14 A.2d 438 | Pa. | 1940
Lead Opinion
The twenty-eight plaintiffs filed a bill in equity, and later an amended bill, against Laundry and Linen Supply Drivers' Union, Local No. 187, and its officers, and also against eight steam power laundry companies in the City of Philadelphia, praying for a decree that certain provisions of a contract entered into between the union and the companies be declared illegal and void in so far as they affect plaintiffs, and for an injunction against those provisions being carried into effect. Defendants filed preliminary objections in the nature of a demurrer, which the court below sustained. The parties have stipulated that the case is to be treated as if the bill had been dismissed upon final hearing, the averments therein being admitted by defendants.
It seems that there are some eighty-eight steam laundries in Philadelphia, and these, acting through a committee, have for some time been making annual agreements with the union for the establishing of closed shops throughout the industry in the city. Under date of April 24, 1939, such agreements were again entered into, but they differed from previous ones in that, in addition to a first part which provided as theretofore for closed shops, with regulations as to wages, hours of labor, vacations, grievances, arbitration, strikes, lockouts, and other matters concerning employment, they contained a new second part, expressly made severable from the first, dealing with the conditions which should thereafter govern relations between the laundry companies and what are known in the trade as "bob-tails," in which group plaintiffs are included. The laundry companies send drivers on the streets, each with a specified route, to *356 solicit business, collect wash and return the laundered articles, their compensation being on a commission basis with a guaranteed weekly minimum. But the so-called "bob-tails" are persons who conduct stores or establishments of their own, where patrons may bring articles to be laundered. Most of them employ help in their stores, these employees being members of Laundry Workers' International Union, Local No. 10, which, like defendant union, is a member of the American Federation of Labor. The "bob-tails" themselves operate trucks for the solicitation of business and the collection and delivery of laundry. They have capital invested in their businesses consisting of fixtures, trucks, accounts receivable, and other assets. While they do not carry on the major portion of the laundering process, some of them do parts of it, such as ironing, pressing and mending. They turn over wash to the companies for laundering on a contractual or job basis, and make their profits from the prices they in turn charge their customers for the complete laundry service. They are thus, at the same time, both customers and competitors of the laundry companies, but are not their employees. They are, as plaintiffs aver in their bill, "independent business men," and have been so engaged for a period of years.
The contracts entered into in April, 1939, although in reality constituting a single agreement between all the companies in Philadelphia and the union, are in form separate, identical contracts between the union and each company. Part 2 of the contract recites the existence in the trade of the independent operators or "bob-tails"; it is stated that they are in direct competition with the route salesmen employed by the laundry, that they often sell their services below the prices charged by the laundry to its own retail customers, that they have affected the earnings of the route salesmen, and that, in order to carry out the purposes of the agreement, it is necessary to "stabilize" the prices to be charged by the "bobtails"; therefore the parties agree that the laundry company *357 will not accept work from any "bob-tail" who is not a member of the union nor from "bob-tails" with whom it is not now under contract or for whom it is not now performing laundry service, that "bob-tails" shall not charge lower prices in selling their laundry service than those charged by the company to its own retail customers, that no person not now engaged as a "bob-tail" shall be accepted as such by the company or be eligible for membership in the union, and that a "bobtail" desiring to sell his "route" must first offer it for sale to the company with which he does business, and then, if the offer is not accepted, to any "bob-tail" who is a member of the union or to another laundry company, upon the same terms and conditions. The contract is to be in force for a period of three years and to continue thereafter from year to year unless either party gives thirty days' notice, prior to the end of the year, of an intention to terminate or modify it.
It is the provisions of part 2 of the contracts to which plaintiffs object, and against which they seek protection in the present proceedings. They do not complain of, and are not affected by, the provisions of part 1, which establish closed shops in the industry in Philadelphia and relate only to the laundry companies and their employees. The closed shop has, by legislation, become legalized in Pennsylvania, and the present case is in no way concerned with it. The issue here is as to part 2, which deals, not with labor relations between the laundry companies and their employees or between the "bobtails" and their employees, but with trade relations between the laundry companies and the "independent business men" or "bob-tails."
"The great weight of modern authority is to the effect that one who has been or will be injured thereby is ordinarily entitled to the equitable remedy of injunction to prevent the carrying out of a contract or combination, to which he is not a party, formed for the purpose of creating a monopoly, maintaining prices, restraining *358 trade or competition, or injuring others in their business contrary to common law or statute, if the damages which he would otherwise suffer are unascertainable, or the resulting injury would be irreparable, and legal remedies are inadequate or a resort thereto would cause a multiplicity of suits": 19 R. C. L. 205, sec. 161, and numerous cases there cited. The clauses of part 2 of the contracts complained of by plaintiffs will, if carried into operation against them, so manifestly impair and, indeed, destroy their business enterprises that there can be no doubt as to their right to injunctive relief if those provisions are illegal, — a question which can be determined only by the consideration of each of them separately.
(1) The provision that a "bob-tail" is not to be allowed to sell his laundry service at prices lower than those charged by the laundry company to its own retail customers amounts to a requirement that sales of laundry service by a company to a "bob-tail" shall be conditioned upon a prohibition against the resale of such service to "consumers" at less than a certain price. It is clearly illegal. Even in the sale of an article which is copyrighted, or manufactured under a secret process, or patented, a vendor may not restrict resales by the vendee to a specified price:* Bobbs-Merrill Co. v. Straus,
(2) The provision that a laundry company may not accept work from any "bob-tail" with whom it is not now under contract or for whom it is not now performing laundry service is also clearly illegal, since it works an unreasonable and wholly unjustifiable restraint of trade. It is an obvious attempt to stifle competition by confining each "bob-tail," as a customer, to one laundry company, thus placing him at the mercy of that company by obliging him to pay for its service whatever price it may choose to exact and not allowing him to obtain a competitive rate from other companies. The apportioning of customers to specified dealers is not permitted: AtlanticCleaners Dyers, Inc. v. United States,
(3) The provision that no person not now engaged as a "bob-tail" shall be accepted in that capacity by a laundry company is illegal because it effects a further drastic restraint of competition by restricting "bobtails" to their present number and preventing newcomers from engaging in the wholly legitimate business of collecting wash on their own account and having it laundered by a laundry company. Those engaged in an industry have no right, by agreement of all of them, to exclude others thereafter from participating in it.
(4) If the provision that a "bob-tail" desiring to sell his "route" shall first offer it for sale to the laundry *361 company of which he is a customer has no penalty to support it, a "bob-tail" may, of course, ignore it entirely, but if, as is apparently intended, his obtaining service from a laundry company is conditioned upon his submitting to it, it is a wholly arbitrary and illegal restriction upon his right to sell his property to whomsoever he desires. For two contracting parties to impose upon a non-assenting third person a requirement that he limit the sale of his business — for the sale of his "route" necessarily involves the sale of his entire business — to a designated purchaser is without precedent or justification. There must come a time, sooner or later, when the need or desire to sell the business of each and every "bob-tail" will arise because of the death or retirement of the proprietor or for some other reason. If no laundry company or existing "bob-tail" will buy, the business cannot be sold at all, because no other purchaser could become a "bob-tail." If, on the other hand, a laundry company purchases, then, since it cannot do business with any other "bob-tail," the business purchased is automatically extinguished, and the result is inevitable, if the agreements continue in effect, that the "bob-tail" industry will thus cease to exist.
(5) The provision that a laundry company will not accept work from any "bob-tail" who is not a member of the union would seem to be an anomalous requirement, since it brings into the union persons who are not employees, but, in the words of the bill in equity, are "independent business men" and in most cases themselves employers of labor. It is somewhat difficult to understand what such membership is intended to accomplish. In so far as it is designed to restrict the "bob-tails" in the operation of the trucks which they themselves drive, and in their collection of laundry, to hours and working conditions prescribed by the union and embodied in its agreement with the laundry companies, the union has a legitimate interest in thus seeking to protect the laundry employees against the lowering of working *362 standards on the part of those who themselves, although in a different legal capacity, perform to some extent the same kind of labor. So far, therefore, as a "bob-tail," by becoming a member of the union, would be bound by its reasonable rules as to such matters, there would seem to be no valid objection to this provision. But such membership cannot be made the means of controlling the regulation by the "bob-tails" of their own business enterprises in the various aspects heretofore considered.
To summarize our conclusions, part 2 of the agreements between the union and the laundry companies, except for the provision as herein discussed in regard to "bob-tails" becoming members of the union, is invalid because it effects an illegitimate restraint of trade. If the "bob-tails" do not submit to its terms they cannot obtain service from the laundries; if, on the other hand, they do submit, they are forced hereafter to deal only with the particular company with which each now does business, compelled to raise their prices to their own customers, and obliged ultimately to sell their businesses in such manner that their part of the industry will be annihilated. Because of these oppressive provisions part 2 is violative of the common-law prohibition of monopolies and unreasonable restraints of trade. It must be borne in mind that we are here dealing with agreements governing the entire laundry industry in the City of Philadelphia, and that, while one person may do business with whomsoever he pleases upon terms mutually agreed upon, the law will not permit an arrangement, understanding, agreement, or combination among all those in the trade in a given locality, the effect of which is to deprive others of the right to engage in that industry and to deprive the public of the benefits of fair competition therein. No group may enhance its own interests at the expense of the legal rights of others, nor, by acts or agreements violating public policy, interfere with the interests of the public: Nester v. Continental Brewing *363 Co.,
The decree is reversed, and the record is remitted to the court below with instructions to issue a final injunction against defendants, restraining them from carrying into effect the provisions of part 2 of the agreements of April 24, 1939, between the union and the several laundry companies, except the provision as to plaintiffs becoming members of the union. Costs to be paid by defendants.
Concurrence Opinion
If the facts in this case, and any reasonable inferences therefrom, were as stated in the dissenting opinion, undoubtedly all the members of the Court would have agreed with the view there taken. But the facts upon which our decision must rest are those contained in *382 the amended bill in equity, since the case is presented to us on demurrer to that bill, and the facts as there stated are not those which the dissenting opinion erroneously assumes. It is not my present intention to restate the principles of law enunciated in the majority opinion, with which I am in entire accord, but merely to point out a few of the many instances of factual and legal misconceptions which I find in the dissenting opinion.
1. Both the original bill and the amended bill aver thatall laundries in the City and County of Philadelphia are parties to the agreements with defendant union. This averment is completely ignored in the dissenting opinion, which contains such statements as "they [the "bobtails"] can . . . collect laundry wherever they will and send it to any laundry anywhere which will take it," and " 'any other laundry company' [to which a "bobtail" may sell his business] does not have to be one of the laundries which is a party to this agreement." This failure to recognize the facts averred in the bill causes the fallacious argument which permeates the dissenting opinion that there is no such complete monopoly as to warrant criticism of the contracts as effecting an unreasonable restraint of trade.
2. The dissenting opinion dwells at length upon the subject of the legality of closed shops, and evidently seeks to convey the wholly unjustified impression that the majority opinion holds that the "bob-tails" cannot be unionized. The dissenting opinion says: "The workers have no right (under the court's decision) to enter into a contract with the laundries to make the 'bob-tails' stop lowering these working and wage standards," etc. On the contrary, the decision of the court is that the contract of the union with the laundries is valid in its provision that the "bob-tails" shall, if permitted to do so, become members of the union, and the opinion distinctly states that "In so far as it is designed to restrict the 'bob-tails' in the operation of the trucks which they *383 themselves drive, and in their collection of laundry, to hoursand working conditions prescribed by the union and embodied in its agreement with the laundry companies, the union has a legitimate interest in thus seeking to protect the laundry employees against the lowering of working standards on the part of those who themselves, although in a different legal capacity, perform to some extent the same kind of labor." Moreover, the employees of the "bob-tails" are members of a union. The dissenting opinion directs an attack upon an imaginary decision which is the very opposite of what the court is holding.
3. In the same vein as the foregoing, the dissenting opinion represents the court, at least by implication, as being opposed to principles which the dissenting opinion takes this occasion to champion and which not only are not at issue in the present case but with which all the members of the court are no less in sympathy than the writer of the dissenting opinion. One such illustration is in regard to the right of picketing, and another in regard to the evil of women doing "piece-work on garments and hats in their own tenement houses in New York," in other words, sweat-shops. Sweat-shops are non-union institutions, working under unsanitary conditions and for extremely low rates of compensation; the work is done for a manufacturing establishment which pays for it. It is perfectly clear that in the present case the "bob-tails" do not work for the steam laundries, and receive no compensation from them whatever; on the contrary, they are customers of the steam laundries and pay them for the work the laundries do for them, and their own customers are not customers of the laundries. There is not the slightest foundation in this case, therefore, for the analogy which the dissenting opinion attempts to draw between the "bob-tails" and sweat-shops.
4. The same sort of attack upon a proposition in no way controverted in the majority opinion is made by *384 the dissenting opinion against the doctrine that labor is not in the nature of a commodity to be sold, and in this connection it is dramatically stated that "there was a time when human labor was regarded as a commodity," and that "the earlier doctrine that labor was a commodity in the sale of which there should be unrestrained competition . . . has completely given way to the modern idea expressed in the federal Clayton Act." I fail to discover in the opinion of the court any suggestion to the contrary. The dissenting opinion states that the resale price-fixing cases applied to commodities, whereas here we are dealing with the sale of labor. But what the "bob-tails" are in fact reselling is the service of the laundry companies, and once the latter have fixed their own price for such service to the "bob-tails" they are precluded, by every principle of decisional law, from combining to compel the "bob-tails" to charge a fixed minimum price by which this service is turned over, supplemented to some extent, to the customers of the "bobtails." In this connection it was held in the AtlanticCleaners Dyers case, cited in the majority opinion, that prices could no more be fixed for services rendered in the business of cleaning and dyeing than for commodities. The dissenting opinion confuses the doctrine of the AtlanticCleaners Dyers case with the principle that, of course, it is perfectly legal for employees to combine in order to obtain an increase of wages and such combinations do not fall within the ban of a restraint of trade. It fails to distinguish between the sale of labor in the sense of a transaction by which the owner of a business enterprise sells to his customers services performed by the employees of his establishment, and the sale of wages, meaning the compensation paid by an employer to his employees for the services rendered by them to him; the former — for example, the sale of laundry service — is analogous to the sale of a commodity, while the latter — that is, the fixing of wages — is not. *385
5. The dissenting opinion says that no laundry in Philadelphia "is obliged to accept any business from 'bob-tails' or from anybody else," and therefore the provision in the contracts that a laundry company may not accept work from any "bob-tail" with whom it is not now dealing adds nothing to their present right to refuse to trade with "bob-tails." It is so elementary a doctrine of the common law that, while any business concern may deal with whomever it pleases, a combination or agreement by many concerns, and especially by all of them in the community, is an illegal restraint of trade if aimed to drive another out of business by boycotting him, that no added comment would seem necessary.
6. The dissenting opinion persists in ignoring throughout, not only the statement in the bill in equity that the "bob-tails" are "independent business men," and not employees of the laundries or of anybody else, but also the facts upon which that characterization is based, namely, that they are the proprietors of stores, are themselves employers of labor, and have substantial capital investments in their enterprises. It is the failure of the dissenting opinion to recognize these averments that leads to the irrelevancies in that opinion to which I have already referred, namely, those concerning closed shops and the relations in general between employers and employees, as well as to its insistence that the question of restraint of trade is not involved.
7. The dissenting opinion says that the fact that " 'restraint of trade' is no longer looked upon in this Commonwealth as per se anti-social," is illustrated by the passage of the Fair Trade Act of June 5, 1935, P. L. 266. But the Fair Trade Act is limited to the sale of articles under other people's trade-marks. It would seem from the tenor of the dissenting opinion that the doctrine of "restraint of trade" has become practically obsolete. Its effect would be to sweep aside one of the oldest and most fundamental doctrines of the law, the subject of treatment in scores of current cases throughout the nation *386 and in the Restatement of the Law of Torts by the American Law Institute.
8. The dissenting opinion states that "it would be impracticable for the laundries to attempt any such arbitrary price-fixing because of the ease with which laundry can be sent elsewhere." I cannot imagine anything that would bemore impracticable than for the people of Philadelphia to send their weekly laundry elsewhere in the United States in order to obtain a competitive rate. Moreover, if the implication of this argument were accepted, no restraint of trade could ever be said to exist unless it affected, in its results, the entire country.
9. The dissenting opinion evidently sees no difference between an agreement by an owner of shares of stock to first offer it for sale to the company, and a case where two parties by agreement attempt to force a third person, not a party to the agreement, to offer his property for sale to certain interests before offering it to others. It seems to me scarcely necessary to say that an owner of property may agree to give an option to buy it to whomever he pleases, but I know of no precedent for holding that an owner may be obliged to give such an option involuntarily because other parties by agreement attempt to compel him to do so under penalty of a boycott that insures the destruction of his business. In fact, the dissenting opinion fails throughout to appreciate the difference between being put out of business by what it calls "the march of progress," that is, by social changes, as distinguished from being put out by coercion, illegal combination and boycott.*
10. The dissenting opinion refers to the Nebbia case as an illustration of the contention that price-fixing of commodities is not illegal. That the regulation by the government of the rates in an industry affected by a *387 public interest is different from the fixing of prices by private combination is so elementary in the law that nothing more is required in this connection than thus to refer to it.
On the whole, it seems to me that the dissenting opinion is utterly unjustified in denouncing the decision of the court in this case as challenging the rights of unions, or closed shops. Most of it seems to me to be an attempt at defense of principles which are in no way attacked. We are dealing here only with a peculiar situation in a particular industry. In a word, it may be said that, as represented in the bill of equity, the "bob-tails" are not, as the dissenting opinion would have it, employees similar to those of the laundry companies, but persons conducting, as employers, a legitimate business enterprise, and that the contracts here involved raise the legal question, not of a labor problem, but of a restraint of trade affecting the entire laundry industry in Philadelphia. Certainly, if an itinerant grocer, or butcher, driving his own wagon from house to house to supply his trade, were denied the right to purchase his commodities, by an agreement among all the wholesalers in Philadelphia and the labor unions of the wholesale trade not to sell to him, such combination would be enjoinable as in restraint of trade and would in no sense involve a question of closed shop, or the rights of organized labor. The case before us is just such a one in principle.
The fundamental misstatement of the dissenting opinion is in treating the "bob-tails" as wage earners, as employees. They are not. They are in business on their own account; not employed by anyone. No one pays them wages. In instances where they operate alone, what they make is not a wage, but a profit, just as in the case of any other individual storekeeper. Where they employ others, such employees are all members of a union and subject to its rules. So no question of the rights of union labor or of a closed shop is involved in the case. *388
I, therefore, disagree with both the facts and the law as stated in the dissenting opinion, and concur in the majority opinion and the decision of the court.
Mr. Justice DREW, Mr. Justice LINN, and Mr. Justice BARNES concur in this opinion.
Dissenting Opinion
I dissent from the majority opinion. That opinion says: "The closed shop has by legislation become legalized in Pennsylvania and the present case is in no way concerned with it." The last half of that statement raises the issue between the views of the majority and my views. I think this case is not only "concerned with" the "closed shop" question but goes to its very vitals. The majority opinion holds the contract in question to be "in restraint of trade"; I consider some restraint of trade as much a necessary incident of a "closed shop" as some restraint of individual liberty a necessary incident of living in an organized society. One cannot be for the "closed shop" in practice without accepting a certain amount of trade restraint.
One of the basic errors in the majority opinion as I view it is in its failure to recognize the fact that the now legally recognized principle of a "closed shop" applies not merely to the employees of one or more employers but to all who do thesame kind of work, i.e., to the craft. What a "closed shop" comprehends has been authoritatively set forth as follows: "With one union securely established and formally recognized as the exclusive bargaining agency for the entire working force orcraft, there would be an end of competition between variouslabor groups and harmony would replace bickering and *364
working at cross purposes [italics supplied]": "Studies in Personnel Policy," No. 1, by the National Industrial Conference Board (1937), Chapter on "The Closed Shop," p. 6. The Labor Review published by the United States Department of Labor, Vol. 49, No. 4 (Oct. 1939), says under the caption "Closed Shop": "In union agreements a closed shop is established by a provision requiring union membership as a condition of employment in the plant or in the occupations covered by theagreement [italics supplied]." The occupation is of equal importance with "the plant" in considering "closed shop" agreements. Styling the "bob-tails" "independent business men," as the majority opinion does, cannot conceal the fact that they are doing exactly the same kind of labor, i.e., performing the same services, as the laundry solicitors and are competitors of these solicitors. Calling a non-union carpenter or miner or house painter "an independent business man" does not take that particular man out of his craft. The Court of Appeals of New York in Exchange Bakery Restaurant, Inc., v. Rifkin,
Those women who did "piece work" on garments and hats in their own tenement houses in New York could be called "independent business women" with as much propriety as these "bob-tails" are called "independent business men." The economic and social evils incident to this "independent contracting" in New York were stamped out only when the Garment Workers Union brought all such "independent business women" within *365 the principle of the "closed shop," thus ending a "cutthroat competition" which was injurious alike to the workers in the tenement houses and those in the factories with whom they competed. In the agreement between Eastern Women's Headwear Assn., Inc., and United Hatters, Cap and Millinery Workers International Union and the Joint Board of Millinery Workers' Union, Locals 2, 24 and 42, it is provided that "Employers shall not cause to be manufactured in places other than on the premises owned and leased by them any millinery, sold, dealt in or otherwise handled by them. Employers shall not give out any millinery to be manufactured by contractors." In Maisel v.Sigman, 205 N.Y. Supplement 807, it was held that an agreement between a union and jobbers and an association of manufacturers limiting the amount of work which can be sent to outside shops, was valid and not in violation of the anti-monopoly laws and not against public policy.
In the contract between the New York Clothing Mfgrs. Exchange and the Amalgamated Clothing Workers of America, it is provided that "the manufacturer will not cause or permit any work to be performed for him directly or indirectly [italics supplied] outside his own shop, by any person, partnership, corporation or contractor who employ workers not members of the union."
The foregoing contracts and many similar contracts exemplify the fact that the basic idea of a "closed shop" is the elimination of competitive underselling by those who havethe same services to sell. As Chief Judge CRANE, speaking for a unanimous New York Court of Appeals, said in Williams v. Quillet al. (1938),
The majority opinion says: "(1) The provision that a 'bob-tail' is not to be allowed to sell his laundry service at prices lower than those charged by the laundry company to its own retail customers amounts to a requirement that sales of laundry service by a company to a 'bob-tail' shall be conditioned upon a prohibition against the resale of such service to 'customers' at less than a certain price. It is clearly illegal." That statement ignores the fact that what the "bob-tail" is selling is his own labor. He is receiving for that labor the difference between what the laundry charges him and what he collects from his customer. He is not selling acommodity but labor service. He is doing exactly the same kindof labor and to the same end as the unionized laundrysolicitors, and the legally recognized "closed shop" principle cannot be circumvented by calling what the "bob-tails" are doing a "resale of service to consumers." The laundry performs the service of laundering. The "bob-tail" only "brings the grist" to the mill and his "toll" is his pay for his labor. If by taking less wages for their labor than the union laundry solicitors these "bob-tails" reduce the work of these solicitors, they are violating the "closed shop" principle and that is precisely the "unfair labor practice" (according to modern conceptions) that the Laundry Drivers' Union proposed to stop. If it is not stopped, the "bob-tails" could by accepting less pay for their services in collecting laundry put the union laundry solicitors completely out of business. The contract now challenged is a contract which the union laundry solicitors deem necessary to their own preservation. The "bob-tails" can join the union on reasonable terms and thus be secured in this work and at a remunerative wage. The purpose of the "closed shop" has been declared "to prevent underbidding by non-union workers in the same shop or craft."
The majority opinion says: "Even in the sale of an article which is copyrighted, or manufactured under a secret process, or patented, a vendor may not restrict resales *367 by the vendee to a specified price." To compare labor with a "copyrighted article" as a subject of sale is to invoke a doctrine that is now completely obsolete. There was a time when human labor was regarded as a commodity, and competition between the sales of such commodities was so much favored by government that laws were enacted making it illegal for persons in the same craft to conspire to keep up the price of their "commodity," to wit, their labor. During the last century it was held that a combination of workmen to raise wages was unlawful. See King v. Journeymen-Tailors, 8 Mod. 10. In 1806 the Organized Shoemakers of Philadelphia, who went on strike for the purpose of improving working conditions, were convicted. In charging the jury in that case the court said: "A combination of workmen to raise their wages may be considered in a twofold point of view. One is to benefit themselves — the other is to injure those who do not join their society. The rule of law condemns both."
During this century labor unions have now general acceptance as social forces making, when properly conducted, for human welfare. The earlier doctrine that labor was a commodity in the sale of which there should be unrestrained competition and "against which no one had a right to be protected," as an American court expressed it 69 years ago, has completely given way to the modern idea expressed in the Federal Clayton Act. This Act was described by Hon. John W. Davis, then (1912) a member of the House of Representatives, as "an effort to crystallize into law the best opinions of the best courts" (48 Cong. Rec. 6421). This Act, which became a law in 1914, provided that "the labor of a human being is not a commodity or article of commerce." Practically all of the American states have in their statutes and judicial decisions adopted the same view, to wit, that labor is not a commodity. The Clayton Act also provided that "labor organizations should not be construed *368 to be illegal combinations or conspiracies in restraint of trade, under the anti-trust laws."
The cases cited in the majority opinion following the excerpt last above quoted refer to articles of commerce and therefore do not apply to the issue now before us. Typical of these cases is that of Dr. Miles Medical Co. v. Park Sons Co.,
In Atlantic Cleaners Dyers v. U.S.,
The majority opinion says: "If 'bob-tails' are able, in the light of the cost of the laundry work which they themselves do and the prices at which they can get the remainder done for them, to sell the complete service at lower prices than those charged by the laundry companies, an agreement is not legal which compels them to raise their prices and thus accept more profit than they care to demand. After the companies have charged the 'bob-tails' what they are willing to accept for their service 'the public is entitled to whatever advantage may be derived from competition in the subsequent traffic': Dr.Miles Medical Co. v. Park Sons Co.,
I consider that paragraph as complete a negation of the "closed shop" philosophy as would be a statute declaring all "closed shops" illegal. It is equivalent to saying: "If workmen known as 'bob-tail' laundry solicitors are willing to do the same work as the unionized laundry solicitors for less money (or wages), an agreement between these union solicitors and their employers providing that the latter will not accept further services at the hands of these non-union 'bob-tail' solicitors until they join the solicitors' union, is not legal and should be enjoined." If that kind of an agreement is illegal then virtually all "closed shop" agreements are illegal. For example, the Anthracite Coal industry is a "closed union shop." The agreement between the Anthracite operators and the United Mine Workers of America provides that "special and individual contracts in the mining of coal where now in use shall be eliminated." The purpose of that provision was the same as in the provision in the contract before us that "the company will not accept laundry work or serve or do any laundry work for any 'bob-tail' who is not a member of the union." The purpose in the Anthracite agreement was to prevent the undercutting of the wage scale of labor by individual contractors; the purpose in the provision just quoted in the contract before us is the prevention *370 of the underselling of their labor by the "bob-tail" solicitors.
The American Law Institute recognizes the legality of a "closed shop" with all its necessary implications. It says in section 788, p. 128, in the Restatement of Torts: "Closed shop. Restriction of employment by an employer throughout his business, or on specified jobs within it, to workers who are members of a labor union, or of a particular labor union, is a proper object of concerted action by his employees." It says further under b on the same and the next page: "An employer may hire non-union men only on the understanding that they will become union men within a stated period. This is sometimes called the 'open closed shop.' Or, finally the employer may employ only men of a particular union affiliation and thus operate a 'closed union shop.' . . . The policy may be adopted by an employer and may be demanded by his employees for his entire business, for a single craft or for a particular type ofwork which may be done by workers of more than one craft [italics supplied]." The policy adopted by the employing laundries and their employees in the instant case falls precisely within what the Restatement of Torts declares may lawfully be done.
The majority opinion says: "(2) The provision that a laundry company may not accept work from any 'bobtail' with whom it is not now under contract or for whom it is not now performing laundry service is also clearly illegal, since it works an unreasonable and wholly unjustifiable restraint of trade." Not a single laundry in Philadelphia is obliged to accept any business from "bob-tails" or from anybody else. These laundries could legally say to the "bob-tails": "We accept laundry only from our own solicitors." Laundries are not like hotels or railroads, which must serve all who seek service of them. As the court below correctly said: "The service performed by the steam laundries is not one affected with a public interest, and the plaintiffs therefore *371
have no right to demand that the laundry companies accept their work and the latter are free to engage in business as they deem advisable." I regard that statement as legally impregnable. The same view was taken in Dueber Watch-Case Mfg. Co. v. HowardWatch Clock Co., 66 Fed. Rep. 637, 645, where Judge LACOMBE said: "An individual manufacturer or trader may surely buy from or sell to whom he pleases, and may equally refuse to buy from or to sell to any one with whom he thinks it will promote his business interests to refuse to trade. That is entirely a matter of his private concern, with which governmental paternalism has not as yet sought to interfere, except when the property he owns is 'devoted to a use in which the public has an interest.' . . . Certainly there is nothing unlawful or unfair in the statement to the trade by the maker of any kind of merchandise, 'My goods are for sale only to those who will buy from me exclusively, not to others.' . . . It is not an unlawful business enterprise for sellers to seek to secure the entire trade of individual buyers, and an agreement between sellers, who wish to confine their dealings to such buyers only, not to sell to others, is not an unfair or unreasonable measure of protection for such trade." In United Shoe MachineCorp. v. Fitzgerald et al., 130 N.E. 86, the Supreme Judicial Court of Massachusetts said of a contract between a company and its employees which provided that none but union men should be employed when available, that "it would seem almost unnecessary to say that the parties could have mutually agreed to this proposed form of contract." In Smith v. Bowen et al. (Mass.),
The three cases cited in the majority opinion in support of the proposition (2) advanced do not support it. *372
One of these is the case of Atlantic Cleaners Dyers, Inc. v.U.S.,
The majority opinion says: "(3) The provision that no person not now engaged as a 'bob-tail' shall be accepted in that capacity by a laundry company is illegal because it effects a further drastic restraint of competition by restricting 'bob-tails' to their present number and preventing newcomers from engaging in the wholly legitimate business of collecting wash on their own account and having it laundered by a laundry company. Those engaged in an industry have no right, by agreement of all of them, to exclude others thereafter from participating in it." The answer to that is the provisiondoes not restrict "bob-tails" to their present number. They can multiply themselves and collect laundry wherever they will and send it to any laundry anywhere which will take it.
The provision that "no person not now engaged as a 'bob-tail' shall during the term of this agreement be accepted as a 'bob-tail' by the company," is a provision which offends no law and violates no right. In Jacobs v. Cohen et al.,
The majority opinion characterizes as "arbitrary and illegal" the provision (without quoting all of it) that "a 'bob-tail' desiring to sell his route shall first offer it for sale to the company, and if the offer is not accepted by the company within ten days, then such route may be offered for sale to any other 'bob-tail' who is a member of the union or to any other laundry company doing wholesale work, upon the same terms and conditions." There is nothing more illegal or unusual about that contract than there is in a contract of an owner of shares of stock to first offer his stock to the company at a certain price before offering it to outsiders. Such contracts are common and are legal. See Cities Service Securities Co. v.McFarland, 159 A. 800. In Model Clothing House *374 et al. v. Dickinson et al., 178 N.W. 957, the Supreme Court of Minnesota held that a mutual agreement between all the stockholders of a trading corporation, that whenever a stockholder wishes to sell any of his stock the corporation shall have the exclusive right to purchase it for a period of 60 days after notice of the wish to sell, is valid and not an unlawful restriction on the power of alienation. "A bargain todeal exclusively with another" is among those "restraints of trade" which the Restatement of Contracts recognizes asreasonable: 2 Restatement of Contracts, p. 996, sec. 516 e. See also a very able opinion of the Supreme Court of Appeals of West Virginia in Barnes et al. v. Koontz,
Furthermore, the majority opinion in its discussion of the above provision in the contract overlooks the fact that a "bob-tail" desiring to sell his route may, if he does not getthe price he wants from "the company" or another "bob-tail," offer it to "any other laundry company doing wholesale work, upon the same terms and conditions." That gives him a completely wide open field of sale. The "any other laundry company" does *375 not have to be one of the laundries which is a party to this agreement.
The majority opinion also foresees a situation in the future when "the 'bob-tail' industry will cease to exist" if this contract is not enjoined. Whether the possible extinction of the "bob-tail" industry should be a matter of public or judicial concern is irrelevant. Many industries much more important than the "bob-tail" industry have been extinguished by the march of progress. Furthermore, the "bob-tail" business will not be destroyed. Its business is collecting laundry. As long as clothes are used laundry will still be collected by solicitors and it is entirely immaterial to human societywhat they are called.
The majority opinion says: "(5) The provision that a laundry company will not accept work from any 'bobtail' who is not a member of the union would seem to be an anomalous requirement, since it brings into the union persons who are not employees, but, in the words of the bill in equity, are 'independent business men' and in most cases themselves employers of labor." There is nothing any more anomalous about that provision than there would be about a provision in our state laws that laundries could not accept laundry work from solicitors whether they had assistants or not, unless they first secured a license from the state. If A is a "bob-tail" employing a dozen assistants and he wants his laundry work accepted by the companies which are parties to this agreement, he must join the union. Calling a "bobtail" an "independent contractor" does not disguise the fact that he is a human being engaged in the work of soliciting laundry. Calling a man who shingles houses an "independent contractor" does not disguise the fact that he is a carpenter. These laundries which are parties to this contract say: "We don't want your laundry and will not take it unless you join the union." They are within their clear legal rights in saying that. *376
In summarizing its conclusions the majority opinion emphasizes again what is the basis of its opinion, to wit, that the cited provisions of the contract before us are "an illegitimate restraint of trade." I have pointed out that a requirement in an employer-employee contract that persons performing a certain kind of labor service must belong to a labor union is under modern statutes and judicial decisions completely divorced from the old common law concept of "restraint of trade." These "bob-tails" are workmen in direct competition with other workmen who are unionized laundry solicitors. Calling these "bob-tails" "independent contractors" does not affect the fact of their labor work and the fact of their competition against union solicitors. Of their anti-union practice, it can correctly be said, as Justice DAY said in his dissenting opinion (concurred in by Mr. Justice HUGHES) inCoppage v. Kansas,
Adherence to both the principle and practice of the "closed shop" (an institution recognized as promotive of the public welfare by both the National and the State Labor Relations Acts and by countless judicial decisions), requires the upholding ofthis "closed shop" contract. To hold that A, who performs precisely the same labor services as B, is not a competitor of B's because A calls himself an "independent contractor" is a negation of the "closed shop" and where that view prevails the "closed shop" is not "closed." That both employers and employees frankly recognize that fact is proved by the numerous employer-employee contracts (two of which are heretofore referred to) which expressly bar all so-called "independent contractors." In the bituminous coal field (as in the anthracite field, already noted) such independent contracting is by agreement expressly barred. The contract entered into in *377 September, 1937, between the Amalgamated Meat Cutters of America and the National Association of Retail Meat Dealers "restrains trade" by barring "retail sales of meat by packers, wholesalers or peddlers to the public" and "the selling of poultry by wholesalers directly to consumers." The International Fur Workers Union and the Associated Fur Coat and Trimming Mfgrs., Inc., in their contract "restrained trade" by providing that "no inside or outside contractors in any way, shape, form or manner shall be permitted." The "written agreement" before us is directed against exactly the same kind of non-union wage competition as are these other employer-employee agreements herein mentioned.
Twenty of the 28 plaintiffs aver, each for himself, that "he employes numerous help in his said store and, himself, drives a truck or other vehicle for the collection and return of customers' laundry." The remaining eight plaintiffs each aver "that for the purpose of said business" he "drives a truck or other vehicle for the collection and return of customers' laundry." Those averments constitute clear admissions of the fact that the "bob-tails" are in direct competition with the unionized collectors of defendant laundries. The only averment in the bill about any of the "bob-tail" employees being members of any union is the following: "31. . . . Your orators with the exception of J. Metlen, S. Paul, William Dickter, H. Semost, S. Sklar, William Feinberg, Simon Glossberg and G. Zlotnick employ help within their said stores (such employes being members of Laundry Workers International Union, Local No. 10, A. F. of L.)." This is an "inside hand workers laundry" union and isentirely distinct from the defendant union. The phrase "within their said stores" indicates that these union employees are not engaged in the business of driving about and collecting laundry. If the "bobtail" solicitors were unionized, there would be no issue between plaintiffs and defendant. The plaintiffs' complaint *378 is that the laundry companies have entered into an agreement "to perform no laundry service for any independent or commission drivers, including the above named complainants, unless said independent or commission drivers, including the above named defendants, are or will become members of defendant union." That is the Laundry Linen Supply Driver's Union, Local 187.
That "restraint of trade" is no longer looked upon in this Commonwealth as per se anti-social, is illustrated by the passage of the Fair Trade Act of June 5, 1935, P. L. 266, by which it is made "actionable for any person to offer for sale or selling any commodity at less than the price stipulated in any contract entered into pursuant to the provisions of section 1, whether the person so offering for sale or selling is or isnot a party to such contract." We upheld that Act inBristol-Myers Co. v. Lit Bros.,
I do not concede that the contract now before us would injure the "bob-tails." I believe it would benefit the "bob-tail" solicitors of laundry as the "closed shop" has always benefited labor by preventing competition between individual laborers or groups of laborers. In American Steel Foundaries v. Tri-CityCentral Trades Council et al.,
I think the majority opinion concedes the legal soundness of the position of these defendants when it says: "The union has a legitimate interest in thus seeking to protect the laundry employees against the lowering of working standards on the part of those who themselves, although in a different legal capacity, perform to some extent the same kind of labor." Then the majority opinion adds: "But such membership [in the union] cannot be made the means of controlling the regulation by the 'bob-tails' of their own business employees in the various aspects heretofore considered." In other words, the union laundry workers have a right to complain that the "bob-tails," who are doing precisely the same work as themselves, are lowering the working standards but the union workers haveno right to enter into a contract with the laundries to make the "bob-tails" stop lowering these working and wage standards on pain of having the laundries refuse to accept their services. As I have already pointed out, that position is an utter negation of the "closed shop" principle put into actualpractice. Every non-union miner or non-union carpenter can under that ruling go into court and under the plea of "preserving the freedom of contract," demand an injunction against any "closed shop" agreement that affects him.2 *381
Since the contract here is one whose purpose is to maintain the wages of laundry solicitors at the level of the union scale and, as it says, "to stabilize the conditions under which said 'bob-tails' shall operate and prevent unfair advantages which they now have over the said retail route salesmen," and since the activities of the "bob-tails" tend to frustrate those purposes, I cannot understand how this contract can logically be enjoined except under a legal philosophy that was once accepted by the courts but is no longer judicially accepted either in England or the United States.
There is no doubt that one of the objects of the contract now under review was that every person who in Philadelphia follows the trade of laundry solicitor must be a member of the body known as "Laundry and Linen Supply Drivers' Union." Under the view of social welfare now prevailing in this country, that object is legal and laudable. As Judge GEORGE GRAY, Chairman of the Anthracite Coal Strike Commission, said in the report of that Commission in 1902: "Experience shows that the more full the recognition given to a trade union, the more businesslike and responsible it becomes."
This court, speaking through Justice SHARSWOOD inPhila.'s Appeal,
Dissenting Opinion
(Written after receipt of a copy of the concurring opinion filed.)
The facts in this case are as stated in the dissenting opinion, as any one who will carefully examine the record in an open-minded search for the truth will find for himself. What the "reasonable inferences" are, depend on the reasoning faculties of the person or persons drawing those inferences.
The averment that "all laundries in the City and County of Philadelphia" are parties to the agreement is ignored in the dissenting opinion for the sufficient reason that it is whollyimmaterial to this issue. Each and every laundry in Philadelphia has an undoubted legal right to refuse to accept laundry work from "bobtail" solicitors exactly as it would have an undoubted legal right, if it cared to exercise it, to refuse to accept laundry from solicitors who used horses and buggies instead of automobiles in going around soliciting laundry.
In paragraph one of the concurring opinion there is quoted the statements in the dissenting opinion to the effect that the "bob-tails" can collect laundry wherever they will "and send it to any laundry anywhere which will take it," and "any other laundry company [to which a "bob-tail" may sell his business] does not have to be one of the laundries which is a party to the agreement." The concurring opinion then adds: "This failure to recognize the facts averred in the bill causes the fallacious argument which permeates the dissenting opinion that there is no such complete monopoly as to warrant criticism *389 of the contracts as affecting an unreasonable restraint of trade." I submit with confidence to every trained mind in this Commonwealth that the foregoing excerpt from the concurring opinion is one of the most perfect examples of "fallacious" reasoning to be found anywhere. The two statements quoted in the concurring opinion from the dissenting opinion are from two entirely different portions of that opinion, and therefore are not directly related to each other as the concurring opinion would lead one to believe. However, both statements are statements of facts and are in no way, shape, form or manner in conflict with any averments in plaintiffs' bill or defendants' answer, as anyone who examines this record can quickly determine. Any bob-tail who collects laundry can send it to any laundry anywhere which will take it. Any bob-tail wishing to sell his "route" can place his own price on it and if the company with which he has been dealing does not accept his offer, he can then offer his route "to any other bob-tail who is a member of the union or to any other laundry doing wholesale work, upon the same terms and conditions" (quoted from paragraph 24, of the agreement challenged by plaintiffs). Plaintiffs' charge is that they, the bob-tails, will, unless they join the union, "be unable to have their customers' wearing apparel, linens and fabrics washed and laundered by any laundry company in Philadelphia." The answer to the "monopoly" charge made in the concurring opinion is that the "bob-tails" do not charge that they cannot send their collected "wash" to laundries outside of Philadelphia and since Philadelphia comprises only 128 square miles of Pennsylvania's 44,832 square miles, and since "trade" knows no municipal bounds in the United States, it is ridiculous to hold that the contract in question is in restraint of trade. If a group of men had the exclusive license to sell cars in Philadelphia, such a license could not be looked upon as a restraint of the automobile trade.
The concurring opinion is wrong again when on page *390 2 it says: "The dissenting opinion . . . evidently seeks to convey the wholly unjustified impression that the majority opinion holds that the bob-tails cannot be unionized." Thedissenting opinion does nothing of the kind, as even a superficial but open-minded reading of it will disclose to anyone. The concurring opinion then says: "The dissenting opinion says: 'The workers have no right (under the court's decision) to enter into a contract with the laundries to make the bob-tails stop lowering these working and wage standards, etc.' " The "etc.," in the concurring opinion is substituted for "on pain of having the laundries refuse to accept their services." That is exactly what the majority opinion means. But the concurring opinion says: "On the contrary, the decision of the court is that the contract of the union with the laundries is valid in its provision that the bobtails shall, if permitted to do so, become members of the union." Of what avail would it be to the unionized laundry solicitors to have the bob-tails"join the union" but to continue their practice of solicitinglaundry at a rate which would mean putting the union solicitors out of business unless they accepted a lower remuneration inorder to meet the competition of the bob-tails? The concurring opinion then adds: "The [majority] opinion distinctly states that 'in so far as it is designed to restrict the "bob-tails" in the operation of the trucks which they themselves drive, and in their collection of laundry, to hours and working conditions prescribed by the union and embodied in its agreement with the laundry companies, the union has a legitimate interest in thus seeking to protect the laundry employees against the loweringof working standards on the part of those who themselves, although in a different legal capacity, perform to some extent the same kind of labor.' " It will be observed that the majority opinion uses the phrase "the union has a legitimate interest" in seeking to protect the laundry employees, etc., as just quoted. If by that phrase the majority opinion means that the union has *391 an interest which it and its members can protect bycontract, then why does the majority opinion strike down as illegal this contract whose purpose is to protect that "legitimate interest" by making the bob-tails conform in working conditions, including remuneration, to the standards of the "Laundry Linen Supply Drivers' Union's" closed shop?
The concurring opinion says: "The employees of the bob-tails are members of a union." The concurring opinion should in fairness enlighten the people of Pennsylvania as towhat employees are members of what union; otherwise, the statement is misleading. The bob-tail solicitors are not members of any union, and that is precisely why this controversy is in the courts. The dissenting opinion points out that there are a few inside workers for the bob-tails who belong to "an inside hand workers' laundry" union. That union is as distinct from the defendant union as the railway trainmen's union is distinct from the Brotherhood of Locomotive Engineers.
Paragraph 3 of the concurring opinion is completely answered in the dissenting opinion. Calling the bobtails "customers" of the steam laundries cannot disguise the fact that they are active, underselling competitors of the unionized laundry solicitors, just as the employees of "contract miners" in the coal fields were competitors of the union miners until by agreement the coal operators and the mine workers put an end to such contract mining, because it was being done for a remuneration less than that paid the union miners.
The concurring opinion says that "the dissenting opinion directs an attack upon an imaginary decision which is the very opposite of what the court is holding." The majority opinion declares "part II [which is the vital part] of the agreement between the union and the laundry companies, except for the provision as herein discussed in regard to the bob-tails becoming members of the union, is invalid because it effects an illegitimate *392 restraint of trade." In other words, this court says to the union laundry solicitors "we will let the bob-tails join your union but they can do as they please in respect to undersellingyou in their business of soliciting laundry." That is thedecision I am attacking in this dissent and if the writer of the concurring opinion thinks that is imaginably let him ask the union laundry solicitors whose wage standards are being put in jeopardy by the majority decision whether or not they see anything "imaginary" in having their wages reduced and their "Laundry Linen Supply Drivers' Union" made a mockery of by the admission to it of bob-tails who, under the majority decision, are at liberty to ignore its rules as to wages and working conditions. Paragraph 28 of part 2 of the contract, and that is the part the majority opinion declares invalid, provides as follows: "The Union agrees on behalf of its bob-tail members, that their retail prices in selling laundry services shall not be lower than those charged by the Company to its own retail customers." Part 2 also says in its preamble: "Said bob-tails are in direct competition with the retail route salesmen employed by the laundry performing such service, and for the protection of said retail route salesmen and to enable the Company to fulfill its obligations under this agreement, it is necessary to stabilize the conditions under which said bob-tails shall operate and prevent unfair advantages which they now have over the said retail route salesmen." It is too clear to require argument that if part 2 of this agreement is struck down, there is nothing to stop the cut-throat competition of the bob-tails with the retail route salesmen of the laundries.1
The concurring opinion refuses to recognize the analogy set out in the dissenting opinion between the "independent *393
contractors," who formerly ran sweat shops in New York until stopped by the labor unions and the "independent contractors" who as bob-tails undercut the wages of the laundry route salesmen. The writer of the concurring opinion thinks he avoids the analogy by calling those who patronize the bob-tails "customers." The answer to that is those who bought the products of the sweat shops were also "customers." The analogy drawn in the dissenting opinion is that the "sweat shops" were not permitted to ignore decent standards of wages and working conditions and thus undersell others engaged in the same work, by hiding under the cloak of "independent contractors" and likewise the bob-tail collectors of laundry should not be permitted to undersell unionized collectors of laundry by hiding under the cloak of "independent contractors." The "cloak" in each case is too transparent to hide the "cut-throat" competition which is behind it. The fact is that nearly every one of the sixteen cases cited in the majority opinion, beginning with the case of Bobbs-Merrill Co. v.Straus,
The case of Atlantic Cleaners Dyers v. U.S.,
It is a sufficient answer to paragraph five of the concurring opinion to say that there is not the slightest allegation in plaintiff's bill that anybody is trying to *395
drive anybody out of business "by boycotting him." The cases cited in the dissenting opinion conclusively answer the proposition of the concurring opinion that it is illegal for the laundries to agree to accept laundry from any but union solicitors. One of the greatest appellate courts in the land, the Supreme Court of Massachusetts, decided unanimously inSmith v. Bowen,
Paragraph six of the concurring opinion is based on the irrelevancies that the bob-tails call themselves "independent business men" and "proprietors of stores." The women who made garments at low wages in their own homes in the tenements of New York City were equally "independent business women" and "proprietors of shops," but unionized "closed shops" recognized by the courts of New York not merely in principle but also inpractice, put an end forever to the competition of "independent contractors" operating in their own independent shops. If this court is going to permit these bob-tail solicitors of laundry to strike down this contract as illegal, by according them the status of "independent contractors," then all similar contracts in this state are illegal. To be consistent this court when the matter is brought before it, must declare illegal the contract entered into between the Anthracite Mine Operators and the Anthracite Mine Workers of America, for that contract declares that "special and individual contracts in the mining of coal where now in use shall be eliminated." I hold, as do the courts of Massachusetts, *396 New York and numerous other states, such contracts legal. There is no difference in principle between the contract this court is now striking down and the just referred to contract between the Anthracite Coal Operators and the Anthracite Miners of Pennsylvania.
Paragraph seven of the concurring opinion about restraint of trade is conclusively answered by what the present Chief Justice of the United States said in Dr. Miles Medical Co. v.Park Sons Co.,
The following statement appears in paragraph seven of the concurring opinion: "But the Fair Trade Act [of 1935] is limited to the sale of articles under other peoples' trade-marks." If that is meant to imply that thepurpose of the Fair Trade Act is to protect buyers againstdeception, it is erroneous. The purpose of the act is set forth in its title as follows: "To protect trademark owners, distributors, and the public against injurious and uneconomic practices in the distribution of articles of standard quality under a distinguished trademark, brand or name." This court said in Bristol-Myers Co. v. Lit Bros., Inc.,The act and our decisions
The eighth paragraph of the concurring opinion challenges the statement in the dissenting opinion that if the Philadelphia laundries attempt arbitrary price-fixing, laundry could be sent with ease elsewhere. I am sure that few others share the doubt of the writer of the concurring opinion as to the practicable difficulties in sending laundry out of Philadelphia to near-by places. Camden, New Jersey, with a population of 116,309 people and New Jersey with its 4,000,000 people and Pennsylvania with its 8,000,000 people outside of Philadelphia, have enough laundries to take care of the laundry requirements of Philadelphians, if the Philadelphia laundries should boost their prices too high. High prices would also cause other laundries to be established in Philadelphia. Besides, there is no charge in this bill of any attempted price-fixing by the Philadelphia laundries.
The ninth paragraph of the concurring opinion is completely answered by the dissenting opinion. I answer it further by saying that when a man buys a share of stock to which is attached a condition that if he wishes to sell it he must first offer it to the company or to other stockholders, he cannot plead that he is being illegally coerced and boycotted. Likewise, when a bob-tail laundry solicitor signs the contract challenged here, which provides that he must first offer his route for sale to the laundry company, and if the offer is not accepted, he must then offer it to another bob-tail who is a member of the union, and if it is not accepted, he can offer his route to any laundry anywhere, cannot complain that he is being illegally coerced and boycotted.2 In the first *398 place, he is not legally obliged to sign the contract. He is not even economically coerced because he can take his collected laundry to laundries in the dozens of towns and cities within an easy distance of Philadelphia, none of which are affected by the agreement challenged.
The 10th paragraph of the concurring opinion refers to the dissenting opinion's reference to the Nebbia case. That case was referred to in the dissenting opinion as showing that the courts took an advanced position by declaring the sale of milk was affected with a public interest and that the state could therefore fix the price of milk. In the instant case there is not even a charge of price fixing. This is a plain case of a contract for a "closed shop" and such contracts have been legalized by the state and federal governments and have been almost universally recognized judicially. In the instant case the majority opinion recognizes the closed shop in principle but strikes down a contract as illegal which would permit the closed shop to operate in practice among the laundries and laundry solicitors of the City of Philadelphia. That is why I dissent from the majority opinion. *399
The dissenting opinion does not, as charged, "denounce the decision of the court in this case." The dissenting opiniondisagrees with the decision of the majority just as the writer of this dissenting opinion disagreed with the majority of this court in the so-called "Yellow Dog" Contract case,
This case goes to the very vitals of the "closed shop" question, and it cannot be side-tracked as a case of an illegal "restraint of trade." It restrains trade only as all closed shop contracts restrain trade in labor and such restraint is both legislatively and judicially regarded as being for the public good. The concurring opinion says: "Certainly, if an itinerant grocer, or butcher, driving his own wagon from house to house to supply his trade, were denied the right to purchase his commodities, by an agreement among all the wholesalers in Philadelphia and the labor unions of the wholesale trade not to sell to him, such combination would be enjoinable as in restraint of trade and would in no sense involve a question *400
of closed shop, or the rights of organized labor. The case before us is just such a one in principle." That statement might have been supportable under the philosophy prevailing fifty or one hundred years ago but it is utterlyunsupportable under the enlightened and humane philosophy of the 1930s and 1940. The Restatement of Contracts, Vol. 2, p. 1000, says this: "A, a manufacturer, makes agreements with a number of agents for the sale of his goods, each of the agents being authorized to sell A's goods in specified territory only. As part of the agreements the manufacturer promises that each of these agents shall have the exclusive privilege of selling A's goods in the territory assigned to him. The agreements are legal unless they are part of a scheme whereby it is sought to establish a monopoly." It is ridiculous to charge that the contract here establishes a monopoly. It is too limited both in space and in time. This court in Monongahela Co. v. Jutte,
The learned court below was right in its conception of the law and was in accord with the overwhelmingly prevailing judicial thought in this country and in England when it held as it did (quoting from its opinion): "The plaintiffs have no right to demand that the laundry companies accept their work and the latter are free to engage in business relations as they deem advisable. . . . Is it unusual or illegal for a business organization to enter into a contract to purchase all its supplies from a single source, or to confine its distribution in a given area to a particular agency upon whom exclusive rights are conferred? Could not the laundry companies confine the distribution of their service to a single organization? They have chosen to restrict distribution to those persons or organizations that solicit and sell laundry service to the consumers who are members of the defendant association. . . . The policy of our law, however, recognizes the legality of a closed shop and permits the employer and his employees to agree that no person not a member of the employee's association shall be permitted to work in the industry. . . . Plaintiffs perform the same economic functions as the employees who are members of the association." In the latter pages of the dissenting opinion are examples of contracts now in operation affecting meat dealers and other contracts affecting fur coat workers which contracts are analogous to the contract now struck down by the majority opinion after the court below upheld it. *402
The argument in the last paragraph before the final three line paragraph in the concurring opinion, is completely demolished in this supplemental dissenting opinion and in the dissenting opinion filed before I saw the concurring opinion filed. The bob-tails are competitors of the unionized laundry solicitors and if their competition is not restrained by making them conform, as the contract this court now strikes down attempted to do, to the Laundry Linen Supply Drivers Union's standard of wages, they will either force the unionized solicitors to accept less wages or go out of business. The vital rights of union labor are involved in this case just as much as they were involved in the "Yellow Dog" Contract Case, supra.
It is significant indeed that the concurring opinion does not cite a single case or an excerpt from any judicial opinion or from any writer to sustain the view that the contract challenged here is illegal. No judicial decision except the decision of the majority of this court from which I dissent can be found which declares such a contract illegal unless one goes back to the days when labor unions were treated by many courts as outlaws and their activities suppressed by injunction.
I agree with the learned court below that the contract in question is legal and the injunction asked for by plaintiffs should be refused. The decision of the court below can be reversed only by going back to the philosophy of the decision in the famous Cordwainers case of 134 years ago. In that case (Com. v. Pullis et al., Jan. Sessions, Court of Quarter Sessions of Philadelphia), the indictment charged Pullis and certain other boot and shoemakers of Philadelphia with a combination to raise their wages. The rationale of that case is today as obsolete as the rationale of the Dred Scott decision. The trial judge in charging the jury in that case said: "These defendants belong to an association, the object of which is that every person who follows the trade of a journeyman shoemaker must be a member of their *403 body. If the journeymen who come here from distant places do not join the body, the members of the body will not work with them. The consequence is that everyone is compelled to join the society. It is in evidence that the defendants all took a part in the last attempt to raise their wages. Is there any reason to suppose that the laws are not competent to redress an evil of this magnitude? The laws of this society are grievous to those not inclined to become members — they are injurious to the community, but they are not the laws of Pennsylvania. . . . It is now therefore left to you upon the law and the evidence to find the verdict." The jury returned the following verdict: "We find the defendants guilty of a combination to raise their wages."
In the instant case a majority of this court says in effect: The contract between the Philadelphia laundries and the unionized laundry solicitors providing that the laundries will not accept laundry collected by the bobtail solicitors unless the latter join the union and conform in the matter of wages and working conditions to the union scale and union rules, is illegal and its enforcement will be enjoined. I submit to the people of Pennsylvania who have the right to pass judgment on the official acts of every judge they commission that the decision in this case is as repugnant to modern conceptions of right and justice in labor cases as is the above quoted charge and verdict of the jury in the Philadelphia Cordwainers case in 1806.
