the insured had been delivered to the defendant ninety days before this suit was instituted, though nothing was stated by the defendant as to its relying on the failure of the plaintiffs to furnish these proofs as required by the policy.

As was said in Fawcett v. Railway Company, 24 W. Va. 762, the court below ought to have refused to sign any bill of exceptions in the form of the bill of exceptions in this case. If by presenting such bill of exceptions the defendant desired to show, that the verdict of the jur}' was wholly unwarranted by the evidence, the exception should have stated the facts, which in the judgment of the court were proven. This practice of setting out the evidence precisely as it was given and the whole of it, including a vast amount of irrelevant matter copied from the stenographer’s notes, or made out by him, I suppose, from his notes, imposes on this Court a vast amount of useless labor; and while it may save the counsel for the exceptor some labor at the time such exception is taken, it imposes on liim more labor in this Court and is prejudicial to his interests here, as this Court must necessarily give less weight to his testimony than the courtbelow might do, who had just heard the evidence. It the object of taking the exception in this form is to get this Court to pass upon the ruling of the court objected to by the exceptor during the trial, whether in admitting or rejecting evidence or in granting or refusing instructions, while it may save the exceptor from trouble, where the court below has a stenographer, yet it imposes much unnecesary labor on this Court. For to pass on such questions we desire only to know, whether the evidence was relevant or irrelevant or the instructions pertinent or impertinent; and this can be shown by a very brief statement, preceding each of these questions to be submitted to the Court, that evidence had been introduced tending to prove certain facts, which would enable this Court, to see whether the evidence, about the admissability of which there was a dispute, was relevant or irrelevant, and ■whether the instructions asked'or refused were pertinent or •impertinent. But. though this bill of exceptions was thus highly objectionable in its form, I have considered all the questions involved in it, which have been argued by counsel, and which were in any degree doubtful. I have regarded counsel as in some degree excusable for presenting these questions in this objectionable manner, as when this case was tried this Court had laid down no rules as to the mode of preparing bills of exceptions. But hereafter no bill of exceptions prepared by counsel can be signed by a court below when presented in this form without violating the rules laid down by this Court. 23 W. Va. 817--818.

The judgment of the municipal court of "Wheeling rendered on November 11, 1882, must for the reasons I have stated be affirmed ; and the defendants in error must recover of the plaintiff in error their costs in this Court expended and damages according to law.

Aebtrmed.

Case Details

Case Name: Schwarzbach v. Ohio Valley Protective Union

Court Name: West Virginia Supreme Court

Date Published: Apr 4, 1885

Citation: 25 W. Va. 622

Court Abbreviation: W. Va.