Opinion by
Beaver, J.,
“ At common law the ceremony of livery of seisin was necessary to vest title. This custom was never adopted in this country or, if it was, it has been wholly superseded by the use of deeds acknowledged and recorded, which are equivalent to livery of seisin. A deed acknowledged and recorded gives to the grantee legal investiture of the land conveyed and has the same effect as if the grantor entered upon the land and gave actual seisin by the formal delivery of the accustomed turf and twig in the ancient ceremony. In this country actual entry on the land by an heir or a grantee is not generally necessary to consummate his title and give him a seisin in deed. Where the ancestor or grantor was at the time seized of the property or the possession was vacant, the ancestor or grantor having the right to the possession gives the legal presumption in this country that the seisin follows the title and that they correspond with each other:” 1 Kerr on Real Property (1895), sec. 234. The presumption of actual possession, which accompanies the delivery of the deed, can, however, like other legal presumptions, be rebutted by facts. It is very evident, from the testimony in this case, that the plaintiff, who claims title from Isaac Wood, by deed dated June 2, 1873, for a lot fronting eighty-four feet on Dennis alley, never had actual possession of the entire lot. His possession, as was that of his predecessors, was bounded by the stable erected on the said lot by Wood’s predecessors in title, which left the strip of land in controversy out*317side and northwest of it. Robert Rutledge, under whom the defendant claims, purchased a part of the same lot from Isaac Wood, by a deed dated March 31,1870, the lot being described as measuring thirty-one feet on Dennis alley. It is admitted that the description contained in these deeds would give the strip of land in controversy to the plaintiff. The defendant, however, claims by adverse possession. Both the plaintiff and Rutledge seem to have purchased their respective lots from Wood, under articles of agreement, prior to the dates of their deeds respectively and to have entered into possession under said agreements. At all events, it plainly appears, without contradiction, that Mrs. Reed, who was a tenant under Rutledge, took possession of the end of his lot fronting on Dennis alley, April 10, 1869. She found, as she testifies, acoal house fronting on Dennis alley, which she said belonged to Rutledge, built against the barn which she called Harvey’s barn, a barn on the Schwab lot heretofore referred to, built by Harvey, who owned the lot before Wood purchased it. This coal house she used during her occupancy of the premises and it was used and occupied by other tenants and by the defendant, until a short time prior to the bringing of this suit. A walk was laid along the barn and around the coal shed to Dennis alley, along which alley there was a fence which connected with the Harvey barn on plaintiff’s lot. It will thus be seen that at the date of the plaintiff’s deed and for several years prior thereto, Rutledge’s tenants had been in the actual occupancy of the strip of land in dispute, the boundaries of the lot being fixed by the side of the stable on the one side and the fence which connected with it on Dennis alley. In view of this fact it is immaterial whether or not the boards nailed against the side of the stable, mentioned by several of the witnesses as constituting a fence, were technically a fence or not. The boundaries of the lot, as occupied by Rutledge and those who claimed under him, would have been just as well defined by the side of the stable, if the boards had never been nailed thereto, because the coal house was built against the stable and ran along its side and the ground was in other ways fully and completely occupied fco that point as a boundary, to the entire exclusion of any other occupancy or occupant. The occupancy, therefore, was complete, adverse, notorious and hostile. Rutledge himself claimed the land on more than one occa*318sion. The possession of this strip was unquestionably continuous from and prior to the 10th of April, 1869, down to the bringing of this suit. Rutledge’s tenant, Mrs. Reed, built a kitchen in June, 1869,' upon the portion of the lot fronting on Dennis alley, which, including the cornice, extended over the ■ strip claimed by the plaintiff, so far as its length extended. This kitchen was built, as she testifies, with the knowledge of Harvey, then in possession of the Schwab lot, who claimed that “ the line was just where his barn stood, which joins my fence.” “ He said he had no objection to my building my kitchen right up to his buildings. I intended to build it that way but the carpenter told me different. He said I must have the eaves drop on my own land.” In this the witness was corroborated by L. T. Harvey, a nephew of the man who built the barn, and who was familiar with the premises from his childhood, who testified that Rutledge and his tenants occupied the property up to the shed on the Schwab line, that the'coal house stood on the ground right against the shed, and that, since 1870, no one used the ground, except Rutledge and his tenants, up to where the she'd stood. He also testified that Rutledge always claimed that his lot was inclosed in the fence. From this and the testimony of other witnesses, whose testimony is practically uncontradicted, it is very clear that the plaintiff’s father not only never took possession of the land described in his deed, so far as the strip in controversy is concerned, but that, on the contrary, at the time his deed was made and delivered, the land was in the actual possession of Rutledge and those claiming under him.
The requisites of a title by adverse possession are clearly and succinctly stated in 3 Kerr on Real Property, 2294, as follows : “ Adverse possession is the holding of property in the manner in which the person is not entitled to hold it and receiving rents and profits thereof, with the purpose.of excluding all other persons, including the rightful owner, therefrom. What constitutes adverse possession is a question of law for the court; but the facts supporting the claim must be established to the satisfaction of the jury like any other question of fact. The reason for this rule is the fact that title being shown, the law presumes the true owner to be in possession until adverse possession is proved to begin. In order to support an adverse possession and set the statute of limitations running, there must *319be an actual entry and user of the property such as the true owner thereof might make, without leave or permission, with the intention to retain the possession and profits thereof as his own. This intention, though it need not be expressed, must be manifest and may be inferred from the manner of occupancy. The essentials to constitute adverse possession are, (1) actual possession which shall be (2) hostile and adverse, (3) continuous, (4) visible, open, notorious and exclusive, and (5) shall be held under color or claim of title. The latter is absolutely indispensable to the creation of an estate by adverse possession and must be continuous, because the presumption is in favor of the true owner. Such possession must be hostile at its inception and continue for the requisite period uninterrupted, with the knowledge and acquiescence of the owner. If the continuity of possession shall be broken, either by lawful entry or by fraud, the protection given by the statute of limitations will be lost. Where the property is claimed by adverse possession, without color or claim of title and naked possession alone is relied on as constituting the title to the land, there must be actual occupancy of the land and not a constructive possession.” This statement of the law is drawn from a host of authorities, many of them from Pennsylvania, which it is unnecessary to cite in detail.
Every ingredient of title by adverse possession is present in the case if the testimony of the defendant’s witnesses be believed, and if the possession of the tenants is to be deemed the possession of the landlord. But the learned judge in disposing of the defendant’s exceptions to the report of the referee says: “All these exceptions, however, may be reduced to one, namely, that the referee erred in this finding that the trespass of Rutledge’s tenants on the land of Schwab even if done with his knowledge and consent, could not give him or his vendee title under the statute of limitations, no matter how long continued. That this is a sound legal proposition, we have no doubt.” The language of the referee is still more emphatic. In her seventh point the defendant asked the referee to say that the improvements made by the tenants, and the use and possession by them, of the land in dispute were sufficient to affect the plaintiff with notice of the extent of the landlord’s possession and claim. He denied this request and added: “ I do not think that the tres*320pass of Rutledge’s tenants could under any circumstances give bim a claim to title of his neighbor’s land.” This was an erroneous view of the law applicable to the facts of this case, if the uncontradicted evidence be believed. It is undisputed, as has been already pointed out, that the occupancy of the tenants up to the line of the stable on the defendant’s lot, was exclusive, continuous, open, notorious and adverse, that is, not permissive, for more than twenty-one years; that, to be more particular, the fence on Dennis alley connected with the stable; that a coal shed belonging to the landlord, built against the stable, erected before the tenant took possession of that end of the lot, was continuously used by his tenants thereafter; that a walk was maintained along the side of the stable, covering in width the land in dispute; that Mrs. Rutledge in 1869, built her kitchen so as to extend the eaves practically to the continuation of the line of the stable; that she closed up the space of twelve or fourteen inches between the side of the kitchen and the stable with a board, and that thereafter she and those that succeeded her used continuously the land along the stable to the alley as a walk from the kitchen door. These'were notorious acts, plainly observable by any one, and inferably brought home to the knowledge of the plaintiff.. If Rutledge had personally occupied the land in this way, there could be no doubt of his title. How is the case affected by the fact that the occupancy was by his tenants ? It is said that he did not authorize the erection of the kitchen, and declined to pay for it. Upon this subject, Mrs. Reed testified as follows:
“Q. Did he know you were building the kitchen ? A. Yes, he came up when it was being built. He said it was very nice. I asked him to pay for it, or help pay for it, and he said no, I must pay for it myself.”
It is seen therefore, that although he declined to pay for building the kitchen, it was not because he disapproved of its erection. On the contrary, the only reasonable inference from his acts and declarations is, that he knew of, consented to, and approved the work while it was being done. Again, after it was completed, he again leased the premises to Mrs. Reed, and there is no room for the supposition that these subsequent leases did not include the house as it was after it had been enlarged. Whether or not she paid more rent is immaterial. For aught *321we know, he might have demanded less rent in subsequent years, if the improvements had not been made. We know not how far this entered into the question of the rent. The important fact is that he rented the premises as a whole, and accepted rent for them as a whole, and as clearly and unequivocally as acts can show intention, adopted and ratified the act done for the improvement of his estate, and for his benefit.
The true rule is, that any person who is present at the commission of the trespass, encouraging or exciting the same by words, gestures, looks or signs, or in any way, or by any means, countenances and approves the same, is in law deemed to be an aider and abettor, and is liable as principal; and proof that a person is present at the commission of trespass, without disapproving or opposing it, is evidence from which, in connection with other circumstances, it is competent for the jury to infer that he assented thereto, and lent to it his countenance and approval, and was thereby aiding and abetting the same: Greenleaf’s Evidence, sec. 41; Brown v. Perkins, 1 Allen, 89. That one may adopt and ratify a trespass which has been committed by another for his benefit and then make himself liable although it was not done in obedience to his express command is elementary law.
In Carson v. Godley, 26 Pa. 111, Mr. Justice Woodward referred to the case of Russel v. Prior, cited as being in 1 S. & R. 460, evidently a miscitation, as deciding this question. A tenant for years erected a wall which darkened the ancient windows of a neighbor, and then made an under lease. The party injured brought suit for the nuisance, and recovered damages, and then brought suit for the continuance. Both actions were against the first tenant, the lessor in the last lease, and the question was whether after recovery for the erection, an action would lie against him for the continuance after he had leased to another. “ It lies; for he transferred it with the original wrong, and his demise affirming the continuance of it; — he hath also rent as a consideration for the continuance, and therefore, ought to answer the damage it occasions.”
So it may be said here, that Rutledge affirmed the continuance of the disseisin, resulting from the acts of his tenants, especially *322the erection of his building over upon the land in dispute, and his subsequent demises and acceptance of rent.
Whilst, therefore, it does not appear affirmatively that beforehand he authorized the work to be done, it is nevertheless true that he knew of, consented to, and approved of, his tenant’s act whilst the work was in progress and accepted, the benefit after it was done, if the testimony of the witnesses be believed. It was therefore, incorrect to say that the trespasses of Rutledge’s tenants upon the land in dispute even if done with his knowledge and consent could not under any circumstances give him or his vendee title under the statute of limitations. There was in the evidence more than knowledge and more than consent ; there were approvals of the acts, and acceptance and enjoyment of the benefits.
The rule that a referee’s findings of fact are as conclusive as a verdict of a jury, does not preclude inquiry into the evidence when it is apparent that the referee failed to find pertinent facts, not because he did not believe the witnesses but because he deemed the facts testified by them immaterial. We think that the court and referee took an erroneous view of the law, as shown by the referee’s answer to the defendant’s seventh point of law and the language heretofore quoted from the opinion of the learned judge. To some extent the facts to which we have alluded depended upon the credibility of the witnessses and whilst their testimony is uncontradicted it is for the referee and not us to pass upon their credibility.
The fact of possession is for the jury; the kind and length of that possession to be effectual is for the court: Groft v. Weakland, 34 Pa. 304, 308; Deppen v. Bogar, 7 Pa. Superior Ct. 434, 450. In order, however, that there may be no misapprehension as to the conclusions that ought to be drawn from the facts, if their testimony be believed we remark that under the circumstances to which we have alluded the tenants’ possession was Rutledge’s possession, and their claim was his claim even if there were no independent testimony — and there is ample — of the claims made by him personally.
We therefore sustain the third, fifth, sixth, seventh (so far as it relates to the exception to the answer to the defendant’s .seventh point of law) and ninth assignments, reverse the judgment and award a new trial.