190 P. 846 | Cal. Ct. App. | 1920
Lead Opinion
Plaintiff appeals from a judgment in favor of defendants in an action for damages for personal injuries sustained by plaintiff while in the employ of the defendants. Plaintiff chose to avail himself of section 12 (b) of the Workmen's Compensation, Insurance and Safety Act, as amended in 1915 (Stats. 1915, p. 1081), and effective at the time of the injury and waived compensation under the act. Section 12 then provided that, when conditions of compensation existed, the right to recover pursuant to the provisions of the act should be the exclusive remedy against the employer "except that when the injury was caused by the employer's gross negligence or willful misconduct and such act or failure to act causing such injury . . . indicated a willful disregard of the life, limb or bodily safety of employees, any such injured employee may, at his option, either claim compensation under this act or maintain an action at law for damages." The complaint alleged that the accident was the result of the gross negligence of the defendants in failing to properly equip a jointer machine upon which plaintiff was employed with the necessary safety appliances, and also that it was the result of the willful disregard of the life, limb, and bodily safety of the plaintiff on the part of said defendants in refusing and neglecting to equip said machine with such safety appliances. It was also alleged that the cylinder head and guard was a necessary equipment and part of said machine to prevent the operator thereof from coming in contact with the knife and mangle. These allegations were all denied by the answer, *442 and the court found that the defendants were not guilty of gross negligence nor of a willful disregard of the life, limb, or bodily safety of the plaintiff in refusing to equip said machine with such safety appliances, and also that such safety appliances were not at the time a necessary equipment to prevent the operator thereof from coming in contact with the knife or mangle of the machine. It was also found, in accordance with the allegations of the answer, that plaintiff was thoroughly familiar with the workings and the danger incident to the use of the machine. The appeal is confined solely to an attack upon that portion of the findings which negative gross negligence on the part of the defendants.
The facts material to the opinion are that plaintiff had been in the employ of defendants for some five months prior to the accident and had become thoroughly familiar with the machine upon which he received the injury. He was an experienced operator and had worked for many years on machines of this nature, some of which had guards or safety devices, others had not. On July 20, 1917, five days prior to the date of the injury, an employee of the Industrial Accident Commission notified defendants that the machine should be equipped with a safety device, and acting upon such notice the defendants placed an order for such equipment, which, however, had not been received at the time of the injury. In this connection one of the defendants testified that they had not been notified prior to the 20th of July to equip the machine with a safety device and that it was impossible to obtain one within the five days.
The theory of appellant is, that the failure of respondents to comply with the general order of the Industrial Accident Commission relating to the equipment of similar machines with safety devices, after having been personally instructed so to do in this instance by one of the employees of the commission, constitutes gross negligence entitling appellant to recover in this case. The argument in this connection is based upon a misunderstanding of the record, in that the record fails to disclose that any general order of the Industrial Accident Commission was offered or received in evidence. [1] In the briefs it is argued that a certain general order of the commission required the equipment of similar machines with cylindrical cutter heads, but this *443 order was not offered in evidence and, though it may have been referred to in argument before the trial judge, it is not such a matter as can be given judicial notice. Thus the argument of appellant resolves itself into this, that the failure of defendants to equip the machine with safety devices immediately upon the direction of the employee of the Industrial Accident Commission constitutes gross negligence on their part. In his opening brief it is said: "We would not be understood as insinuating that violation of the statute in itself constituted 'gross negligence.' That is not our position here."
[2] If the violation of a statute in itself does not constitute gross negligence (and there is respectable authority to that effect, though in reserving decision upon that point in an order denying a hearing after judgment in the district court of appeal of the second district in Helme v. Great WesternMilling Co.,
[6] Furthermore, appellant having waived his right to compensation afforded him by the Workmen's Compensation, Insurance and Safety Act and chosen to proceed in this action at law for damages, it was incumbent upon him to prove that the injury resulted both from the gross negligence (or willful misconduct) of respondents and from the willful disregard of the life, limb, or bodily safety of appellant. [7] The willful disregard of the safety of an employee means something more than mere negligence or carelessness. To willfully disregard the safety of an employee is to intentionally do or fail to do something which contributes to the injury, having actual knowledge of the perils incident thereto, or having what in law is equivalent to such actual knowledge. The trial court found that respondents did not know that the machine was dangerous to operate without a safety device, and this finding is not attacked. Such being the case, the willful disregard of life, limb, or bodily safety, which is a necessary element to recovery in an action of this nature, was not shown.
The judgment is affirmed.
Concurrence Opinion
A petition to have the cause heard in the supreme court, after judgment in the district court of appeal, was denied by the supreme court on July 8, 1920.
All the Justices concurred, except Wilbur, J., and Lennon, J., who were absent. *445