Weaver, J.
Mrs. E. E. Scburz, widow, resided in Council Bluffs, and was the owner of tbe real property which is tbe subject of this litigation. Sbe bad three children, tbe plaintiff, Emil Scburz, and tbe defendants, W. H. Scburz and Lolita S. Mollring. Mrs. Scburz died September 12, 1908, and very soon thereafter a deed was placed of record purporting to have been made by her in her lifetime conveying the real estate to her daughter, Mrs. Mollring. Thereafter plaintiff began this action in equity alleging himself to be tbe owner of a one-third interest in tbe property and asked to have tbe same partitioned. To this action Mrs. Mollring and W. H. Scburz appeared and answered denying tbe averments of tbe petition, and tbe former by her separate cross-petition asserted ownership of tbe property in her own right and prayed that her title be quieted accordingly. [Replying to tbe cross-petition, plaintiff denies that tbe deed purporting to have been made by Mrs. Scburz to her daughter was ever delivered in tbe lifetime of tbe grantor, and therefore never became effective as a conveyance. He further alleges that at tbe time of tbe death of tbe mother and prior thereto sbe and her children labored and acted under a mistaken, understanding and belief that a deed made by her, though not delivered, would operate at her decease to vest tbe title in tbe daughter in trust for tbe use of all tbe children, that the deed in question was in fact made and executed with that intent and for that purpose, and that, still, actuated by that mistaken belief be (plaintiff), after bis mother’s death, consented to tbe recording of tbe deed and to tbe *189assumption of control of the property by his sister. He also avers that for a considerable period and on divers occasions his sister recognized and conceded the trust character of the title held by her, but has since disclosed a purpose to assert a title in herself and to unite with his brother, W. H. Schurz, in defrauding plaintiff of his rightful interest in the property and estate left by their mother. The trial court found that plaintiff had failed to establish the alleged trust and quieted the title in Mrs. Mollring. Plaintiff appeals.
There is much confusion in the record as to the proper sequence of dates of the various transactions involved in this litigation. For example, appellant’s abstract gives the date of the commencement of this action as April 22, 1910, while the decree purports to have been entered January 24, 1910. The petition alleges, and the fact is stipulated, that Mrs. Schurz died September 12, 1908, while appellant in his reply argument asserts that she died September 12, 1907, although it seems to be conceded that the deed to Mrs. Mollring was not made before December 12, 1907. In still another part of the abstract the same deed is described as bearing date September 12, 1908, and acknowledged on the 13th day of the same month. While these defects are not insurmountable obstacles to a proper consideration of this case, they do add very materially to the labor of this court in marshaling the facts and developing the merits of the dispute. We mention them here, not by way of rebuke, but to direct the attention of all counsel preparing cases for this court to the great importance of careful proof reading of the printed record. It is too often neglected, and not infrequently to the great prejudice of some of the parties in interest.
*190
1. Trust:created.- parol
*189The deed made by Mrs. Schurz to her daughter is in the ordinary warranty form and recites a consideration of $15,000, which was the fair value of the property at that date. It contains no condition or stipulation attaching *190any trust to the title which it purports to convey, and under our statute (Code, section 2918), no express trust can be ingrafted tnereon by parol proof. Richardson v. Haney, 76 Iowa, 101; Andrew v. Concannon, 76 Iowa, 251; Brown v. Barngrover, 82 Iowa, 204; Shaffer v. McCrackin, 90 Iowa, 578. If therefore there was an effective delivery of this deed, then plaintiff’s assertion that it was given simply to enable his sister to hold the title in trust for herself and her brothers must fail for lack of competent evidence, unless we are able to say that since said delivery she has so recognized and admitted the trust character of her title that equity will not permit her to find shelter under the statutory provision to which we have referred.
2. Conveyances: delivery of deed: presumpof°proofrden We have then first to inquire whether the deed has been shown to be ineffective for want of delivery. As Mrs. Mollring is in possession of the instrument and of the property therein described, there is a ,. r ■, -, . -, v presumption ox due delivery m ner iavor, _ . . • anc^ ^ie burden 1S ^P011 plaurtift to negative it by a preponderance of the evidence. Parlin v. Daniels, 111 Iowa, 640; Blair v. Howell, 68 Iowa, 619; McGee v. Allison, 94 Iowa, 527; McCarthy v. Colton, 134 Iowa, 658.
3 Same- evidence. Delivery depends so largely upon the intent of the parties that no particular act or course of conduct with reference to the instrument can 'be said as a matter of law to be necessary to its accomplishment. The mog£ usual method is for the grantor or someone acting with his authority to pass the deed over into the' possession and control of the grantee with intent thereby to pass the title to the property therein described. It also frequently happens, especially, as between parent and child, that the grantor executes a conveyance in due form and places it in the hands of a third person to be delivered to the grantee after the grantor’s death, and this *191is quite universally held to he a good delivery. Dettmer v. Behrens, 106 Iowa, 585; White v. Watts, 118 Iowa, 549; Foreman v. Archer, 130 Iowa, 49.
In the case at bar, the plaintiff claims, and offers evidence tending to show, that Mrs. Schurz became stricken with illness a short time prior to the date of the deed, and, in view of her condition, the two sons talked over property matters and agreed it would be advisable to have their mother ■ transfer the title to Mrs. Mollring for the joint use and benefit of herself and her brothers. 'This, plaintiff says, was communicated to his mother by himself and W. IT. Schurz, and she consented thereto on condition that the transaction be kept secret and she be left in full control of the property while she lived. Plaintiff himself drew the deed, and after it had been executed and acknowledged he says he took it to his mother, and at her direction placed it in a small box where she kept her papers. According to his story, the deed remained at all times in • the possession of his mother until her death and was never given over to Mrs. Mollring nor any other person for delivery to her. On the other hand, W. H. Schurz testifies that at or about the time the deed was executed his mother placed it in his hands to keep for his sister. He further testifies that he kept the paper for some months in his office, when, his mother expressing some fear as to its safety there, he took it to her place of residence and placed ■ it in an iron box belonging “ to her, locked the box, and himself kept and carried the key thereto until after her death, when he delivered the instrument to his sister. The key, he says, was given him by his mother with the injunction to take due care that if anything happened to her the deed should be given to his sister. If W. H. Schurz tells the truth with respect to this transaction, there was a sufficient delivery of the deed; but, if the version given by the plaintiff be correct, then there was no delivery. A similar question of veracity is raised between plaintiff and Mrs. *192Mollring and between the latter and her uncle, John Lindt, who was present when the deed was prepared. Radical conflicts in evidence, which can not be reconciled upon any theory consistent with veracity and honesty on both sides, are very embarrassing to this court, which does not see the witnesses or observe their appearance and conduct on the stand. The story of a witness whose manner, appearance, and tone carry conviction of his untruthfulness to the mind of the trial court not infrequently appears entirely reasonable and credible when reduced to printed form. We are therefore inclined, even when hearing a case de novo, to give considerable weight to the conclusion reached by the court below upon questions of fact concerning which there is a marked dispute between witnesses equally well situated to know the truth. Moreover, the plaintiff has the burden of proving the nondelivery of the deed, and, even if the co.urt should 'be unable to arrive at any satisfactory conclusion upon the question of credibility as between him and his brother, the presumption of due delivery which attaches to the possession of the deed by the grantee would remain and must be given effect. After a very careful examination of the record and consideration of all the testimony, we find nothing to justify us in overruling the trial court’s finding that the deed was effectually delivered.
4‘ created: evt Assuming the delivery of the deed, we have then to consider whether the alleged trust has been established. Were it not for the statute, which seems to be an insurmountable obstacle to the relief asked, the writer of this opinion would be very strongly disposed to hold that plaintiff’s theory of the transaction is the true one, and that the denial of his right in the property is an afterthought growing out of the dissensions which have arisen between the children of the deceased since the removal of her harmonizing presence and influence by death. But when we eliminate, as we must, all parol testimony as -to the negotiations attending *193the making of the deed, there is not sufficient left on which to base the finding that the deed is -otherwise than it appears to be — an ordinary and unconditional conveyance of the fee to the grantee in her own right. It may be true, as argued in plaintiff’s behalf, that even an oral declaration of an express trust will be enforced in a court of equity when the person sought to be charged therewith has once recognized its obligation and undertaken its performance; but the showing made in this direction is not of that clear, unequivocal and satisfactory character which the law requires to overcome the presumptions in favor of absolute ownership in the grantee of the deed. Some of the grantee’s acts, statements, and correspondence may justify the suspicion that the discovery of the advantage which the statute gives her has led to a change in her attitude towards the plaintiff with respect to the property; but they fall far short of the full measure of proof which is demanded by the established rules applicable to cases of this nature. Acker v. Priest, 92 Iowa, 621. In occasional instances the statute works hardship and gives one .so inclined an opportunity to disown a moral obligation to the injury of others; but experience has demonstrated that in general it operates rather to prevent, than to promote, fraud.
( We conclude that the decree of the district court must be affirmed.