Schrandt v. Young

62 Neb. 254 | Neb. | 1901

Pound, C.

This is an action of replevin involving some 536 sheep taken by, the plaintiffs from the possession of the defendant, who held them under a written contract of agistment whereby he was to receive one-half of the increase after making good all losses and one half of the wool-clip, by way of compensation. The contract was for a term of three years, but at the end of the first year the plaintiffs, claiming that the defendant had failed to comply with the terms of the contract as to care, feed and protection of the sheep, so that a number had been lost and the others damaged, demanded possession, and on refusal instituted this suit. Upon trial, the jury found the right of possession to be in the defendant, found that he had a special ownership and interest of the value of $239.80, and assessed his damages by reason of the detention of the property by the plaintiffs at $400. Judgment was rendered accordingly, and the plaintiffs prosecute error to review this judgment and the proceedings on which it is based.

The defendant, in his answer, after a general denial, set up in a further paragraph the written contract between the parties and a number of affirmative defenses based thereon, claimed a special interest or ownership by way of agister’s lien for $292, the value of his agreed compensation up to the time the sheep were taken, and damages in the sum of $450, for the taking and detention, being the probable profit which would have accrued to him under the contract had it not been broken by plaintiffs’ replevying the sheep. The plaintiffs moved the court to require the defendant to separately state and number the several defenses set up in this second paragraph, and error is assigned in that the trial court overruled such motion. We do not think that this ruling was either prejudicial or erroneous.* The matters set up in the second paragraph were mere surplusage, as the defendant might have proved every available defense therein pleaded and recovered every item of damage properly allowable to him for the detention of the property under his general denial.' School District v. Shoemaker, 5 Nebr., 36. Obviously the more particular statement was not prejudicial. But counsel say there were matters pleaded which were not properly triable and damages claimed which were not recoverable, and that if separate statements had been required these might have been eliminated. Such course was not necessary. The whole of the second paragraph was superfluous and redundant. 'Plaintiffs’ remedy was not by a motion for an order to separately state and number, but by motion to strike out.' There was nothing to prevent their reaching any part or all of the paragraph in question without separate statements. Aultman, Miller & Co. v. Stichler, 21 Nebr., 72. A more serious question arises, however, upon the rulings on evidence, instructions, and verdict as to these damages. All Of the assignments of error upon these points may be considered together, as they present the same questions, namely: what is included in the damages for detention recoverable by a successful defendant in replevin; whether he can recover more than interest on the value, or alternatively the value of use of the property, and deterioration or depreciation between the date of taking and the trial; and whether any distinction with respect to the recovery of the value of use of the property must' be made, dependent upon return or failure to return.

This court has heretofore remarked that the measure of damage in actions of replevin “has. been the occasion of much controversy and diversity of opinion.” Teel v. Miles, 51 Nebr., 542. * In the action of replevin originally no damages were recoverable by the defendant! The right to damages arises from the provisions of statutes, which differ considerably in the several states in essential particulars. Hence we must look primarily to the provisions of the statutes to ascertain the limits of such right. Section 191 of the Code of Civil Procedure says that when the jury find for the defendant they shall find whether he had the ownership or the right of possession only, and shall award him such damages as “they think right and proper,” for which judgment shall be rendered. Section 191a provides that the judgment mentioned in the prior section shall be for the return of the property, or, if return can not be had, for the value or value of possession, “and for damages for withholding said property.” In other words, the damages allowed are for the withholding or detention of the property, not all damages generally which may be connected with the subject in dispute or grow out of the relations of the several parties to each other or to the property.* They must arise from, and be incident to, the contest over possession of the property; and unless they do so arise, are not recoverable merely because connected with the transaction by reason or virtue of which the plaintiff’s alleged right of taking possession accrued* It is true that in Schars v. Barnd, 27 Nebr., 94, a plaintiff who replevied a stock of goods from a sheriff was allowed to recover damages resulting from the closing of his store under the levy. But this was as part of his damages for the withholding of the stock after levy and until retaken in replevin. During that time, as a result of the withholding of the stock, the store remained closed, and such damages represented the value of the use of the stock to the plaintiff during the time it was withheld, which obviously might be more than the probable net income during the days the sheriff was in charge. That decision does not extend the statutory recovery of damages for the withholding or detention to other damages not connected with the detention of the property but depending upon the effect of the replevin proceedings upon collateral undertakings or obligations not immediately connected with the controversy over possession of the property. ‘ The replevin action is primarily to adjudicate the possession of the property.' Other rights and claims must be determined, as a general rule, in other appropriate proceedings, even though closely connected with the controversy out of which the contest over possession arises. Gillespie v. Brown, 16 Nebr., 457. For the same reasons, damages not connected with the respective rights of the parties to possession, such as injury to other property occasioned by the removal of that in controversy, are not recoverable. Dietrichs v. Lincoln & N. W. R. Co., 13 Nebr., 43, 47; Jameson v. Kent, 42 Nebr., 412.

What, then, is the measure of damage for detention? Ordinarily it is interest upon the value of the property.' Hooker v. Hammill, 7 Nebr., 231; Hainer v. Lee, 12 Nebr., 452; Dodge v. Runels, 20 Nebr., 33. But where the use of the property is valuable, the value of the use may and often does considerably exceed the lawful rate of interest. In such case interest does not afford adequate compensation, and, accordingly, it is'well settled that the value of the use, where use has a special value above and in excess of interest, is recoverable as damages for detention, and is the measure thereof, instead of interest. Boston Loan Co. v. Myers, 143 Mass., 446; Williams v. Wood, 61 Minn., 194, 63 N. W. Rep., 492; Nash v. Larson, 83 N. W. Rep. [Minn.], 451; Burt v. Burt, 41 Mich., 82; Shinn, Replevin, sec. 646. Another kind of damage which may properly be allowed to a defendant arises from change in the value or condition of the property while withheld from him.' In this state the value of the property is fixed with reference to the time when it was taken under the writ. Heidiman-Benoist Saddlery Co. v. Schott, 59 Nebr., 20. If the property is injured or deteriorates in value after it is taken, a return does not make the defendant whole, because he does not get it in the condition in which it was, and, in order to be fully restored to his former position, he ought to have the difference in value as damages. This is universally recognized, and such deterioration is considered a proper element of damage. Hooker v. Hammill, 7 Nebr., 231; Shinn, Replevin, sec. 648. But such damages are allowed upon the theory that the defendant is getting back the property in a damaged or deteriorated condition, or that it is less valuable than when taken from him. If the property is not returned, and the defendant recovers its value at the time it was taken instead, he is fully compensated, and should not be awarded in addition damages for deterioration, meant only to make up deficiencies in the property as returned. vHence it is held properly that damages for deterioration are only recoverable where the- property is returned, and may not be had, along with the value at the time of taking, in case no return is made/ A difficulty arises in this state, however, in view of prior decisions of this court, to the effect that damages for detention generally, and not merely those assessed to cover deterioration and depreciation, may not be recovered except where there is a return, and that where there is no return interest is the sole measure of damage. Romberg v. Hughes, 18 Nebr., 579; Hale v. Wigton, 20 Nebr., 83, 94; Aultman, Miller & Co., v. Stichler, 21 Nebr., 72, 79. In Romberg v. Hughes, supra, it is said: “It is only in cases where a return of the property is had that the party to whom the property is returned is entitled to damages for the detention. The rule allowing the value of the use is peculiar to replevin, and grows out of the fact that the party to Avhom the property is awarded' seeks to recover the property itself, and not its value. In such case, when the property is returned, the party to whom the return is made is entitled to the damages awarded for the detention. If, however, a verdict is rendered for the value of the property, the action in that regard being one for damages only, the measure of damages is the value of the property as proved, together with lawful interest thereon from the date of the unlawful taking.” In considering the application of the rule here laid down and the basis upon which it may rest, we must bear in mind that a considerable diversity exists in various jurisdictions both as to the time with reference to which value is to be fixed and as to the course to be taken by the defendant in claiming the property or merely its value. Such considerations must not be overlooked when seeking for precedents in other states. Where, as in some jurisdictions, the defendant may or must elect whether to claim return or to claim the value of the property so that .the verdict may run one way or the other exclusively, there may be ground for saying that in the one case the proceeding is to recover the property itself, in the other, if he elects differently, the action, as to him, is for damages only. Just v. Porter, 64 Mich., 565, 31 N. W. Rep., 444; Shinn, Replevin, sec. 682, and note. With us, the election to return or ro pay the value is left practically to the plaintiff. The statute requires an alternative judgment in every case where the de-. fendant recovers, and there is nothing in the statute to make the recovery of damages for detention .depend upon return or failure to return. As has been seen, however, there is sound reason for limiting the right to damages for deterioration or depreciation to the event of a return of the property. Unless the judgment conditions the recovery of such damages upon return, it obviously works an injustice to the plaintiff, in case for some reason he can not make return, and gives double compensation to the defendant. To this extent, and to the extent that it precludes the recovery of both interest and value of use, one being merely a substitute for the other, in case the latter is uncertain or not ascertainable, the rule announced in Romberg v. Hughes is sound and salutary. But when the rule goes further and makes the recovery of other damages for detention depend upon the return of the property, it works no less injustice to the defendant.x If the value of the use exceeds the interest, it is unjust that the'defendant, who was entitled to and deprived of the use, should be required to take the interest only; and it is equally inequitable to allow the plaintiff, by merely paying the value of the property and the interest, to retain the difference between the interest and the value of the use of the property. Not only is the rule in Romberg v. Hughes one-sided, in so far as it goes beyond damages for depreciation or deterioration, but it would necessarily operate to prevent return of the property by making failure to return profitable. It has sometimes been laid down that such damages ought to be assessed as would insure return (Cobbey, Replevin, sec. 976), and, while damages ought to be assessed solely with a view to full and fair compensation, yet, if there is any policy in this connection, we think it should be in the direction of securing rather than preventing a return of the property. It is generally held that the defendant’s right to recover damages for detention does not depend upon whether the 'property is or is not returned. “The return of the property only discharges the judgment for its ‘value,’ and does not affect the defendant’s rights to damages for its detention.” Shinn, Replevin, sec. 639; Buckley v. Buckley, 12 Nev., 423; Haskins v. Everett, 4 Sneed [Tenn.], 531; Mayberry v. Cliffe, 7 Cold. [Tenn.], 117. Except so far as it applies to damages for deterioration, the rule in Romberg v. Hughes is not required by, nor has it any support from, the statute or the authorities, and has been cited only to be received with doubt. Minthon v. Lewis, 78 Ia., 620, 43 N. W. Rep., 465. Nor is it sustained in a jurisdiction like ours, where the defendant is not-required to elect whether to claim return or value, by the suggested analytical distinction between replevin and trover. The rule that a defendant who did not claim a return could not have damages was based on the older modes of pleading. Even then, however, he could have damages along with recovery of the value if he claimed the property. Wells, Replevin, secs. 522, 523, The object of the provision allowing the defendant damages for detention is to fully compensate him for the wrongful withholding of the property under the writ. The Code means that he shall be fully compensated when it says that he shall have such damages as are right and proper, and, as has been said, he ought to recover “all damages which he has actually sustained by reason of the unlawful detention of the property in controversy.” Teel v. Miles, 51 Nebr., 542. Value of the use of the property is a just and recognized element of such damages, and the right to it should not be made nugatory by limiting its recovery to the event of a return.x Hence we think that Romberg v. Hughes should be limited, in its application, to damages for depreciation and deterioration, and that measure of the damages for detention recoverable by a defendant in replevin may be stated thus: He may recover, (1) if there is no special value attaching to use of the property, interest; (2) if the value of use of the property exceeds the interest, then such value, without regard to whether the property is returned, but, in such case, no interest; (3) if loss, deterioration or depreciation occur while the property is withheld, then the amount of such loss, damage or depreciation, to be conditioned, however, upon return of the property, the alternative judgment for the value being fixed as of the date of the taking. Moreover, the damages for detention must be such as grow out of the detention and are connected with or incident to the contest over possession. Judged by these standards, we do not think that the large judgment recovered hy the defendant as damages for detention can be upheld. It was probably allowed by way of damages for future profits under the contract by which defendant held the sheep; but, as defendant’s counsel admit, it may have been for this, for failure to replace certain old eAves with new ones, pursuant to an alleged oral arrangement, or for misrepresentations prior to the making of the contract. None of these grounds Avould justify assessment of damages for detention in an action of replevin. They are not damages for detention of the property at all. They arise out of collateral matters and are not incident to the dispute over possession. Blit we can not, for the reasons above stated, accede to the further contention of the plaintiffs that, since the record shows that the property can not be returned, no damages for detention whatever are recoverable. Nothing is claimed by way of compensation for deterioration or loss, which alone would be affected by the impossibility of a return. The defendant must recover all his damages in this action. Teel v. Miles, 51 Nebr., 542. If interest is not a full compensation for such loss as he has suffered by reason of withholding of the property, he should not be restricted thereto. As but little time intervened between the taking and the trial, the damages under this head could not be large. Indeed, after a careful review of the testimony, we find'no proof that during this time the use of the flock was of any ascertainable value to the defendant. x At the same time, he ought not to be deprived of such damages, if any he can show, in case he elects to have a new trial. Otherwise, as the damáges are assessed upon a wrong and inadmissible basis, in the absence of data from which to allow any special damages for detention to which he may be entitled, this court can only require a remittitur of all in excess of lawful interest from the date when the property was taken. Whether future profits reasonably to be anticipated under the contract might not be taken into consideration in determining the amount of defendant’s interest by way of agister’s lien, we need not consider, since the instructions and verdict do not proceed upon that idea, nor was the element in question considered or sought to be considered in that connection.

We have not overlooked in this connection an argument made on behalf of the defendant that since the record shows that by leave of court the answer was amended by interlineation at the trial, and the answer set forth in the record is merely stated to have been filed prior to the trial, there is no means of knowing what the amendments were, and they should be presumed to be sufficient to sustain the dámages in question.' The order allowing the interlineation does not specify its nature, but the clerk certifies that the transcript is full and complete and contains the answer of the defendant. This raises a presumption that it contains the interlineation. City of Topeka v. Dupree, 8 Kan. App., 286, 55 Pac. Rep., 511. If it does not, defendant might and should have supplied the missing portions by suggestion of diminution. Moreover, due objection was made to the evidence, instructions and verdict with respect to these damages, and no additions or amendments which might have been made to the answer would have enabled the defendant to prove any items of damage which were not already provable under his general denial.

As the error in the assessment of damages is curable by remittitur, without a new trial, it becomes necessary to examine the other errors assigned. These relate to the form of the verdict, to rulings npon evidence, and to the charge of the court. The verdict finds the right of possession in the defendant, finds the value of the property, finds that the defendant has a special ownership and interest and the value thereof, and assesses damages for detention. The form is clearly' unobjectionable, and the evidence showed an agister’s lien for the agreed compensation under the contract, which is sufficient basis for the finding of special ownership. The repeated rulings of this court that proof of lien or special ownership will not support a finding of general ownership are not in point.' True, the statute directs the jury to find whether the defendant has the right of property or the right of possession only. But as special property means right of possession coupled with a limited or qualified interest, the substance of the statutory requirement was complied with/ Counsel contend, however, that an agister’s lien existed only as to certain of the sheep subsequently delivered to be kept at an agreed price in money. The statute providing for an agister’s lien does make use of the words “contract price,” and the word “price” in ordinary parlance undoubtedly refers to money. But this is not controlling. Contracts like the one in question have always been considered agistment contracts equally with those where a money compensation was agreed on. Bass v. Pierce, 16 Barb. [N. Y.], 595. The reason of the law extends to all contracts of agistment, whether for money or some other valuable consideration, and the Avords in the context, “procure, contract Avith or hire,” indicate no intention to restrict the benefit of the statute to agisters for a money consideration. Moreover, the word “price” does not invariably refer to money, but may mean reward or compensation generally. In Hudson Iron Co. v. Alger, 54 N. Y., 173, the court said: “It is said further, that the words ‘price’ and ‘vendee’ used in tin-statute imply a sale for money. It is true that ‘price’ generally means the sum of money Avhiclx an article is sold for; but this is simply because property is generally sold for money, not because the word has necessarily such a restricted meaning/ * * * The Latin word from AAhich price is derived, sometimes means ‘reAvard,’ ‘value,’ ‘estimation,’ ‘equivalent,’ and Webster shows that it is sometimes used in the same sense; and I can not doubt that it Avas used in this statute in the sense of ‘value’ or ‘compensation.’'There is just as much reason for applying the rule of the statute to this case as to one where the sale was for a money price; andv it is right to assume that congress meant to apply the rule to every case wholly Avithin the reason of the rule, unless the language used clearly forbids it.” In an English statute the word “price” received a like construction in a connection Arery like that here in question. London & Yorkshire Bank v. Belton, 15 Q. B. Div. [Eng.], 457. It is no reason for denying the protection of the statute to this contract, that the compensation was to be made out of the wool and the increase of the flock, and not in money.

Error in the rulings upon evidence is assigned, in that the court excluded all evidence with reference to the arbitration clause in the contract and a demand by the plaintiffs for arbitration, and also rejected an offer to prove tender of the compensation due under the contract prior to suit. These rulings were correct. 'Whatever distinction may be made elsewhere between arbitration generally and arbitration as to damages only* it is well settled in this state that a provision in a contract requiring arbitration, whether of all disputes arising under the contract, or only of the amount of loss or damage sustained by the parties thereto, will not be enforced, and that refusal to arbitrate is not available to the parties in an action growing out of the contract. National Masonic Accident Ass’n v. Burr, 44 Nebr., 256, 268. The alleged tender, which was in writing, was not an absolute and unconditional offer, and hence was ineffectual and rightly excluded. Te Poel v. Shutt, 57 Nebr., 592.

Other assignments relate to the admission of testimony with respect to statements and representations made to the defendant prior to the contract with reference to the kind and condition of the sheep that were to be delivered. This testimony appears to have been immaterial, and without correction by the trial court might have been prejudicial. But the court clearly and explicitly withdrew this testimony from the jury in the charge, and directed them not to consider any conversations or statements made prior to the contract, but to be governed solely by its terms. The advisability of admitting immaterial and possibly .prejudicial matter and afterwards withdrawing it by instruction is open to grave doubt; but in the case at bar it was necessary to go into the kind, quality and condition of the sheep before they were taken by the defendant, since their condition at that time bore directly upon the causes of their condition at the time suit was brought, charged by plaintiffs to be due to improper care and handling by defendant. The immaterial testimony was so closely connected with and difficult to separate from testimony of the same witnesses going to material and important issues, that we think any error in its admission was cured by the instruction referred to. American Fire Ins. Co. v. Landfare, 56 Nebr., 482; Darner v. Daggett, 55 Nebr., 198. Complaint is also made that the court permitted one of the plaintiffs to be cross-examined as to losses in other flocks taken from the same original lot of sheep as those delivered to the defendant under his contract. The witness had given testimony tending to show that a large number of the sheep Avere lost and that such losses were due to improper handling by defendant. His testimony was largely in the nature of expert opinion, as to which a considerable latitude upon cross-examination is alAvays allowable. Whatever tended naturally to sIioav the improbability of his conclusions or to throw doubt upon his statements in the examination-in-chief was admissible; and the fact that losses had occurred also in other flocks taken from the same original lot might tend to show that the original condition of the animals, which was a matter of dispute, was chargeable with all or a portion of the loss. The rejection of evidence tending to shoAV that defendant mortgaged the sheep is the basis of another assignment of error. But the facts as to such mortgage Avere aftenvards fully proved in another way, so that the error, if any, Avas without prejudice. Missouri P. R. Co. v. Fox, 60 Nebr., 531. Tavo further alleged errors in rulings on evidence remain to be considered. The rejection of evidence as to losses among the sheep replevied after they Avere taken under the Avrit Avas proper, because no offer was made to prove any connection betAveen such subsequent losses and the defendant’s care or AArant of care Avhile he had possession. A large number of separate letters Avere offered and excluded, and the rulings on all of them are assigned as one error; several being palpably irrelevant, no question for review is raised as to the others.

The charge of the court, so far as it relates to the damages recoverable, has been considered already. Apart from its failure to define accurately Avliat is meant by damages for detention, it is not open to criticism, and sufficiently coArered the points raised in the instructions tendered by plaintiffs. The most serious of the errors assigned as to the instructions is that they do not make any distinction betAveen the sheep delivered under the original contract and those subsequently delivered under distinct agreements of a different character. But the instructions requested by the plaintiffs are open to the same objection. No point seems to have been made in the instructions offered as to the difference in the contracts under which the sheep were taken at various times, and hence the court committed no error in framing his instructions upon the same theory as that adopted by counsel in their requests. American Fire Ins. Co. v. Landfare, 56 Nebr., 482; Missouri P. R. Co. v. Fox, 60 Nebr., 531.

Note. — Agister, agistor or, perhaps more properly, agistator, was the ancient official title oí the guardian of the cattle pastured for a stipulated sum in the king’s forest. He collected the money paid for them. EncyclopEedic Dictionary. In the absence of any statute upon the subject, an agister’s lien exists only in the absence of credit extended by the surrender of physical possession. Qrirmell v. Ooolt, 3 Hill [N. Y.], 485, 492, 493, and authorities therein cited.— Reporter.

Misconduct of the jury is also charged, but review of the evidence satisfies us that the finding of the trial judge to the contrary was correct.

Apart from the assessment of excessive damages for detention, we find no prejudicial error. It is therefore recommended that in case the defendant, within thirty days from the filing hereof, remit all damages awarded him for detention of the property in controversy in excess of lawful interest upon the value of his interest from the date of the taking, the judgment be affirmed; otherwise, to be reversed and the cause remanded for a new trial.

Sedgwick and Oldham, CO., concur. By the Court:

For the reasons stated in the foregoing opinion it is hereby ordered that if the defendant, within thirty days from the filing hereof, remit all damages awarded him for detention of the property in controversy in excess of lawful interest upon the value of his interest from the date of the taking, the judgment be affirmed; otherwise, to be reversed and the cause remanded for a new trial.

Judgment accordingly.