Schlossberg v. Abell (In re Abell)Schlossberg v. Abell (In re Abell)
MEMORANDUM OF DECISION RESOLVING MOTIONS TO DISMISS
Rоger Schlossberg, the Chapter 11 trustee, filed a 118-page. amended complaint alleging that the debtor Vincent L. Abell, his wife Marta Bertola, and numerous related parties and entities, engaged in a massive real estate arid asset concealment scheme to hide millions of dollars of assets from the debtor’s creditors and the court. The amended complaint, as filed, named 44 defendants and included 43 counts for relief against the debtor and various defendants.
(1) Caniss Construction, Inc., and Cristi-no Gonzalez (ECF 11);
(2) Marta Bertola, Phoenix Real Estate 2, LLC, Modem Management Company Employee Benefit Trust, Phoenix Real Estate 2 LLC Employee Benefit Trust, and Columbia Security, LLC (ECF 21);
(3) Vincent L. Abell, Phoenix Real Estate, LLC, Modern Management Company, .107 47th Street Builders, LLC, 1828 18th Street, LLC, 2103 Suitland Terrace, LLC, 277 New-comb Street, LLC, 1311 T LLC, 2925 26th Street Builders, LLC, 3514 13th Street, LLC, 3750 Bel Pre Builders,' LLC,1 5118 Hanna, LLC, 6014 - Prince George Street, LLC, 2926' Partnership, and Aabama Builders, LLC (ECF 24);
(4) Maria Antonopoulos, Fela Bertola, American Trust, LLC, V.L.A., a minor child, Bronte Abell, Aexandra Abell, and Christian Abell (ECF 25); and
(5) Maria Maya (ECF 29).
For the reasons set forth here, the court will deny.the motions to dismiss as to Counts 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9,19, 20, 21, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, and 43 and grant the motions to dismiss as to Counts 32 and 33. While the court is denying the motions to dismiss Count 36 to the extent it seeks disallow-
I. Facts as Alleged in the Amended Complaint
The following pertinent facts are alleged in the amended complaint and are assumed to be true for purposes of the motions to dismiss.
A. Background
On March 5, 2013, Vincent L. Abell (hereinafter “Mr. Abell”) filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy relief. Post-petition, Mr. Abell operated his real estate business and managed his personal affairs as a debtor-in-possession pursuant to §§ 1107 and 1108. Upon motions filed by the United States Trustee and creditor Maria Wilson, and with the consent of Mr. Abell, the court ordered the appointment of a Chapter 11 trustee. On September 19, 2013, the court approved the appointment of Roger Schlossberg as trustee (the “Trustee”).
The events giving rise to the bankruptcy and this adversary proceeding can be traced back several years. Prior to filing for Chapter 11 protection, Mr. Abell was engaged in the real estate business, specifically, buying, selling, and leasing residential properties. Mr. Abell, along with his associates, engineered a mortgage rescue scam to dupe vulnerable and elderly individuals out of their homes. He pretended to help those who fell behind on their mortgage payments. Mr. Abell would convince his victims that he would pay off their outstanding mortgages in exchange for their promise to repay him. However, the documents memorializing the proposed loans were predominantly illegitimate, and instead of signing promissory notes, Mr. Abell’s victims unwittingly deeded their homes over to him. Once Mr. Abell held his victims’ deeds, he would further abuse their desperate financial position and create a landlord-tenant relationship. The rental amounts were set high so that most individuals could not afford the monthly payments, and upon default, Mr. Abell would evict his victims and either re-lease or sell the homes for a profit.
Marta Bertola (hereinafter “Ms. Berto-la”) is Mr. Abell’s estranged wife, and is the lead actor in his purported fraudulent plots. ECF 7 at ¶ 126. As Mr. Abell’s former lawyer, notary public, and licensed real estate agent, Ms. Bertola represented him in numerous transactions, and she witnessed and notarized numerous deeds and other legal documents that Mr. Abell used to fraudulently transfer properties to various entities or close associates. Id. at ¶129. She has assisted in preparing a variety of documents in connection to the transfers of property, including, “the creation and recordation of many of the false deeds, deeds of trust, and other sham instruments intended to deceive and perpetuate false and misleading information concerning the ownership of Abell’s companies and properties.” Id. at ¶ 132. She also prepared land instrument intake sheets in connection with the recording of deeds, in which she knowingly included false consideration amounts. On numerous occasions she prepared lease documents involved in Mr. Abell’s mortgage rescue scam. She has also admitted to altering deeds and at least one HUD-1 after the documents were signed, including adding the amount of consideration and challenging the amount of reinstatement figures. Id.
After Ms. Wilson obtained the judgment, she attempted to obtain post-judgment discovery in aid of enforcement. Mr. Abell inimieally thwarted her efforts by refusing to answer basic questions about his assets and entities and by refusing to provide information about the extent of his holdings. Since the judgment, Mr. Abell has concealed from his creditors and the bankruptcy estate his assets and obstructed any efforts by his creditors to collect on their judgment. As a result of Mr. Abell’s refusal to cooperate in discovery and turnover of assets and records, and given the complexity of Mr. Abell’s fraud, the full scope of his assets and fraud is not yet known.
B. Scheme to Evade Creditors
To evade his judgment creditors and other victims who were pursuing him for his fraud, Mr. Abell concocted a two-fold scheme to avoid repaying his creditors: (1) orchestrating sham transactions to hide his assets and the nature of the true ownership; and (2) defrauding the bankruptcy court.
Mr. Abell engaged in various sham transactions with friends and family members to hide his assets to the detriment of his creditors and the bankruptcy estate while retaining his equity. He employed eight types of schemes: (a) creating sham transfers of property or corporate interests to friends and family members for no consideration and with little or no supporting documentation or recordation; (b) creating more than 100 limited liability companies, which in turn own hundreds of properties; (c) designating his friends and family members, on paper, as members of the LLCs or as property owners, when in fact Mr. Abell is the true beneficial owner of the interests and his friends and family are merely nominal owners; (d) opening multiple bank accounts, so called “escrow” accounts and purported “employee benefit trusts” to launder funds; (e) creating sham hens that are purportedly held by family and friends on properties as security for non-existent loans; (f) directing that income from the sale of assets be tunneled away from himself and, instead, to others to hold in secret for him; (g) abusing the corporate and LLC form, and ignoring corporate formalities; and (h) attempting to use the “tenants by the entirety” form of titling assets as a way to cut off his creditors from his assets. Id. at ¶ 75. The amended complaint identifies over 200 entities that Mr. Abell purportedly maintains a secret interest in, and the list of entities was appended in a spreadsheet attached and labeled as Exhibit l.
1. Modem Management and Phoenix Real Estate (the “Phoenix Transfer”)
Mr. Abell, as the sole owner of Modem Management, used this company and its purported successors to acquire and control hundreds of rental properties and evade paying creditors. Shortly after Ms.
Ms. Bertola assisted Mr. Abell in perpetrating this scam, and she represented both Modem Management and the Phoenix entities in connection with the litigation filed against them. Id. at ¶¶ 127-128. She also prepared the lease documents used by these entities in the mortgage rescue scam. As the current sole owner of Phoenix 2, she receives tens of thousands of dollars in rent checks each month from the properties that comprise the Phoenix 2 portfolio. The funds received, instead of being paid into the bankruptcy estate, have been disbursed to numerous other people and entities. Id. at ¶ 131.
2. Phony conveyances and transfers of property for no consideration
In an effort to conceal assets from his creditors Mr. Abell directed, and continues to direct, that substantial revenues and income generated from concealed assets be conveyed to others including Ms. Bertola, Phoenix 2, and another entity, American Trust, LLC (“American Trust”). The transfers also occurred within three years of Mr. Abell’s bankruptcy petition. Additionally, most of the purported transfers have occurred without consideration and were made strictly for the purpose of avoiding the claims of creditors, and they occurred after Ms. Wilson obtained her judgment against Mr. Abell in 2007.
Despite not having any equity interest in the properties or other assets, the many defendants named in the amended complaint have received rental payments from properties owned by Mr. Abell. Such payments have been deposited into the bank accounts of Phoenix 2, and then distributed to other various defendants. Id. at ¶¶ 161-162. Rent payments from 1776 Lyman Place, NE, 1925 Valley Terrace, SE, and 636 14th Place, NE have been paid to defendants American Trust and Phoenix 2 even though those entities are not entitled to receive the rental income. Rents received from other properties, owned by Mr. Abell, have also been deposited into bank accounts in the name of Phoenix and then disbursed to other defendants.
Ms. Bertola also played an integral role in this part of the scheme. Many of the documents prepared by Ms. Bertola show a transfer of ownership to herself or to her and Mr. Abell as tenants by the entirety. One such transfer occurred two weeks after Ms. Wilson obtained her judgment. Mr. Abell transferred a piece of property located at 3549 Bruton Parish Way in Silver Spring, Maryland, to Ms. Bertola for no consideration, and she went on to sell that property to a third party for $325,000. Id. at ¶ 133. This was not an isolated
3. Phony loans and, deeds of trust liens
To obscure Mr. Abell’s interest in properties, phony deeds of trust were created and filed. These deeds of trust indicated that Mr. Abell received more than $2,640,000 in loans from family members and business associates.
Ms. Bertola also created phony deeds of trust that listed her mother as the beneficiary. Id, at ¶ 139.
4. Fraudulent Enterprise through . Limited -Liability Companies
Mr. Abell amassed a real estate portfolio in the name of his numerous companies and in the name of individually held properties. His companies include Modem Management, Phoenix 1, Phoenix 2, and American Trust, and the entities that are listed in Exhibit. 1 of the amended complaint. He-maintains an interest in these companies or properties in one of four ways: (i) he acquired or holds them directly as an individual; (ii) he acquired or holds them through a limited liability company that he owns; (iii) he acquired or holds them along with his wife, Ms. Berto-la, as tenants-by-the-entirety; or (iv) he acquired them or holds them through limited liability companies purportedly owned by people other than himself. Id, at ¶.79. The hundreds of entities created and controlled, by Mr. Abell are structured to benefit him, and regardless of whose name is on a deed to real property, associated with a trust or designated as the owner of a company, Mr. Abell maintains a beneficial secret interest and is acting as the puppet master.
Despite having an interest in numerous corporations and limited liability companies, Mr. Abell acknowledged at his meeting of creditors that he generally disregarded any notion of corporate formality. Id. at ¶ 77. Mr. Abell also did not have a personal bank account in the last five years before the bankruptcy and instead used money, from his management company’s “escrow account” to pay his expenses. Id.
Mr. Abell employed Ms. Bertola, Fela Bertola (“Ms. Fela Bertola”), and Maria
a. Modem Management Employee Benefit Trust
Mr. Abell and Ms. Bertola also used a Maryland corporation, Asset Lending Corporation, to hide Mr. Abell’s ownership of 321 18th Street. Mr. Abell caused Asset Lending to transfer 321 18th Street to Modern Management Employee Benefit Trust (“MM-EBT”) for no consideration, and then Ms. Bertola recorded a loan of $809,000 in the name of Asset Lending in order to encumber the property MM-EBT had been deeded by Mr. Abell. Id. at ¶¶ 102-106.
b. American Trust
American Trust is a limited liability company that Mr. Abell used to hide assets and was the predecessor to Asset Lending. Id. at ¶ 111. Mr. Abell established Asset Lending by reviving a forfeited company, University Leasing, which was founded in 1961, but by 1986, had forfeited its corporate status. Id. at ¶ 90. In March 1988, Mr. Abell was listed as the sole owner and shareholder of University Leasing, which had become known as American Trust Company. On March 9, 1988, Mr. Abell filed Articles of Revival on behalf of University Leasing and formally changed the name to American Trust, with himself as resident agent. Id. Mr. Abell eventually changed the name of the company from American Trust to Asset Lending.
The documents establishing American Trust, dated July 14, 2004, list each of Mr. Abell’s children as 25% owner of American Trust and Mr. Abell as the permanent general member. ECF 25-1. Subsequently, on March 28, 2014, Mr. Abell officially resigned, effective November 18, 2013, from the position and Ms. Bertola became the new managing member. ECF 25-2. Despite what the documents state, Mr. Abell continues to be the true beneficial owner of American Trust and operates it as an extension of his other businesses. ECF 7 at ¶¶ 111-112.
Mr. Abell has utilized American Trust to sell properties which he owns and then to borrow the proceeds from the sale. Specifically, Mr. Abell purported to convey property located at 6425 14th Street to American Trust, although no documentation exists from this transfer. Id. at ¶ 113. The property was sold for approximately $3,000,000 in 2008, but none of the funds remained with American Trust. Instead, American Trust loaned Mr. Abell all of the proceeds less $500,000, which was distributed to a title company. Id. Ms. Bertola stated that “Abell probably removed the funds so that Wilson and her attorney couldn’t get them hands on it.” Id. at ¶ 114. In addition to borrowing funds from American Trust, Mr. Abell used its funds to pay his judgment bond in the Wilson case. Id. at ¶ 115.
Mr. Gonzalez is the purported owner of Caniss Construction (“Caniss”), which filеd a proof of claim in the bankruptcy case for $92,342.94 for construction, remodeling, and renovation services rendered to Mr. Abell’s properties. In fact, Mr. Abell controls Caniss and is the true owner. He transferred at least $700,000 to Caniss in wire transfers since 2008 for work ostensibly done on his properties. In addition to the proof of claim filed by Caniss, Mr. Gonzalez filed a proof of claim for an alleged personal loan that he made to Mr. Abeh for $75,000.
5. Post-petition fraud and deception
Mr. Abell has continued his fraudulent scheme even after filing for bankruptcy. He has put millions of dollars of assets and income from his real estate empire out of the bankruptcy court’s reach. In his schedules, he either failed to schedule or misrepresented the nature of his interest in the hundreds of properties and companies included in Exhibit 1 of the amended complaint. These are the assets that Mr. Abell retains a secret beneficial interest, and they are not listed in his Statement of Financial Affairs or in the bankruptcy schedules.
Concealed assets, not yet included in the bankruptcy estate, include Mr. Abell’s ownership interest in Phoenix 2, which generates substantial rental revenues that are being diverted away from the bankruptcy estate. Through Phoenix 2, Mr. Abell obscured his true ownership interest in property located at 636 14th Place, NE, Washington, D.C. While Mr. Abell represented in Schedule A that this property was transferred from himself to American Trust for the benefit of his children, the lease documents recognize Phoenix 2 as the landlord’s agent. Mr. Abell even directed the tenant to make rent payments to American Trust and Phoenix 2. Id. at ¶ 151. Since Phoenix 2 is a mere continuation of Modem Management, any rent obtained from the new tenant should belong to the bankruptcy estate.
On March 20, 2014, the Trustee conducted a court approved auction sale of certain properties that were facially owned by Mr. Abell. Among the properties sold was 636 14th Place, NE, Washington, D.C. Despite the fact that American Trust owns the property, American Trust did not come forward to oppose the sale. Instead, Mr. Abell sent his father to bid on the property at the auction. Id. at ¶ 152.
To further insulate himself and his assets from creditors, Mr. Abell used funds from Asset Lending to purchase a $3 million judgment against himself and record the judgment in the name of Asset Lending in jurisdictions in which he holds property. Id. at ¶1¶ 95-100. Mr. Abell then caused Asset Lending to file a phony proof of claim in his bankruptcy case-based on the judgment to keеp up the illusion. Id. at ¶ 100. When convenient for Mr. Abell, Asset Lending has provided a partial release of the judgment so that Mr. Abell could sell properties “subject” to the purported judgment, free and clear.
Multiple defendants, including Ms. Ber-tola, American Trust, Columbia Security LLC (“Columbia Security”), Caniss, Mr. Gonzalez, Maria Antonopoulos (“Ms. Anto-nopoulos”), and Ms. Fela Bertola have filed sham or fraudulent proofs of claim against the estate, based upon the transactions entered into with Mr. Abell. Id. at ¶ 180. Phony proof of claims include the judgments against Mr. Abell in which he has obtained a full release, but which he had assigned over to him to trick creditors into believing that judgment liens exist on his real property. Notably, Ms. Bertola
6. Post-petition bankruptcy abuse
Mr. Abell listed in his amended schedules a Roth IRA and MM-EBT as exempt assets. Creditors filed objections to this exemption contending that MM-EBT and the Roth IRA were not established or operated in compliance with applicable law, and thus could not be claimed as exempt retirement funds. A scheduling order was entered setting dates for discovery and trial. Mr. Abell failed to produce requested records, and Ms. Wilson and the Trustee filed motions for sanctions under Fed. R.Civ.P. 37(d). At the hearing held on the motions for sanctions, Mr. Abell’s counsel argued that Ms. Bertola held control of all the pertinent records and because Mr. Abell was incarcerated he could not gain access to them. On February 18, 2014, the court granted the motions for sanctions, which Mr. Abell appealed for abuse of discretion. In that order, the court provided that MM-EBT was not established in compliance with applicable state or federal law and that it could not be exempt. On July 3, 2014, the district court affirmed this court’s decision. Mr. Abell noticed an appeal to the Fourth Circuit Court of Appeals, but Mr. Abell had not obtained a stay pending appeal. On March 2, 2015, the Fourth Circuit affirmed the district court.
II. Jurisdiction
This court has jurisdiction over this adversary proceeding pursuant to 28 U.S.C §§ 1334(b) and 157(b), and Local Rule 402 of the United States District Court for the District of Maryland. This adversary proceeding raises statutorily core claims under 28 U.S.C. §§ 157(b)(2)(A), (B), (C), (E), (G), (H), (J), and (K). To the extent the court lacks constitutional authority to hear any claims, see Stern v. Marshall,
III. Legal Standards
The defendants in this action аdvance multiple theories as to why claims should be dismissed, why certain paragraphs should be stricken, and why more definite statements are appropriate in this case. The following legal standards apply:
A. Fed.R.Civ.P. 12(b)(6)
The defendants seek to dismiss the amended complaint under Rule 12(b)(6), which applies in adversary proceedings pursuant to Fed. R. Bankr.P. 7012(b). “[T]he purpose of Rule 12(b)(6) is to test the sufficiency of a complaint and not to resolve contests surrounding the facts, the merits of a claim, or the applicability of defenses.” Presley v. City of Charlottesville,
To survive a motion to dismiss, a complaint must “contain sufficient factual matter, accepted as true, to state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.” Ashcroft v. Iqbal,
B. Fed.RCiv.P. 9(b)
Rule 9(b), which applies to adversary proceedings pursuant to Fed. R. Bankr.P. 7009(b), seeks to provide a defendant with sufficient and fair notice of a plaintiffs fraud claim in order to enable that defendant to defend him or herself. “In all averments of fraud or mistake, the circumstances constituting fraud or mistake shall be stated with particularity. Malice, intent, knowledge, and other conditions of mind of a person may be averred generally.” Fed.R.Civ.P. 9(b). >
The Fourth Circuit has found that to satisfy the Rule 9(b) pleading requirements, the complaint must identify with particularity “the time, place, and contents of the false representations, as well as the identity of the person making the misrepresentation and what he obtained thereby.” Harrison v. Westinghouse Savannah River Co.,
Despite the stringent standards of Rule 9(b), where the plaintiff is a bankruptcy trustee courts are inclined to relax, but not eliminate, the particularity requirement for pleading fraud. See In re Collins,
C. Fed.R.Civ.P. 12(f)
The defendants also ask this court to strike certain paragraphs
The court does not find any of the enumerated paragraphs to be so immaterial, impertinent, vituperative, or scandalous that as a matter of law they must be stricken. Therefore the court denies the Rule 12(f) motions and will not address them further.
IV. Discussion
The Trustee’s central allegation in the amended complaint is that Mr. Abell fraudulently concealed assets that belong to the bankruptcy estate. He alleges the assets were not truly conveyed and the documents that purport to show a conveyance are in fact shams. The amended complaint details that Mr. Abell has a secret beneficial interest in assets, real estate, and limited liability companies which are titled in the name of the various defendants. The Trustee stresses that the evi- ■ dence will show that Mr. Abell is the true owner, and requests that the court deny the motions to dismiss to permit this matter to go forward. Alternatively, the Trustee alleges the transfers should be avoided as fraudulent conveyances.
A. Declaratory Judgment — Counts 1, k, 7, and 39
Defendants Mr. Abell, Phoenix 1, Phoenix 2, Mr. Gonzalez, Ms. Bertola, American Trust, Columbia Security, Ms. Antonopou-los, and Ms. Fela Bertola move the court to dismiss the declaratory judgment claims against them in Counts 1, 4, 7, and 39. Counts 1, 4, and 7 seek a declaration that Phoenix 2, Phoenix 1, and American Trust, respectively, are property of.the estate. They also request a declaration that these entities and their assets are subject to liquidation by the Trustee for the benefit of creditors. Count 39 requests that any liens, claims or interests claimed by American Trust, Columbia Security, Mr. Gonzalez, Ms. Antonopoulos, Ms. Fela Bertola, and Ms. Bertola against Sale Properties Proceeds
The Declaratory Judgment Act of 1934, 28 U.S.C. § 2201, provides in pertinent part:
(a) In a case of. actual controversy within its jurisdiction ... any court of the United States, upon the filing of an appropriate pleading, may declare the rights and other legal relations of any interested party seeking such declaration, whether or not further relief is or could be sought. Any such declarationshall have the force and effect of a final judgment or decree and shall be reviewable as such.
28 U.S.C. § 2201. Three elements must be met to state a claim for declaratory judgment:
(1) the complaint alleges an actual controversy between the parties of sufficient immediacy and reality to warrant issuance of a declaratory judgment;
(2) the court possesses an independent basis for jurisdiction over the parties (e.g., federal question or diversity jurisdiction); and
(3) the court does not abuse its discretion in its exercise of jurisdiction.
Volvo Const. Equip. N. Am., Inc. v. CLM Equip. Co., Inc.,
According to a leading treatise, the purpose of a declaratory judgment is to provide a vehicle to adjudicate rights and obligations in cases involving actual controversies that may not be ripe or where a party has not filed suit yet:
It relieves potential defendants from the Damoclean threat of impending litigation which a harassing adversary might brandish, while initiating suit at his leisure-or never. It permits actual controversies to be settled before they ripen into violations of law or a breach of contractual duty and it helps avoid a multiplicity of action by affording and adequate, expedient, and inexpensive means for declaring in one action the rights and obligations of litigants.
10B Charles Alan Wright, et al., Fed. Prac. & Proc. Civ. § 2751 (3d ed.1998 and Supp.2014) (footnotes and internal quotations omitted); see Broadvox-CLEC, LLC v. AT & T Corp.,
The case of Walker v. Weese,
Defendants Mr. Abell, Phoenix 1, Phoenix 2, Mr. Gonzalez, Ms. Bertola, American Trust, Columbia Security, Ms. Antonopou-los, and Ms. Fela Bertola dispute that a declaratory judgment is an independent cause of action, and when considering the other non-supported forms of relief in the amended complaint, there could be nothing left for the court to declare in terms of the parties’ rights. They cite to Miller v. Pacific Shore Funding,
The fundamental difference between Miller and the case before this court is in the “underlying cause of action.” In Miller, the issue was whether the contract was void or voidable under Maryland law because the lender violated the statutes governing the loan. Here, the Trustee requests the court, in essence, to determine the ownership rights of the defendants in the assets at issue, which he contends are really owned by Mr. Abell. If the defendants do not own the assets at issue, then according to the Trustee, those assets are owned by Mr. Abell and should be declared property of the estate. Despite what the defendants contend, it is clear that the controversy — as required by the Declaratory Judgment Act and a necessary element of the claim as provided in Volvo — is the determination of ownership of the assets. There was nothing presented in the defendants’ motions to suggest that the court does not have the authority to determine the ownership interest of a purported asset of the estate, and the court is within its authority to make that determination. See Walker,
The defendants also argue that declaratory relief is barred by the statute of limitations and that the Trustee failed to plead any facts that could support the claim. “Traditionally and for good reasons, statutes of limitation are not controlling measures of equitable relief.” Holmberg v. Armbrecht,
The court concludes that Counts 1, 4, 7, and 39 contain sufficient factual allegations to support a plausible claim for declaratory relief that the challenged assets are property of the estate. The allegations against each defendant are antagonistic and controversial. The core theory of the amended complaint revolves around Mr. Abell transferring assets and disbursing money to entities and close associates
First, with the help of Ms. Bertola, he transferred all business operations from Modern Management to Phoenix 1 and then from Phoenix 1 to Phoenix 2. He created the perception that Modem Management closed its doors. Phoenix 1 was titled in his and Ms. Bertola’s names as tenants-by-the-entirety. Then they renamed the business Phoenix 2, which is now purportedly owned solely by Ms. Ber-tola. The amended complaint alleges that Mr. Abell is still the true and sole owner, and that he controls the business. Rents from Mr. Abell’s properties have been paid to Phoenix 2 instead of to him. The amended complaint alleges these transfers were a sham intended to divert the value of these entities away from Mr. Abell’s creditors, and that notwithstanding who may be listed as the owner of these entities and assets, the true owner is Mr. Abell. The amended complaint thus seeks a declaratory judgment that these entities and assets are property of the bankruptcy estate.
Second, along with Ms. Bertola, Mr. Abell created American Trust purportedly to benefit their children. Mr. Abell was the managing member, but the children are listed as the only members. Mr. Abell operates this also as extension of his real estate scheme. He has conveyed real property to American Trust, sold that real property, and used most of the sale proceeds for his own benefit. Mr. Abell also used American Trust funds to pay his judgment bonds, and he has used other funds under the guise of paying for college tuition. Mr. Abell also directs rents from his properties to be paid to American Trust.
Third, he used his close associates and family members to conceal his assets through phony loans and deed of trust. This includes Ms. Bertola, Mr. Gonzalez, Ms. Antonopoulos, and Ms. Fela Bertola. The amended complaint paints a picture of а broad scheme to conceal assets from creditors by the creation of phony deeds of trust to these close associates. Mr. Abell’s cash would flow to these defendants as repayment for a phony loan and a release of a phony deed of trust. These defendants also filed sham proof of claims for phony deeds of trusts. As to Mr. Gonzalez, the purported loan was not even included in Mr. Abell’s Statement of Financial Affairs, which was filed under oath.
In sum, the motions to dismiss the declaratory judgment claim in Counts 1, 4, 7, and 39 are denied as to defendants Mr. Abell, Phoenix 1, Phoenix 2, Mr. Gonzalez, Ms. Bertola, American Trust, Columbia Security, Ms. Antonopoulos, and Ms. Fela Bertola.
B. Constructive Trust — Counts 2, 5, and 8
Defendants Phoenix 2 and American Trust move to dismiss the Trustee’s claims for the imposition of a constructive trust in Counts 2 and 8.
The objecting defendants contend that a constructive trust claim cannot be a standalone claim under Maryland or District of Columbia law. They argue that in both jurisdictions a constructive trust can only be imposed as a remedy for fraud, constructive fraud, misrepresentation, or unjust enrichment. The Trustee disputes this contention and contends that this district has recognized a constructive trust as a stand-alone remedy on several occasions.
A constructive trust is an equitable remedy, which is
employed by a court of equity to convert the holder of the legal title to property into a trustee for one who in good conscience should reap the benefits of the possession of said property. The remedy is applied by operation of law where property has been acquired by fraud, misrepresentation, or other improper method, or where the circumstances render it inequitable for the party holding the title to retain.it.... The purpose of the remedy is to prevent the unjust enrichment of the holder of the property.
Wimmer v. Wimmer,
Although a constructive trust is “not a cause of action in and of itself,” Lyon v. Campbell,33 Fed.Appx. 659 , 663 (4th Cir.2002), “Maryland courts have analyzed a plaintiffs constructive trust claim without acknowledging any other cause of action raised by [a] plaintiff,” Korangy v. Mobil Oil Corp.,84 F.Supp.2d 660 , 667-68 (D.Md.2000) (citing, inter alia, Wimmer,287 Md. at 668 ,414 A.2d 1254 ; Starleper v. Hamilton,106 Md.App. 632 ,666 A.2d 867 (1995)).
Potts v. Potts,
In Korangy v. Mobil Oil Corp., the court stated that “on at least three occasions, Maryland courts have analyzed a plaintiffs constructive trust claim without acknowledging any other cause of action raised by the plaintiff.... A court need only determine which party has ‘a sufficiently higher equitable call’ to the property.”
The amended complaint is replete with allegations that could lead to the conclusion that the bankruptcy estate has a higher equitable right to interests of Phoenix 2 and American Trust. Moreover, because the remedy of constructive trust is an equitable claim, the court determines, at this time, that the statute of limitations does not bar this action.
Under District of Columbia law, “[a] constructive trust arises where a person who holds title to property is subject to an
Thus, the court will permit the claims to go forward. There are numerous allegations in the amended complaint that support the claim that the defendants have been unjustly enriched and that a constructive trust should be imposed.
C. Turnover — Counts 3, 6, 9, II, and 12
Defendants Phoenix 2, Phoenix 1, American Trust, Mr. Abell, Ms. Bertola, and MMEBT move the court to dismiss the turnover claims against them in Counts 3, 6, 9, 41, and 42.
In Counts 3, 6, and 9, the Trustee seeks to require Ms. Bertola, Mr. Abell, and any other defendant that possesses or controls any property that is property of the estate, to turnover that property as it relates to Phoenix 2, Phoenix 1, and American Trust. The Trustee requests that Ms. Bertola and Mr. Abell turnover that property that constitutes property of the estate within the meaning of § 541. In Counts 41 and 42, the Trustee seeks the turnover of Mr. Abell’s interest in the MM-EBT account in an amount not less than $175,000.00, and an accounting of all assets contained in the MM-EBT, the location of the assets, any proceeds, product, offspring, rents, or profits of such assets, the current value of the aforesaid, and all income received and expenditures made from the MM-EBT between the date of its inception and the date of any judgment entered by the court.
Section 542(a) provides in - pertinent part:
Except as provided in subsection (c) or (d) of this section, an entity, other than a custodian, in possession, custody, or control, during the case, of property that the trustee may use, sell, or lease under section 363 of this title, or that the debt- or may exempt under section 522 of this title, shall deliver to the trustee, and account for, such property or the value of such property, unless such property is of inconsequential value or benefit to the estate.
§ 542(a). To prove a claim under § 542(a), the trustee has the burden to prove that “(1) the property is in the possession, custody or control of another entity; (2) the property can be used in accordance with the provisions of section 363; and (3) the property has more than inconsequential value to the debtor’s estate.” In re DBSI, Inc.,
As to Counts 3, 6, and 9, the Trustee contends that the subject assets belong to Mr. Abell, and therefore, they are assets of the bankruptcy estate. In response, the defendants argue that the subject assets do not belong to Mr. Abell and are not property of the bankruptcy estate. Specifically, the defendants assert that Phoenix 2 is owned by Ms. Bertola solely, that Ameriсan Trust is owned by the Abell children solely, and the only Remaining Concealed Asset titled in a name other than Mr. Abell’s is Phoenix 2, which is titled in Ms. Bertola’s name solely. Ms. Bertola contends that due to the dispute of ownership of these assets dismissal is appropriate. The defendants’ contentions have raised genuine disputes as to the ownership rights in the assets at. issue. Because they have raised disputes as to the ownership rights of the assets, the defendants argue that the turnover claims under § 542 should be dismissed because that section does not contemplate the turnover of disputed property.
The defendants are correct in their contention that turnover actions under § 542 are limited to recovery of assets that are property of the bankruptcy estate. In re Mink Vu Hoang,
As to Counts 41 and 42, Mr. Abell and Ms. Bertola move to dismiss all claims that relate to the MM-EBT account that is listed in Mr. Abell’s Schedule C for failure to state a claim upon which relief may be granted. In Mr. Abell’s underlying bankruptcy case, there is no question that the court ruled that the MM-EBT account is a non-exempt asset of the estate. ECF 386 in Case no. 13-13847. As such, the Trustee has a duty to collect this asset for the benefit of creditors, and file any action necessary to compel the defendants to comply with the bankruptcy code including turnover and accounting under § 542.
In the motions to dismiss, Ms. Bertola and Mr. Abell contend that Mr. Abell’s interest is only for one-half of the fund, and that there is nothing in the court’s order to suggest that Ms. Bertola is required to turn over her interest in the asset to the Trustee. This contention is inappropriate at this stage because it raises issues of fact. Accordingly, the court will permit the Trustee to seek turnover or accounting of the MM-EBT funds.
Further, defendants’ response to Count 43 establishes the Trustee’s need to maintain the turnover counts at this time. In Count 43, as discussed infra, the Trustee alleges Mr. Abell and Ms. Bertola violated the automatic stay by failing to deliver to him assets that the bankruptcy court determined are not exempt, and therefore are property of the еstate. They argue they have no obligation to turnover the property — notwithstanding the court’s order — because no turnover order has been entered. Defendants’ position that they do not have to account for or turnover property unless a turnover order has been entered solidifies the Trustee’s need to maintain the turnover counts at this time.
In sum, the motions to dismiss the turnover claims are denied as to defendants Phoenix 2, Phoenix 1, American Trust, Mr.
D. All Remaining Concealed Assets— Counts 19, 20, and 21
The amended complaint lodges three claims against the Remaining Concealed Assets that are not addressed in Counts 1 through 18. As mentioned earlier, the Remaining Concealed Assets consists of the more than 200 allegedly concealed entities that are included on Exhibit 1 of the amended complaint and that are not explicitly named as defendants. In Counts 19, 20, and 21, the Trustee alleges that the Remaining Concealed Assets are assets of Mr. Abell, and that he is the true owner of the entities and therefore they are property of the estate. The Trustee seeks a determination as to Mr. Abell’s and the defendants’ interests in the Remaining Concealed Assets. Specifically, the Trustee requests declaratory judgment relief (Count 19), the imposition of a constructive trust (Count 20), and turnover of property (Count 21) as to the Remaining Concealed Assets under the same theories as asserted in Counts 1, 2, and 3.
In the motions to dismiss, the defendants adopt the same positions they took as to Counts 1, 2, and 3. See ECF 25 at p. 35 of 48; ECF 21-1 at pp. 18-19 of 40. Because the court has determined that Counts 1, 2, and 3 will survive the motion to dismiss, Counts 19, 20, and 21 will survive for the same reasons.
Certain entities are included on Exhibit 1 that the parties refer to in this litigation as the “Tenancy by the Entireties Entities.”
The order these entities rely on was entered in response to Ms. Wilson’s objection to Mr. Abell’s claim of exemption of his interest in the Tenancy by the Entire-ties Entities, among other entities. In the court’s memorandum and order resolving the objection, entered on March 26, 2014, the court stated that:
[a]t the original hearing on the Objection, the court оverruled the Objection without prejudice to the filing of an adversary proceeding with respect to the voidability of any interest held by Ms. Bertola. That adversary proceeding ... is in process with a pre-trial conference scheduled for April 24, 2014. The subject motion (as reflected in the title) deals solely with the tenancy by the entirety issue and has no impact upon the issues dealt with in the adversary proceeding.
ECF 472 at pp. 1 and 2 of 5 in Case no. 13-13847. The court included a footnote stating “[i]f the Plaintiff prevails in the adversary proceeding, the tenancy by the entireties would be destroyed and the outcome of this contested matter becomes meaningless.” Id, at p. 2 n.2.
The adversary proceeding to which the court’s order refers is adversary proceeding 13-00537, filed by Ms. Wilson against Mr. Abell, Ms. Bertola, and others. Counts 5 and 7 of the complaint named the Tenancy by the Entireties Entities as defendants and sought the imposition of a
Accordingly, the motions to dismiss Counts 19,20, and 21 are denied.
E. Section 548, Equitable Tolling and Collapsing Transaction — Counts 26, 28, and 80
The Trustee also seeks recovery of Mr. Abell’s assets under fraudulent conveyance theories. In the amended complaint, the Trustee alleges that Mr. Abell used “strawmen” and sham transactions to conceal assets and to avoid his judgment debts. See ECF 7 at ¶¶2, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 16, 20, 22, 27, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, and 75. In Count 26, the .Trustee alleges that in the event that Phoenix 1 or Phoenix 2 are determined to be separate and distinct entities and not a continuation of Modern Management, then he also alleges that the assets conveyed to create Phoenix 1 and Phoenix 2 are fraudulent conveyances. In Count 28, the Trustee claims that Mr. Abell, individually, or through American Trust, fraudulently conveyed funds to his children. In Count 30, the Trustee alleges that Mr, Abell conveyed $700,000 to Can-iss
All of these defendants contend the Trustee’s claims are time-barred. Ms. Bertola also argues that the transfers from Modern Management to Phoenix 1, and the transfers from Phoenix 1 to Phoenix 2, were not transfers of property of Mr. Abell. Therefore she contends the transfers are not subject to avoidance under § 548. The court will begin with this latter argument.
Section 548 applies to transfers of “an interest of the debtor in property — ” § 548(a). This phrase has generally been held to be “the equivalent of ‘property of the estate.’ ” 5 Collier on Bankruptcy ¶ 548.03 [2] (16th ed.2016). Property of the estate is broadly defined, United States v. Whiting Pools, Inc.,
extends the avoidance power beyond a formal transfer of title or property ownership. Transfer of possession, custody or control fall within the definition of an interest of the debtor in property, and may be particularly applicable in the fraudulent transfer context in the case of transfers made with actual fraudulent intent. The debtor cannot evade the applicability of section 548 by hiding assets or placing them in someone else’s possession while remaining the owner the property, in an effort to delay or hinder a creditor’s ability to collect on the owed debt.
5 Collier on Bankruptcy ¶ 548.03[2], fn. 14 (16th ed.2016).
The Trustee asserts that, despite the alleged transfers from Modern Management to Phoenix 1, and from Phoenix 1 to Phoenix 2, Mr. Abell remains the true owner of Phoenix 2 and its assets. He alleges the transfer was a sham intended to prevent Ms. Wilson and other creditors from reaching the assets, but that Mr. Abell remained in control of the assets and realized their value. The Trustee asserts Ms. Bertola acknowledged under oath that she did not know if she was a member in Phoenix 1, thus supporting the allegation that she had no legitimate ownership interest in Phoenix 1. See ECF 7 at ¶83. These allegations are sufficient to defeat the defendants’ contention that the Trustee has not properly alleged a transfer of an interest of property of Mr. Abell.
The court now turns to the second issue raised by the defendants: whether the Trustee’s fraudulent transfer claims are time barred. Section 548(a)(1) provides, in pertinent part:
(a)(1) The trustee may avoid any transfer ... of an interest of the debtor in property, or any obligation ... incurred by the debtor, that was made or incurred on or within 2 years before the date of the filing of the petition
§ 548(a)(Z). Defendants contend that the Trustee is barred from pursuing transfers made before March 5, 2011, two years before the petition date, because they fall outside the two-year lookback window of § 548. The Trustee offers two theories to circumvent the lookback window of § 548: equitable tolling and the collapsing transaction doctrine.
With respect to equitable tolling, the Trustee contends that the two-year look-back period in § 548(a)(Z) is a statute of limitations that can be equitably tolled. Defendants argue that the two-year look-back period is a substantive element of the avoidance claim itself that cannot be equitably tolled.
Many courts have confronted this issue and rejected the idea that § 548(a)(1) is a statute of limitations subject to equitable tolling. See In re Pitt Penn Holding Co., Inc.,
These courts, and others, have analyzed the language of § 548 and concluded that the two-year period is a substantive element of the trustee’s claim, not a statute of limitations. See In re Maui Industrial Loan,
Although the Fourth Circuit has not addressed this issue directly, the determination that the look back period in § 548 is not a statute of limitations is consistent with the rationale of Tidewater Fin. Co. v. Williams,
all statutory periods to which courts have applied equitable tolling principles, contain these same two characteristics. First, they provide a plaintiff (in the bankruptcy context, a creditor) with a specified period of time within which the plaintiff must act to pursue a claim in order to preserve a remedy. Second, such periods commence when the plaintiff has (or discovers that he has) a ‘complete and present cause of action.’
Id. at 255-56 (quotations and citations omitted). When these two characteristics are present, “a court will often toll a period, if it concludes that equitable considerations excuse a plaintiffs failure to take the required action within the time permitted.” Id. at 256. The court concluded that § 727(a)(8) did not contain either of these characteristics, and therefore equitable tolling did not apply.
In Tidewater, the court distinguished the statutory scheme that was analyzed in Young v. United States,
Accordingly, the three-year period in Young passed the two-part test identified by Tidewater as statutory predicates for equitable tolling principles to apply. Id. Here, the text of § 548 does not provide a specified time period to pursue a claim. Rather, the time limitation by which a trustee must commence an avoidance action is provided in § 546.
Further support for the conclusion that equitable tolling principles do not apply is found in § 548(d). That section provides that a trustee has the power to avoid a transfer, if:
a transfer is made when such transfer is so perfected that a bona fide purchaser from the debtor against whom applicable law permits such transfer to be perfected cannot acquire an interest in the property transferred that is superior to the interest in such property of the transferee, but if such transfer is not so perfected before the commencement of the case, such transfer is made immediately before the date of the filing of the petition.
§ 548(d)(1). Section 548(d) guards against secret or undisclosed transactions and therefore provides its own form of ‘tolling’ for such transfers. Under the law of most states, “a transfer is not made ... until it becomes known or discoverable by exercise of reasonable diligence.” 5 Collier on Bankruptcy ¶ 548.03[3] (16th ed.2016).
The purpose of postponing the commencement of the limitation period until the perfection of the transfer is to protect the estate against secret transfers that might be invulnerable to attack by the trustee if allowed to relate back to the date of original execution. It also serves the policy behind section 548 of protecting and conserving the debtor’s estate for creditors by making the moment of importance the actual time at which the estate is diminished from the creditors’ viewpoint.
Id.; see also In re Brown,
The court finds the foregoing authorities to be persuasive and concludes that the two-year lookback period of § 548 cannot be equitably tolled. The Trustee’s claims in each count must be analyzed accordingly.
In Count 26, the Trustee seeks to avoid the transfer of all of the assets of Modern Management to Phoenix 1 and then from Phoenix 1 to Phoenix 2. If these transfers are viewed separately, the first transfer that the Trustee wants to avoid — between Modem Management and Phoenix 1 — occurred bеfore October 3, 2008. See ECF 21-1 at 21 of 40. This transfer occurred before the lookback period. The second
Ms. Bertola argues that the transfer of all of the assets from Phoenix 1 to Phoenix 2 cannot be avoided. She states that Phoenix 1 was held as tenants-by-the-en-tireties, and Maryland law exempts property held as tenants-by-the-entireties from claims of a creditor of only one spouse. She argues that since Mr. Abell’s individual creditors could not seek recovery against his interest in Phoenix 1, then the Trustee cannot seek to avoid the transfer for the benefit of creditors. The Trustee alleges that Mr. Abell was the true owner of Phoenix 1, notwithstanding the purported labels attached to the ownership interests. He also alleges that Phoenix 1 was not held as tenants-by-the-entireties by Mr. Abell and Ms. Bertola. See ECF 7 at ¶¶ 13, 27, 75h, 83, 219, and 332; ECF 21-1 at 20-22 of 40. As stated above, he asserts Ms. Bertola acknowledged under oath that she did not know if she was a member in Phoenix 1, thus supporting the allegation that she had no legitimate ownership interest in Phoenix 1. At this stage in the litigation, the court cannot resolve this factual dispute, and must accept the facts alleged in the amended complaint as true and in the light most favorable to the Trustee. See Iqbal,
In Count 28, the Abell children also move to dismiss the § 548 claims against them for several of the same reasons discussed above. The amended complaint states that “[u]pon information and belief, Abell has conveyed at least $150,000 to Alexandra in the past three years, at least $46,000 to Christian in the past year, and at least $200,000 to Bronte in the past four years.” ECF 7 at ¶ 352. The complaint was filed on July 7, 2014, and the bankruptcy case was filed in March 5, 2013. Thus, these allegations are sufficient to state a claim under either § 548 or § 549, see discussion below regarding Count 35.
As to Count 30, the Trustee argues that Caniss received money from Mr. Abell in wire transfers and for work purportedly performed on Mr. Abell’s properties since 2008. The amended complaint alleges that Mr. Abell is the true owner of Caniss, and that Mr. Abell has concealed his ownership interest in Caniss from the onset to hinder the creditors’ ability to discover these fraudulent transfers. See ECF 7 at ¶¶ 60, 366. The claim that Mr. Abell is the true owner of Caniss stands, but in the event this allegation is unproven, any transfer that occurred prior to the lookback period cannot be avoided under § 548(a)(1).
The Trustee’s second theory of recovery under § 548(a)(1) applies only to the transfers from Modern Management to Phoenix 1 and from Phoenix 1 to Phoenix 2. He contends that the transfers made outside of the two-year lookback period of § 548 can be avoided under the collapsing transaction doctrine. The doctrine treats a series of transactions, under certain circumstances, as a single transaction for the purpose of deciding whether a fraudulent conveyance occurred. In re Sunbeam,
As the court in Sunbeam noted, although the doctrine applies most frequently to financed leverage buyouts of companies, it has been applied in other contexts
The Trustee also cites to Tronox Inc. v. Kerr McGee Corp. (In re Tronox Inc.),
the law is clear that for statute of limitations purposes fraudulent conveyances are examined for their substance, not their form. As the Second Circuit has held: “[w]here a transfer is only a step in a general plan, the plan must be viewed as a whole with all its composite implications.” Orr v. Kinderhill Corp.,991 F.2d 81 , 35 (2d Cir.1993) (internal quotations omitted). In In re HBE Leasing Corp.,48 F.3d 623 , 638 (2d Cir.1995) (“HBE Leasing I”), thе Circuit Court further held that the District Court had “correctly disregarded the form of this transaction and looked instead to [the] substance.” It explained: “It is well established that multilateral transactions may under appropriate circumstances be ‘collapsed’ and treated as phases of a single transaction under the UFCA.” As the Court continued, quoting In re Best Products,168 B.R. 35 , 56-57 (Bankr.S.D.N.Y.1994): “ ‘In deciding whether to collapse the transaction and impose liability on particular defendants, the courts have looked frequently to the knowledge of the defendants of the structure of the entire transaction and to whether its components were part of a single scheme.’” HBE Leasing I,48 F.3d at 635-36 ; citation omitted); In re Sunbeam Corp.,284 B.R. 355 , 370 (Bankr.S.D.N.Y.2002) (“Courts have ‘collapsed’ a series of transactions into one transaction when it appears that despite the formal structure erected and the labels attached, the segments, in reality, comprise a single integrated scheme when evaluated focusing on the knowledge and intent of the parties in the transaction”). Most recently, in its summary order affirming the lower court in Buchwald Capital Advisors LLC v. JP Morgan Chase Bank, N.A. (In re M. Fabrikant & Sons, Inc.),447 B.R. 170 , 186 (Bankr.S.D.N.Y.2011), aff'd,480 B.R. 480 (S.D.N.Y.2012), aff'd,541 Fed.Appx. 55 ,2013 WL 5614238 (2d Cir. Oct. 15, 2013) (summary order), the Second Circuit concluded that the collapsing doctrine may be applied, inter alia, based on the transferee’s “actual ... knowledge of the entire scheme.”
Id. at 268-269 (footnotes omitted).
Similarly, the court in In re James River Coal Co.,
Although the Fourth Circuit has not addressed the collapsing transaction doctrine, this district adopted the following test, which requires a court to consider whether:
1. All of the parties involved had knowledge of the multiple transactions;
2. Each transaction would not have occurred on its own; and
3. Each transaction was dependent or conditioned on other transactions.
Sher v. SAF Financial, Inc.,
Here, the Trustee provides sufficient allegations in the amended complaint to meet the test as outlined in Sher. The Trustee alleges that, before any transactions occurred, Mr. Abell was the 100% owner of Modem Management, and it held numerous assets and had substantial value. After the last of the transactions occurred, his wife, Ms. Bertola, owned 100% of Phoenix 2, and it held all of the assets and value of Modern Management. The Trustee alleges that Mr. Abell and Ms. Bertola knew about the transfers of Modern Management to Phoenix 1 and then to Phoenix 2. See ECF 7 at ¶¶ 13-14, 83, 154, and 384-87. He also contends that the transactions would not have happened on their own, and that each transaction was dependent on the other because each step helped to insulate Mr, Abell and transfer all assets to Ms. Bertola. Id. at ¶¶ 2, 13-15, 82-88, and 332-346. Defendants make a number of factual arguments that challenge the Trustee’s allegations and argue that, under the facts as they assert them, the Trustee’s allegations are not plausible. The court will not consider these factual assertions on a motion to dismiss. Thus, defendants’ motion to dismiss Count 28, as it applies to the Phoenix transfers, will be denied.
F. Section 544-Counts 27, 29, 31, and 38
The Trustee also seeks avoidance of allegedly fraudulent transfers under § 544 and pursuant to state fraudulent conveyance laws in Maryland and the District of Columbia. The facts, allegations, and defendants in these counts are the same as those raised in Count 26, 28, and 30, except that the relief being sought here is under § 544, rather than § 548. Section 544(b)(1) provides:
Except as provided in paragraph (2), the trustee may avoid any transfer of an interest of the debtor in property or any obligation incurred by the debtor that is voidable under applicable law by a creditor holding an unsecured claim that is allowable under section 502 of this title or that is not allowable only under section 502(e) of this title.
§ 544(b)(1). See also, 5 Collier on Bankruptcy ¶ 544.06 (16th ed. rev. 2014); accord Official Comm. of Unsecured Creditors of Cybergenics Corp. v. Chinery (In re Cybergenics Corp.),
Some defendants argue that the Trustee has not sufficiently pled facts that establish his standing to assert a claim under § 544(b). To bring a claim under § 544(b), a trustee must show that there is: “(1) an unsecured creditor, (2) who holds an allowable unsecured claim under section 502, and (3) who could avoid the transfers at issue under applicable [state] law.” MC Asset Recovery, LLC v. S. Co.,
The Trustee alleges that Mr. Abell undertook the scheme to make himself judgment proof against the many victims of his extensive mortgage fraud. The amended complaint alleges that there are numerous creditors holding unsecured claims. See e.g., EOF 7 at ¶25, The court can take judicial notice that the following creditors filed unsecured claims that date back to the period before or at the time Mr. Abell is alleged to have made fraudulent transfers:
• Hedwig Cissel, Mark Cissel, and Karen Cissel filed proof of claim no. 4-1 in the amount of $824,538.16, asserting an unsecured claim that arose from a judgment they obtained against Mr. Abell dated May 26, 2009;
• Maria Taylor and Andria Taylor filed proof of claim no. 3-1 in the amount of $137,218.29, asserting an unsecured claim that arose from a judgment they obtained against Mr. Abell dated March 30, 2009, on a claim that, according to the proof of claim, dates back to 2007;
• Amy Parsons and David Parsons filed proof of claim no. 5-1 in the amount of $130,273.97, asserting an unsecured claim that arose from a judgment they obtained against Mr. Abell dated February 24,2010;
• The Internal Revenue Service filed proof of claim no. 2-3, as amended, asserting a general unsecured claim against Mr. Abell in the amount of $45,165.77 plus interest of $18,599.63which, according to the proof of claim, dates back to 2002 and 2006.
The Trustee also points to the claim of Ms. Wilson. She filed proof of claim no. 10-1 on May 10, 2013, in the amount of $3,004,018, arising from judgments against Mr. Abell obtained in 2007 and 2012. She listed the claim as a secured claim. Mr. Abell, however, listed the claim as unsecured on his schedules. Whether Ms. Wilson’s claim is secured or unsecured can be developed as necessary going forward. The court concludes that the Trustee has standing to bring claims under § 544(b) at this stage of the proceeding.
Defendants also argue that the transfers fall outside the statute of limitations for the Maryland and District of Columbia claims. The Trustee may bring an action under MUFCA within three years of the transfer. See Md.Code Ann., Cts. & Jud. Proc. § 5-101 (“A civil action at law shall be filed within three years from the date it accrues____”). Similarly, under District of Columbia law, “[a] cause of action with respect to a fraudulent transfer or obligation” is barred by the statute of limitations unless the cause of action is filed “within 4 years after the transfer was made or the obligation was incurred or, if later, within 1 year after the transfer or obligation was, or could reasonably have been discovered by the claimant.” D.C.Code § 28-3109(1).
The Trustee offers several arguments in support of his contention that he is not time-barred from bringing these claims. First, he points out that it is well-settled that the discovery. rule applies in Maryland, which permits tolling a statute of limitations when a plaintiff does not know or cannot discover the wrong. See Hecht v. Resolution Trust Co.,
The Trustee asserts throughout the amended complaint that Mr. Abell’s concealment of the transfers prevented his creditors from discovering them:
Abell fraudulently concealed from his creditors (and by extension, the Trustee) the actions that he, Bertola, and the other Defendants have taken, and continue to take, to hide assets from his creditors and divert assets away from the Estate. Abell’s fraudulent conduct has prevented, and continues to prevent, his creditors and the Trustee from discovering, through the exercise of reasonable diligence, the claims that the creditors and the Trustee have against Abell and the other Defendants. Because of Abell’s fraud, which the other Defendants have aided and abetted, the statute of limitations is tolled until such time as the creditors and Trustee actually discover a particular cause of action.
EOF 7 at ¶ 147. These and other allegations throughout the amended cоmplaint are sufficient to state a plausible claim that the statute of limitations was tolled on the fraudulent transfer claims under the law of Maryland and the District of Columbia.
The Trustee also argues that, even apart from the discovery rule, a trustee “ ‘under
The Superior Court order reads, in pertinent part:
ORDERED, that, provided the $300,000 Certificate is placed in the Registry of the Court within three (3) business days of the date of this Order, then, solely as to Defendant Vincent L. Abell, the plaintiff shall promptly rescind and withdraw any Notices of Judgment or other lien-creating filings in Virginia, Maryland and the District of Columbia and shall not take further actions to enforce any judgment against Defendant Vincent L. Abell until further Order of the D.C. Court of Appeals, or if remanded, this Court.
Defendants argue that the order did not bar Ms. Wilson from initiating a fraudulent conveyance action against Mr.'Abell, but only from exercising specific enforcement remedies. Defendants read the order too narrowly. A bar from enforcing a judgment may well be a bar on bringing a fraudulent transfer claim. For purposes of the pending motions, the Trustee’s contention that the order barred Ms. Wilson from bringing a fraudulent transfer claim is plausible.
For the foregoing reasons, the motions to dismiss Counts 27, 29, 31, and 38 will be denied.
G. Civil Conspiracy — Count 32
In Count 32, the Trustee alleges that Mr. Abell and Ms. Bertola
Initially, it is unclear whether Maryland or District of Columbia law applies to this Count.
Under Maryland law the elements of civil conspiracy are “(1) a confederation of two or more persons by agreement or understanding; (2) some unlawful or tortious act done in furthеrance of the conspiracy or use of unlawful or tortious means to accomplish an act not in itself illegal; and (3) actual legal damages resulting to the plaintiff.” Petry v. Wells Fargo Bank, NA.,
The parties also do not dispute that under both District of Columbia law and Maryland law, to plead a valid claim for civil conspiracy it is not enough to simply allege the elements. Instead, liability for civil conspiracy requires the performance of some underlying tortious act. “[Civil] conspiracy is not independently actionable; rather it is a means for establishing vicarious liability for the underlying tort.” Saucier v. Countrywide Home Loans,
Defendants argue that the Trustee has no authority to bring a claim for conspiracy for fraudulent transfer. The Trustee disagrees, and also argues his claim is for conspiracy to commit fraud, and not merely conspiracy to fraudulently transfer assets. He argues that both Maryland and the District of Columbia recognize claims for civil conspiracy in fraud cases. In support of this position the Trustee cites to multiple Maryland and District of Columbia cases that recognize a civil conspiracy claim in fraud cases. See McWilliams Ballard, Inc. v. Broadway Mgmt. Co.,
Both formulations of the Trustee’s claim fail. Section 323 of the Bankruptcy Code states that “(a) [t]he trustee in a case under this title is the representative of the estate[,][and] (b) [t]he trustee in a case under this title has capacity to sue and be
Turning first to the Trustee’s claim that Ms. Bertola conspired with Mr. Abell to conceal Mr. Abell’s assets, this claim is not brought under the Trustee’s avoidance powers. Thus, the Trustee must establish that he can bring this claim as successor to Mr. Abell’s interest in the estate. However, the Trustee stands in the shoes of Mr. Abell and can only assert those claims possessed by him. The Trustee names Mr. Abell as a co-conspirator; indeed he is identified as the primary actor in the conspiracy based on his pre-petition conduct. The Trustee is barred from bringing this claim because Mr. Abell “as an alleged co-conspirator, would not be able to maintain a cause of action for civil conspiracy and name either himself or a co-conspirator as a defendant.” See In re Gaudette,
The court also agrees with defendants that the Trustee cannot bring a claim that Ms. Bertola conspired with Mr. Abell to commit a fraudulent transfer. To the extent the Trustee brings this claim as successor to the debtor’s interest in the estate under § 541 based on pre-petition conduct, it suffers from the same defect as the claim to conspire to conceal assets, discussed above. To the extent the Trustee brings this claim under the estate’s avoidance powers, he seeks a remedy greater than that provided in the Bankruptcy Code. Specifically, the Trustee seeks to recover damages from Ms. Bertola of $20,000,000. However, the remedy available to the Trustee under § 544(b) and § 550 is the avoidance and recovery of the property or the value of such property. To provide an additional remedy under these sections would conflict with both the case law and the Bankruptcy Code.
Numerous courts have held that the bankruptcy court cannot invoke state law remedies to circumvent or undermine the remedy legislated by Congress for the avoidance of a fraudulent transfer. See In re Brentwood Lexford Partners, LLC,
H. Post-Petition Transactions, § 549— Count 35
In Count 35, the Trustee seeks to avoid under § 549 all post-petition transfers identified in the amended complaint. He also seeks to avoid any post-petition transfers he discovers during discovery or otherwise. Section 549(a) provides:
(a) Except as provided in subsection (b) or (c) of this section, the trustee may avoid a transfer of property of the estate—
(1) that occurs after the commencement of the case; and
(2) (A) that is authorized only under section 303(f) or 542(c) of this title; or (B) that is not authorized under this title or by the court.
§ 549(a). The Trustee has identified post-petition transfers in the amended complaint. He identifies the alleged recipients of the transfers and alleges the transfers were, not authorized by the Bankruptcy Code or the court. For exam-pie, the Trustee alleges that Mr. Abell has transferred funds to his children over the past four years, dates that straddle the petition date. To the extent that these transactions occurred post-petition the Trustee has stated a claim. As to the remaining defendants, the amended complaint does not clearly state which transactions occurred post-petition. Accordingly, Count 35 is dismissed without prejudice as to any defendants who are not alleged to have received a post-petition transfer.
I. Disallowance or Equitable Subordination of Claims — Count 36
The Trustee seeks an order disallowing the claims of Ms. Bertola, Ms. Fela Berto-la, American Trust, Mr. Gonzalez, and Ms. Antonopolous. In the alternative, the Trustee seeks to equitably subordinate the claims under § 510(c). The court will address each in turn.
Disallowance
In Count 36, the Trustee requests that this court disallow proofs of claim Nos. 50 and 51 (filed by Ms. Antonopolous),
On July 18, 2014, the cоurt entered an order consolidating the Trustee’s claim objections with this adversary proceeding. ECF 658 in Case No. 13-13847. The Trustee did not file an objection to Ms. Bertola’s claim or American Trust’s claim, but instead raises his objections in this adversary proceeding pursuant to Fed. R. Bankr.P. 3007(b).
Section 502(a) of the Bankruptcy Code provides that “a claim or interest, proof of which is filed under section 501, is deemed allowed, unless a party in interest ... objects.” § 502(a). Section 502(b)(1) provides in pertinent part that the court shall determine the amount of a claim and shall allow such claim except to the extent that “such claim is unenforceable against the debtor or property of the debtor, under any agreement or applicable law for a reason other than because such claim is contingent or unmatured.” § 502(b)(1). For non-insider creditors, the Bankruptcy Code provides a burden shifting process for resolving claim objections. In re Harford Sands Inc.,
This burden shifting process likewise applies to the claims of insiders. An insider’s claim is entitled to the presumption of validity of Rule 3001(f). In re Harford Sands Inc.,
In light of the foregoing standards, the first question is whether the allegations support a determination that the defendants are insiders. The Bankruptcy Code provides that certain persons identified in § 101(31) are insiders; they are often rеferred to as statutory insiders. See § 101(31). Once a person is determined to be a statutory insider, insider status is established and there is no further need to assess the relationship between the debtor and the person. In re Ponsen,
The allegations in the amended complaint state a claim that Ms. Bertola, Ms. Fela Bertola, and American Trust are insiders. Ms. Bertola is stated to be Mr. Abell’s spouse, albeit separated. Ms. Fela Bertola is alleged to be Ms. Bertola’s mother. A “relative” of a debtor is an insider, and the term “relative” is defined as an “individual related by affinity or consanguinity within the third degree as determined by the common law, or individual in a step or adoptive relationship within such third degree.” § 101(31)(A)(i); § 101(45). As to American Trust, Mr. Abell is alleged to have been in control of it at all relevant times and also to have been its managing member. These allegations support the claim that it is a statutory insider under § 101(31)(A)(iv). There are not sufficient facts in the amended complaint that support an allegation that Mr. Gonzalez or Ms. Antonopoulos are insiders.
The amended complaint alleges that the defendants’ proofs of claim are based on sham or fraudulent transactions with Mr. Abell, and are therefore unenforceable under applicable non-bankruptcy law. Specifically, as to Ms. Fela Bertola, the amended complaint alleges that she filed a sham or fraudulent proof of claim based upon an undocumented loan she made to Mr. Abell, and in exchange received an allegedly phony deed of trust. As to Mr. Gonzalez, the amended complaint alleges that on June 30, 2009, Mr. Abell executed a deed of trust, prepared by Ms. Bertola, in favor of Mr. Gonzalez to purportedly collateralize a $75,000 loan to Mr. Abell, a
The Trustee also objects to these claims under § 502(d). It “requires a court to disallow an entity’s claim against the bankruptcy estate if the estate is entitled to recover property from that entity, such as because of a voidable preference, but that entity has failed to first transfer this property back to the bankruptcy estate.” In re Enron Corp.,
[T]he court shall disallow any claim of any entity from which property is recoverable under section 542, 543, 550, or 553 of this title or that is a transferee of a transfer avoidable under section 522(f), 522(h), 544, 545, 547, 548, 549, or 724(a) of this title, unless such entity or transferee has paid the amount, or ruined over any such property, for which such entity or transferee is liable under section 522(i), 542, 543, 550, or 553 of this title.
§ 502(d). Section 502(d) has two purposes: “(1) to assure an equality of distribution of the assets of the bankruptcy estate, and (2) to have the coercive effect of insuring compliance with judicial orders.” In re Enron Corp.,
The defendants argue that the plain language of § 502(d) prohibits disal-lowance without a judicial determination that property is recoverable under one of the enumerated sections. See, e.g., Petitioning Creditors of Melon Produce, Inc. v. Braunstein,
In light of the foregoing, the court "will stay the Trustee’s objections to these claims to the extent it is based on § 502(d) until a determination is made on the Trustee’s other claims against these defendants. Any party may seek to terminate the stay upon filing an appropriate motion.
Equitable Subordination
In the alternative, the Trustee requests this court equitably subordinate the claims of these defendants. The doctrine of equitable subordination was codified in the Bankruptcy Reform Act of 1978. Section 510(c) provides:
Notwithstanding subsections (a) and (b) ..., after notice and hearing, the court may—
1. under principles of equitable subordination, subordinate for purposes of distribution all or part of an allowed claim to all or part of another allowed claim or all or part of anallowed interest to all or part of another allowed interest; or
2. order that any lien securing such a subordinated claim be transferred to the estate.
§ 510(c). The doctrine permits a bankruptcy court to “subordinate a claim or divest a secured creditor of its interest in collateral, if it finds that the creditor’s claim, while not necessarily lacking a lawful basis, nonetheless results from inequitable behavior on the part of the creditor.” In re Ticketplanet.com,
When determining whether a claim should be equitably subordinated courts follow the three-pronged test set forth in Matter of Mobile Steel Co.,
As to the first element, courts generally recognize three categories of inequitable conduct: “(1) fraud, illegality, breach of fiduciary duties; (2) undercapi-talization; and (3) claimant’s usé of the debtor as a mere instrumentality or alter ego.” Matter of Missionary Baptist Found, of America, Inc.,
The burden and sufficiency of proof required are not uniform in all cases. Where the claimant is an insider or a fiduciary, the [plaintiff] bears the burden of presenting material evidence of unfair conduct____ If the claimant is not an insider or fiduciary, however, the [plaintiff] must prove more egregious conduct....
In re Daugherty Coal Co., Inc.,
As stated above, the amended complaint contains sufficient allegations to support a claim that Ms. Bertola, Ms. Fela Bertola, and American Trust are insiders, but that there are not sufficient facts alleged to support an allegation that Mr. Gonzalez or Ms. Antonopoulos are insiders.
With respect to the Mobile Steel test, the court finds that the amended complaint states a plausible claim against all defendants. First, the amended complaint alleges that Mr. Abell caused fraudulent transfers to be made to American Trust. As discussed supra, the amended complaint is replete with facts alleging a scheme to transfer Mr. Abell’s assets and real estate business with Ms. Bertola’s assistance. As to Ms. Fela Bertola, Mr, Gonzalez, and Ms. Antonopoulos, the Trustee has alleged, as discussed in the previous section, that each proof of claim is based on a fictitious or fraudulent loan. Second, the amended complaint contains multiple allegations that would justify eq
Accordingly, the motions to dismiss the Trustee’s claims for equitable subordination are denied.
J. Disallowance of Secured Claim § 506(d) — Count 37
In Count 37 of the amended complaint, the Trustee argues that the claims held by Mr. Gonzalez, Ms. Antonopoulos, Ms. Fela Bertola, American Trust, and Ms. Bertola should be disallowed under § 506(d). With exceptions not relevant here, § 506(d) provides that “[t]o the extent that a lien secures a claim against the debtor that is not an allowed secured claim, such lien is void — ” § 506(d).
Ms. Antonopoulos and Ms. Fela Bertola, both of whom filed secured claims, argue that their claims are based on legitimate transactions with Mr. Abell. To the extent the motions are based on factual allegations, they will be denied. The defendants also argue that the Trustee cannot use § 506(d) standing alone to avoid their hens. They rely on In re Cunningham,
Cunningham does not apply here. That case involved a request to strip off a wholly unsecured lien, and the court held that under Dewsnup v. Timm,
Here, the Trustee is not seeking to avoid the defendants’ hens based solely on § 506(d). The essence of the Trustee’s contention in Count 37 is not that the hens should be avoided because they lack value .in the Dewsnup sense, but because the claimants do not hold valid claims in the first place. He bases this contention on his objections to the claims, as well as his claim for equitable subordination, both as addressed in Count 36 above. Because the court concluded that the Trustee stated in Count 36 a plausible cause of action for disallowance of the claims, the court also finds that the Trustee has stated a plausible claim for voiding the hens under § 506(d). As such, the motions to dismiss this Count are denied as to all defendants,
K. Objection to Debtor’s Discharge— Count 40
In Count 40, the Trustee seeks the denial of the discharge of Mr. Abell. The Trustee contends, among other theories, that Mr. Abell has transferred, removed, destroyed, mutilated or concealed property of the estate and financial information and records concerning numerous business transactions. He also contends that Mr. Abell has knowingly and fraudulently made false oaths and withheld information relating to property or financial affairs. The Trustee, contends, therefore, that the court should deny Mr. Abell a discharge pursuant to §§ 727(a)(2)-(5). Mr. Abell contends that the Trustee has failed to state sufficient grounds for a complaint to deny a discharge, especially in light of the voluminous document production that Mr. Abell has undertaken. His arguments are unavailing. The court will deny the motion to dismiss Count 40.
Under Section 727 “the court shall grant the debtor a discharge” unless one of twelve exceptions is present. See §§ 727(a)(l)-(12). “Obtaining a discharge
In the instant case the Trustee seeks denial of Mr. Abell’s discharge pursuant to §§ 727(a)(2)-(5). “A party objecting to discharge need prove only one of the grounds for nondischargeability under § 727(a) because the provisions of § 727(a) are рhrased in the disjunctive.” Id. at 250. Denial of a discharge pursuant to one provision of § 727(a) eliminates the need for consideration of the remaining claims. Id. (citing In re Shumate,
Section 727(a)(2) requires that a debtor be denied a discharge if
(a) The court shall grant the debtor a discharge, unless—
(2) the debtor, with intent to hinder, delay, or defraud a creditor or an officer of the estate charged with custody of property under this title, has transferred, removed, destroyed, mutilated, or concealed, or has permitted to be transferred, removed, destroyed, mutilated, or concealed—
(A) property of the debtor, within one year before the date of the filing of the petition; or
(B) property of the estate, after the date of the filing of the petition[.]
§ 727(a)(2). Section 727(a)(2) “serves to deny a discharge when the debt- or ‘attempts to prevent the collection of his debts by concealing or disposing of assets.’” In re Voccia,
Section 727(a)(3) requires that a debtor be denied a discharge if
The debtor has concealed, destroyed, mutilated, falsified, or failed to keep or preserve any recorded information, including books, documents, records, and papers, from which the debtor’s financial condition or business transactions might be ascertained, unless such act or failure to act was justified under all of the circumstances of the case.
As relevant here, § 727(a)(4) requires a debtor’s discharged be denied if the debtor knowingly and fraudulently, in or in connection with the case
(A) Made a false oath or account;
(B) Presented or used a false claim;
(C) ...
(D) Withheld from an officer of the estate entitled to possession under this title, any recorded information, including books, documents, records, and papers, relating to the debtor’s property or financial affairs[.]
§ 727(a)(4). The purpose of § 727(a)(4) is “to insure that debtor provides reliable information to those with an interest in the administration of the debt- or’s estate.” Nerco Coal Corp. v. Ball,
Under § 727(a)(4)(A), to be denied a discharge, the debtor must have made a statement under oath which he or she knew to be false, and must have made that statement willfully, with intent to defraud. A debtor’s false oath must have-related to a material matter. Williamson v. Fireman’s Fund Ins. Co.,
Courts applying § 727(a)(4)(B) “have required the plaintiff to prové' that the debt- or ‘presented or used an inflated or fictitious claim.’ Such cases generally involve the scheduling of non-existent debts, the scheduling of inflated debts, or the filing by the debtor of a false proof of claim.” In re Isaacson,
Under § 727(a)(4)(D), the party objecting to the discharge has the initial burden of establishing that “1) the withholding of documents was done by the debtor or someone for . whose conduct the debtor is legally responsible; 2) was in connection with a case; 3) was withheld from an officer of the estate entitled to possession; 4) was done knowingly and fraudulently; and 5) relates to the debtor’s property or financial affairs.” In re Belk,
Lastly, the Trustee contends that Mr. Abell should be denied a discharge under § 727(a)(5). That section provides that a debtor will be denied a discharge when “the debtor has failed to explain satisfactorily, before determination of denial of discharge under this paragraph, any loss of assets or deficiency of assets to meet the debtor’s liabilities.” § 727(a)(5). “This statute gives a court broad power to decline to grant a dis
In this case, the amended complaint is replete with allegations that Mr. Abell has transferred, removed, destroyed, mutilated or concealed property of the estate and financial information and records concerning numerous business transactions and knowingly and fraudulently made false oaths and withheld information relating to property or financial affairs. The Trustee has alleged that Mr. Abell transferred assets to prevent judgment creditors from reaching them, that he failed to disclose on his Statement of Financial Affairs or on his schedules that he retains interests in certain entities, that he misrepresented the liens on certain assets listed on his schedules, that he has refused to provide discovery and has concealed information, and that he has continued to direct that income and revenue derived from the Remaining Concealed Assets be distributed to other defendants, even though they do not have equity interests in those assets. Accordingly, the Trustee has properly pled this cause of action and the allegations are sufficient to state a claim for objection to discharge under any of the enumerated sections. As such, the motion to dismiss Count 40 is denied.
L. Damages for Violation of the Automatic Stay—Count JpS
In Count 43, the Trustee alleges that a bankruptcy court order establishes that assets of MM-EBT of not less than $175,000 are property of the estate. He alleges that Mr. Abell and Ms. Bertola are in actual or constructive possession of the property, that he made demand to them to turnover the assets and they refused. He alleges their refusal is a violation of the automatic stay of § 362. The defendants argue, among other things, that the assets of MM-EBT have not been sufficiently determined to be property of the estate.
The filing of a bankruptcy petition operates as a stay, as relevant here, of “(3) any act to obtain possession of property of the estate or of property from the estate or to exercisе control over property of the estate.” § 362(a)(3). A party seeking to establish a' violation of the automatic stay must establish, by a preponderance of the evidence, that (1) the defendant knew of the existence of the stay; (2) the defendant performed an intentional action; and (3) the action violated the stay. See Brown v. Chesnut (In re Chesnut),
A violation of the automatic stay subjects the violating party to liability for damages, including punitive damages, but only if it is willful. § 362(k)(l). Willfulness does not require the specific intent to violate the automatic stay, but only that the creditor knew of the stay and intentionally committed an act in violation of the stay. Citizens Bank of Maryland v. Strumpf,
Here, the Trustee alleges that both defendants certainly knew of the existence of the stay, they performed an intentional act by refusing to turnover property that the bankruptcy court determined was not exempt and therefore was property of the estate, and that their actions violated the stay. These allegations state a claim under § 362.
Defendants raise other arguments, none of which are availing. First,- they contend that the Trustee does not have standing to request damages under § 362(k)(l) because it provides that only “an individual” may recover damages for a willful violation of the stay. See § 362(k)(l). In the Fourth Circuit, however, recovery under § 362 is not restricted to a natural person. See Budget Serv. Co.,
The motions to dismiss Count 43 are denied.
Conclusion
For the foregoing reasons, the motions tо dismiss Counts 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9,19, 20, 21, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, and 43 are denied. The motions to dismiss Counts 32 and 33 are granted. Count 36 will be stayed to the extent it seeks disallowance of claims based on § 502(d). The court will enter a separate order.
Notes
. A number of defendants settled the claims against them. The settling defendants are James E. Abell ("Dr. Abell”), Mt. Zion Village Partnership, Parkview Towers, LLC, Asset Lending Corporation, American Security, LLC, Abell Family Partnership, Mt. Airy Apartments, LLC, and any unknown parties owned or controlled by Dr. Abell. The court has included a limited number of factual allegations as to these settling defendants because they support the Trustee’s theory about Mr. Abell’s far ranging fraudulent scheme.
. Unless otherwise noted, all statutory references herein are to the Bankruptcy Code, 11 U.S.C. § 101 et seq., as currently in effect,
. The amended complaint and subsequent motions to dismiss, objection, responses and replies refers to the list of Mr. Abell’s purported entities as "Concealed Assets”.
. Mr. Abell transferred approximately $1 million to defendant Chang Chon prior to filing bankruptcy, and Mr. Abell transferred hundreds of thousands of dollars to Chang Chon over a several year period prior to filing the petition.
. The defendants seek to strike' ¶¶ 1 — 10; 13-18; 78; 82-88; 89-109; 111-114; 127-128; 130; 133-136; and 163 in ECF 7.
. Sale Properties Proceeds is defined in the amended complaint as properties the Trustee sold pursuant to the sale order entered at ECF 483 in Case no. 13-13847.
. The Trustee also lodged this claim against defendants Dr. Abell Asset Lending, American Security, Mount Zion Village Partnership, Mt. Aiiy Apartments, LLC, Abell Family Partnership, and 219 Atlantic Street, LLC. Except for 219 Atlantic Street, LLC, which has not filed an answer or a motion to dismiss, the Trustee has settled his claim with the aforementioned defendants.
. Phoenix 1 did not move to dismiss the constructive trust claim in Count 5.
. The "Tenancy by the Entireties Entities" are 2926 Partnership, 1828 18th Street LLC, 2103 Suitland Terrance, LLC, 277 Newcomb St. L.L.C., 3514 13th Street, LLC, 3750 Bel Pre Road Builders, LLC, 5118 Hanna, LLC, and 6014 Prince George Street, LLC.
. Count 30 also included claims against Adelbowale Adeleke, Fusion Contractors, and AG and Son. The Trustee dismissed all claims against Mr. Adeleke, without prejudice. See ECF 240. The court had entered default judgment against Fusion Contractors, which was set aside upon motion. See ECF 248. Thus, it remains pending. And AG and Son has not filed a motion to dismiss.
. The Trustee makes a similar argument under § 544 and state law, which is addressed in the following section.
. Moreover, the argument that the Trustee is not seeking to avoid a transfer of an interest of Mr. Abell’s property came up late in the motion papers, in defendant’s reply brief. ECF 79 at 9, Although it was discussed at the hearing, it was not fully developed by the parties. The parties may have an opportunity in future proceedings to revisit the issue of whether Mr. Abell transferred an interest in "property” when he transferred 100% of the assets from his company to a company owned by his spouse. See In re Collins,
. The look back period of § 548(b) was amended in 2005 by the Bankruptcy Abuse Prevention and Consumer Protection Act of 2005, P.L. 109-8, April 8, 2005, H.R. Rep. 109-31(1).
. In its motion to dismiss, Caniss raises the affirmative defense that it provided fair consideration for the payments it received. However, a motion to dismiss generally cannot reach the- merits of an affirmative defense. Goodman v. Praxair, Inc.,
. Dr. Abell was originally named in Count 32, but the Trustee has since reached a settlement with him and the claims against him have been dismissed.
. The Trustee argues that he has alleged facts sufficient to sustain a claim of civil conspiracy under both Maryland and District of Columbia law.
.In Maryland, it is now established that liability for civil conspiracy requires "proof, that the defendant, although not committing the underlying tort, was legally capable of committing the underlying tort.” Shenker v.
. In Count 33 the Trustee alleges that Ms. Bertola and Ms. Maya provided substantial assistance, encouragement, and aid to Mr. Abell in the perpetration of his fraudulent scheme. The primary difference between conspiracy and aiding and abetting is that "a conspiracy involves an agreement to participate in a wrongful activity” and "aiding and abetting focuses on whether a defendant knowingly gave ‘substantial assistance’ to someone who performed wrongful conduct, not on whether the defendant agreed to join the wrongful conduct.” Halberstam,
. Ms. Antonopoulos filed proofs of claim 50-1 and 51-1. Proof of claim 50-1 evidences an outstanding loan balance of $54,997.26, seemed by property located at 443 S. Street, NW, Washington D.C. 20001 and 920 Dela-field Place, N.W, Washington D.C. Ms. Berto-la is listed as the authorized agent for Ms. Antonopoulos on the proof of claim. Attached to the proof of claim is a deed of trust dated June 11, 2004, memorializing a $150,000 loan to Mr. Abell in exchange for a security interest in two properties. The deed was signed by Mr. Abell and notarized by Ms. Bertola. Also attached is an unsigned and undated deed of trust note dictating the terms of repayment. Proof of claim 51-1 evidences an outstanding loan balance of $164,991.78, secured by property located at 6034 Eastern Avenue, NE, Washington D.C. 20010. Ms. Bertola is listed as the authorized agent for Ms. Antonopoulos on the proof of claim. Attached to the proof of claim is a deed of trust memorializing a second $150,000 loan to Mr. Abell in exchange for the security interest in the property, which is dated June 20, 2007. The deeds of trust is signed by Mr. Abell and notarized by Ms. Bertola.
. Ms. Bertola filed proof of claim 53-1 for $114,596,00. The claim is listed as contingent/guaranty of debt, and is not secured by any property or asset. Attached to the proof of claim is a modification of a note between 5907 Eads Street, LLC and Capital Bank, N.A. signed by Ms. Bertola and Mr. Abell, individually.
. American Trust filed proof of claim 55-1 in the amount of $750,000 based on contingent liability from the sale of properties.
. Mr. Gonzalez filed proof of claim 58-1 for $75,000 as a result of a loan he allegedly made to Mr. Abell. The loan is secured by property located at 1825 Kilboume Place, NW, Washington, D.C.; 1360 Taylor St., NW, Washington, D.C.; and 1261 Owen Place, NE, Washington, DC. Attached to the proof of claim is a deed of trust entered into on June 3, 2009, between Mr. Gonzalez, Mr. Abell, and Ms. Bertola. The deed to the properties was signed by Mr. Abell and notarized by Ms. Bertola,
.Ms. Fela Bertola filed proof of claim 60-1 for $106,003.33 based on a series of loans she allegedly made to Mr. Abell. The loan is secured by property located at 5312 James Place, NE, Washington, D.C. Attached to the proof of claim is a deed dated April 20, 2007, signed by the Mr. Abell and notarized by Ms. Bertola.