8 Conn. App. 96 | Conn. App. Ct. | 1986
The defendant has appealed from a judgment rendered for the plaintiff after a trial to the court. The first and second claims of error allege that the trial court erred when it admitted into evidence a sworn written statement that the defendant contends should have been excluded as hearsay evidence. The defendant’s third claim of error is that the trial court utilized the incorrect standard of proof to support an award of treble damages pursuant to General Statutes § 52-564.
In his first claim of error, the defendant directly attacks the admission of the alleged hearsay evidence and in his second and third claims of error he contends that without the hearsay evidence there was insufficient evidence to find for the plaintiff, and that there was insufficient proof to sustain an award of treble damages.
The trial court found the following facts. In July, 1978, the Connecticut state police were investigating a burglary which had occurred in Bethany. During the course of that investigation, Michael Marple came to the police headquarters and voluntarily gave a written statement regarding the burglary at the home of the plaintiff. In his statement, he related that approximately one week prior to August 3, 1978, Robert Mazzacane came to Marple’s residence with the items stolen from the plaintiff and asked if Marple could sell the items. Marple and Mazzacane then spent the night at the home of Albert and Deborah DeCato, where discussions took place regarding the stolen property. The following day Marple took the stolen jewelry to the defendant’s antique shop, known as Lindy’s Antique Shop. Marple entered the shop while Mazzacane and another person, Andrew Johns, waited in a car. In his statement, Marple stated he sold the ring to the defendant at that time for $250, and then a few days later he went back and sold the gold bracelet also to the defendant for $250. He described the sale as having taken place with the two brothers who operated Lindy’s Antique Shop. At the time of the respective sales, he was told by one of the brothers that the ring would be sold in Europe and that the bracelet would be melted and disposed of as bullion. Marple also disclosed that
As a result of the information obtained from Marple, the police searched Lindy’s Antique Shop and found the missing bracelet in a safe in a back room, although they could not find the diamond ring. The defendant stated that he had purchased the bracelet on August 3, 1978, but had not purchased the ring. He stated that he paid $550 in cash, but did not make a record of the transaction and did not seek proof of ownership from the seller. The defendant was arrested for receipt of stolen goods and was convicted of larceny in the first degree.
The plaintiff presented evidence that the defendant, Gerald Lindy, had received and concealed the ring, knowing that it was stolen. In addition to her previously described testimony, Deborah DeCato testified that she was present and had witnessed Marple selling the stereo to a person named Mark, who lived in Orange. The defendant did not object to Mrs. DeCato’s testimony regarding the sale of the ring and bracelet to the defendant, but did object when the witness testified that the three men acknowledged selling other stolen items to Lindy in the past. The objection was ruled untimely and no exception was taken.
Another witness, William Gordon, a retired state police officer, testified that Marple had given a sworn statement outlining Marple’s participation in the disposal of the stolen property. On the basis of the statement, Gordon applied for the search warrant that led
The defendant’s claim that the court erred in admitting Marple’s sworn statement is predicated upon the fact that the plaintiff failed to establish the unavailability of Marple as a prerequisite to the admission of the statement, and further failed to establish that the statement was trustworthy. The defendant concedes that Marple’s sworn statement was a declaration against both his penal and pecuniary interest. See, e.g., Ferguson v. Smazer, 151 Conn. 226, 232, 196 A.2d 432 (1963). The defendant concedes, also, that because Marple was incarcerated, he was physically unavailable to testify, but argues that his testimony was available by way of deposition which precluded the use of his sworn statement. We disagree.
In determining the unavailability of a witness where the admissibility of a statement against penal interest is in issue, Rule 804 (a) of the Federal Rules of Evidence
The ultimate question of the availability of a witness is a question of fact to be determined by the trier. Fontaine v. Coyle, 174 Conn. 204, 209, 384 A.2d 616 (1978). Although the rules of evidence regarding the use of out of court statements when a witness is unavailable apply to both civil and criminal cases; Reilly v. DiBianco, 6 Conn. App. 556, 564, 507 A.2d 106
Cognizant of the fact that Marple was incarcerated in Massachusetts at the time of trial, the court determined as a matter of fact that Marple was unavaila-. ble. A review of the transcript reveals that the trial court’s determination was based on a deliberate review of the particular circumstances present, and its interpretation of the applicable legal authorities.
Rule 804 (a) (5) requires that the witness be absent from the hearing as the first prerequisite for the admission of such a statement. It is conceded that Marple was absent. The second prerequisite is that the proponent of the statement be unable to procure the testimony of the witness “by process or other reasonable means.” Such a statement therefore is admissible if the testimony cannot be had by “reasonable means” or by process which is reasonable. The word “other” indicates that process, as well as other methods of obtaining testimony, be reasonable. Even if the taking of a deposition is considered “process,” the obtaining of it must be “reasonable” in light of the particular facts and circumstances surrounding the inability of the party seeking the admission of the statement to procure the attendance of the witness. The trial court, considering the facts of the incarceration of the witness in another state, the civil nature of the case, the amount of damage at issue in this controversy, and the effort, time and cost involved in taking the deposition of a person
The court’s conclusion was consistent with the principles and policies stated above, which are to be considered when deciding such a question. We conclude, therefore, that the trial court did not exceed or abuse the discretion vested in it in finding the witness unavailable for the purpose of admitting his sworn statement.
The defendant’s claim that there was no shoving that Marple’s sworn statement was trustworthy must also fail. The testimony of Deborah DeCato and Gordon confirm that the statement led to the recovery of most of the articles taken in the burglary. The items were located at the sites indicated in the statement and this fact, along with the other times, places and events mentioned in the statement and corroborated by the witnesses, tended to enhance the reliability of the statement. The question of trustworthiness is also one of fact to be determined by the trier, and a court is given broad discretion to determine whether a third party declaration against penal interest is trustworthy. State v. DeFreitas, 179 Conn. 431, 452, 426 A.2d 799 (1980). Marple’s sworn statement had more than sufficient indicia of trustworthiness, and we cannot say that the trial court’s finding was clearly erroneous.
The defendant’s final claim relates to the standard of proof required to support an award of treble damages pursuant to General Statutes § 52-564. It is clear that an award of treble damages is an extraordinary statutory remedy. See Alaimo v. Royer, 188 Conn. 36, 43, 448 A.2d 207 (1982); DeMilo v. West Haven, 189 Conn. 671, 676, 458 A.2d 362 (1983). Also, when treble damages are sought pursuant to § 52-564, the plaintiff is not required to prove his case beyond a reasonable doubt. Munson v. Atwood, 30 Conn. 102, 103-104 (1861). Generally, facts which constitute a crime need not be proven beyond a reasonable doubt if they are at issue in a civil action. 30 Am. Jur. 2d, Evidence § 1169. It is ordinarily sufficient in civil cases to prove the existence of the criminal act by a preponderance of the evidence. Mead v. Husted, 52 Conn. 53, 56 (1884). “However, clear and convincing proof is a standard frequently imposed in civil cases where the wisdom of experience has demonstrated the need for greater certainty, as where this high standard is required to sustain claims which have serious consequences or harsh or far-reaching effects on individuals, to prove willful, wrongful and unlawful acts, to justify an exceptional judicial remedy, or to circumvent established legal safeguards . . . .” (Footnotes omitted.) 32A C.J.S., Evidence § 1023; see, e.g.,Dacey v. Connecticut Bar Assn., 170 Conn. 520, 368 A.2d 125 (1976).
There is error in part, the judgment is set aside and the case is remanded for a new trial limited to the issue of whether treble damages should be awarded pursuant to General Statutes § 52-564.
In this opinion the other judges concurred.
General Statutes § 52-564 provides: “Any person who steals any property of another, or knowingly receives and conceals stolen property, shall pay the owner treble his damages.”
Rule 804 (a) lists five situations in which the declarant witness may be considered unavailable: “(1) is exempted by ruling of the court on the ground of privilege from testifying concerning the subject matter of his statement; or (2) persists in refusing to testify concerning the subject matter of his statement despite an order of the court to do so; or (3) testifies to a lack of memory of the subject matter of his statement; or (4) is unable to be present or to testify at the hearing because of death or then existing physical or mental illness or infirmity; or (5) is absent from the hearing and the proponent of his statement has been unable to procure his attendance (or in the case of a hearsay exception under subdivision (b) (2), (3), or (4), his attendance or testimony) by process or other reasonable means.”
Subsection (b) (3) of Rule 804 contains an exception to the hearsay rule for statements against the declarant’s pecuniary, propietary or penal interests.
In a criminal case, the right of an accused to confront his opponent is a constitutional right which imposes a stringent burden upon a prosecutor to procure a witness’ attendance or testimony. See Barber v. Page, 390 U.S. 719, 724-25, 88 S. Ct. 1318, 20 L. Ed. 2d 255 (1968).