This case comes to us from the United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit, pursuant to the Maryland Uniform Certification of Questions of Law Act, Maryland Code (1974, 1995 Repl.Yol.), Courts & Judicial Proceedings Article, §§ 12-601 through 12-609 and Maryland Rule 8-305. We are called on to decide whether a circuit court order “opening” a confessed judgment pursuant to Md.Rule 2-611(d) affects the status of the judgment lien derived from that confessed judgment. We hold that opening a confessed judgment does not affect the judgment lien.
I.
The material facts in this appeal are not disputed. The parties have adopted the following statement of facts from the opinion of the United States Bankruptcy Court for the District of Maryland:
“On March 22, 1991 Citizens Bank [of Maryland] obtained confessed judgments against [G. David Broyles and Emily E. Broyles,] [d]ebtors in the Circuit Court for Prince George’s County, Maryland in the amount of $859,928.88, including attorneys fees, based on their guarantees of certain corporate debts. Citizens Bank recorded the confessed judgments in the Circuit Court for Worcester County, Maryland on or before April 11,1991. [The Broyles] owned, as tenants by the entirety, a condominium unit in Ocean City, which is located in Worcester County. * * * After the confessed judgments were recorded in Worcester County, [the Broyles] were served on April 29, 1991 with notices of the entry of judgments by confession, as required by Maryland Rule 2-611(b).
By timely motion, [the Broyles] moved to vacate the confessed judgments pursuant to Maryland Rule 2—611(c). The Circuit Court for Prince George’s County denied [the] motion to vacate, and [the Broyles] appealed. On April 10, 1992, the Court of Special Appeals of Maryland entered its opinion reversing and remanding. EMI Excavation [] v. Citizens Bank[],91 Md.App. 340 ,604 A.2d 518 [, cert. denied,327 Md. 523 ,610 A.2d 796 ] (1992).
On remand, the Circuit Court for Prince George’s County, entered the following order on November 12, 1992, dated November 4,1992[:]
‘ORDERED, that the confessed judgments entered against the Defendants herein be, and hereby are opened so that there can be a hearing on the merits of the Plaintiffs claims and the Defendants’ defenses. (Emphasis supplied.)’
During the pendency of the appeal, [the Broyles] had filed petitions for relief under Chapter 7 of the Bankruptcy Code. [11 U.S.C. § 101 et seq.] G. David Broyles filed a petition on January 7,1992, and Emily E. Broyles filed a petition on April 20, 1992. The two cases were substantively consolidated in August, 1992.”
After the filing of the Broyles’ bankruptcy petitions, Citizens Bank sought to proceed with its confessed judgment action against the Broyles in the circuit court
“Pursuant to Maryland Rule 2-611(d), what is the effect on the lien status of a confessed judgment when the state court ‘opens’ the judgment for a hearing on the merits without affirmatively stating that the judgment lien is preserved. Subsumed within this question the [C]ourt may consider:
(1) whether pursuant to Maryland Rule 2-611(d) the order of the Circuit Court for Prince George’s County in which the court ‘opened’ the confessed judgment in favor of Citizens Bank destroys or affects the priority status of the prepetition lien of the confessed judgment;
(2) whether the prepetition lien status was preserved or destroyed or affected in any other manner pending the state court’s disposition of the matter; and,
(3) whether the state court’s order must include explanatory language or precautionary conditions to preserve the lien status of the confessed judgment.”
A.
A confession of judgment clause in a debt instrument is a device designed to facilitate collection of a debt. It is a provision by which debtors agree to the entry of judgment against them without the benefit of a trial in the event of default on the debt instrument. Paul V. Niemeyer and Linda M. Schuett, Maryland Rules Commentary, at 464 (2d ed. 1992). As a general rule, a judgment by confession is “entitled to the same faith and credit, as any other judgment.”
Keiner v. Commerce Trust Co.,
Rule 2-611 governs the procedure for confessed judgments in Maryland. Judgment by confession may be entered by the circuit court clerk upon the filing of a complaint accompanied by the original or a copy of the instrument authorizing the confessed judgment and an affidavit specifying the amount due and stating the address of the defendant. Md. Rule 2-611(a). Upon entry of a judgment by confession, the clerk is required to notify the defendant of the entry of judgment and of the deadline for filing a motion to “open, modify or vacate” the judgment. Md.Rule 2-611(b).
If the defendant so moves, the circuit court must determine whether there is a “substantial and sufficient basis for an actual controversy as to the merits of the action.” Md.Rule 2—611(d). In other words, the court must determine whether the defendant has a potentially meritorious defense to the confessed
B.
In the instant case, Citizens Bank obtained confessed judgments against the Broyles in the Circuit Court for Prince George’s County for $859,928.88 on March 22, 1991. Citizens Bank then recorded the confessed judgments in the Circuit Court for Worcester County, where the Broyles owned their condominium. By recording the judgments in Worcester County, the bank obtained a lien on the condominium. See Md.Rule 2-621(b) (“[A] money judgment that is recorded and indexed pursuant to Rule 2-623(a) constitutes a lien ... in the amount of the judgment ... on the defendant’s interest in land located in the county of recording.”); see also Md.Code (1974, 1995 Repl.Vol.), Courts & Judicial Proceedings Art., § ll-402(c); Md.Rule 2-628(a).
On November 12, 1992, pursuant to Md.Rule 2-611(d), the Circuit Court for Prince George’s County ordered that the March 22, 1991 confessed judgments be “opened” to allow a hearing on the merits of the confessed judgment complaint. The question before us is whether that November 12, 1992 circuit court order preserved the judgment lien held by Citizens Bank on the Broyles’ condominium pending a hearing on the merits, or whether the order effectively destroyed the lien. The Trustee argues that the circuit court order opening the confessed judgment destroyed the lien because it did not include “express affirmative language or precautionary conditions” preserving the judgment lien. Citizens Bank, on the other hand, asserts that such language is unnecessary to preserve the lien when a confessed judgment is opened pursuant to Rule 2-611(d). We agree with the Bank that opening a confessed judgment does not destroy the judgment lien.
Our analysis begins with the language of Rule 2-611(d), which provides:
“Disposition of Motion.—If the court finds that there is a substantial and sufficient basis for an actual controversy as to the merits of the action, the court shall order the judgment by confession opened, modified, or vacated and permit the defendant to file a responsive pleading.” (Emphasis added).
The rule provides the circuit court with three options. Pending a determination of the merits of the debtor’s defenses, the court may either (1) open, (2) modify,
or
(3) vacate the confessed judgment. The use of the disjunctive term “or” in the rule indicates that each of these three options has a different effect on the status of the judgment.
See In re John R.,
In a well-reasoned and thoroughly-researched opinion, the bankruptcy court concluded that an order vacating a confessed judgment destroys the judgment lien, but an order opening a confessed judgment does not. The court explained:
“Vacate and open have different meanings.... As applicable here, vacate means to annul, to make void, or to deprive of validity. The sense of open, on the other hand, is to recall or set aside, so as to permit reexamination on the merits and farther action. * * * If opening and vacating the judgment operated the same, i.e. to destroy the judgment lien, the [r]ule need only have designated one term or the other.
Black’s Law Dictionary 1388 (5th ed.1979) includes the following definition of vacate:
‘To annul; to set aside; to cancel or rescind. To render an act void; as, to vacate an entry of record, or a judgment. [* * *]’
By contrast, the definition of open in the context of a judgment is defined as follows:
‘Open a judgment. To lift or relax the bar of finality and conclusiveness whichit imposes so as to permit a reexamination of the merits of the action in which it was rendered. This is done at the instance of a party showing good cause why the execution of the judgment would be inequitable. It so far annuls the judgment as to prevent its enforcement until the final determination upon it.
[Black’s Law Dictionary,] at 983.
* # * * * *
The term vacate implies destruction, but the term open does not. Open merely allows reconsideration. Therefore, in giving independent effect to the terms vacated and opened'as used in Maryland Rule 2—611(d), so as not to render either term surplusage, vacated means that the judgment is canceled and consequently a dependent judgment lien is destroyed. On the other hand, opened means that the judgment continues to exist and is not destroyed; rather it is set aside to allow the judgment to be examined. * * * Express language is not required to continue a judgment lien when a confessed judgment is opened, as contrasted to vacated, although express language may be included to clarify the court’s intent or to place conditions on continuation of a judgment lien.” (Citations omitted).
In re Broyles,
In
Williams v. Johnson,
In 1972, the year after Williams was decided by this Court, Rule 645 was amended and a new section added to the rule. The minutes of a Rules Committee meeting preceding the change in the rule reveals that the amendment was intended to codify the Williams holding. The minutes indicate:
“There was lengthy discussion on the distinctions between final judgment, judgment absolute, and judgment nisi as well as the nuances of opening judgment as opposed to vacating judgment. It was suggested that proposed subsection d of Rule 645 was in effect a summary of the ruling in Williams.... ” (Emphasis added.)
Minutes, Court of Appeals Standing Committee on Rules of Practice and Procedure, at 13 (Dec. 3, 1971). By incorporating Williams into Rule 645, this Court intended to incorporate the mandate from that case, that an opened judgment contin ues as valid unless vacated. We have made additional changes to the rule in subsequent revisions, but present Rule 2-611(d) is similar to the version intended to adopt the Williams holding.
We reject the Trustee’s contention that opening a confessed judgment destroys the validity of the underlying judgment lien unless the court order contains express affirmative language preserving the judgment. To the contrary, this Court’s mandate in
Williams
makes clear that an opened judgment remains in effect
unless expressly vacated.
To adopt the Trustee’s interpretation would require us to conclude that there is no functional distinction between opening the judgment and vacating it. As the bankruptcy court pointed out, such an interpretation would contravene the basic rule of statutory construction that a statute should be construed so that no word is rendered superfluous
Hence, in answer to the certified question, we hold that a judgment lien remains valid when a court “opens” a confessed judgment for a hearing on the merits pursuant to Rule 2-611(d) and the priority status of the judgment lien is not affected by the opening. Further, we hold that no affirmative language is necessary to preserve the lien when a confessed judgment is opened.
CERTIFIED QUESTIONS ANSWERED AS SET FORTH ABOVE. COSTS TO BE PAID BY APPELLANT.
Notes
. The "automatic stay” imposed by 11 U.S.C. § 362 (1994) bars creditors from enforcing judgments against debtors who have filed for bankruptcy protection. See § 362(a)(2). A creditor may file a motion seeking relief from the automatic stay to allow the creditor to enforce the judgment. See § 362(d).