Lead Opinion
{¶ 1} Donald and Barbara Schaffer appeal the judgment of the Lorain County Court of Common Pleas. FirstMerit Bank, N.A., appeals the same judgment. This court affirms in part and reverses in part.
{¶ 2} Mr. Schaffer owned and operated Grafton Janitorial Service, Inc. (“GJS”). On October 6, 1998, Mr. Schaffer obtained a $25,000 line of credit for his company from the bank by executing a promissory note, which he signed both as “Donald J. Schaffer, President” and “Donald J. Schaffer, Cosigner.” The note contains no guarantee provision, and Mr. Schaffer did not sign the note in the capacity as a guarantor. The note contained the following provision: “Upon any change in the terms of this Note, and unless otherwise expressly stated in writing, no party who signs this Note, whether as maker, guarantor, accommodation maker or endorser, shall be released from liability.”
{¶ 3} On January 12, 1999, Mr. Schaffer, individually and as president of GJS, and a bank representative executed a first amendment to the note, increasing the line of credit to $35,000. On June 22, 1999, Mr. Schaffer, individually and as president of GJS, and a bank representative executed a second amendment to the note, increasing the line of credit to $50,000. Both the first and second amendments to the original note contained the following provision: “It is expressly agreed by the parties hereto that this Amendment to Note does not change any other terms or conditions of said note not specifically amended herein, and that all such terms and conditions not amended shall remain in full force and effect and are expressly applicable to the terms of this Amendment to Note.”
{¶ 4} On or about October 2, 2001, Mr. Schaffer, solely as president of GJS, and a bank representative executed a third amendment to the note. The note identified the bank as the holder of the note “signed by Grafton Janitorial Service, Inc. By Donald J. Schaffer, President.” The amendment further enumerated several express amendments, specifically, the deletion of the line-of-credit provision, the establishment of a maturity date, the modification of the monthly due date, the establishment of an express amount due each month for a six-month period, the establishment of an express amount due each month for the subsequent four-month period, and the establishment of a date for the final payment of all unpaid principal, interest, and other unpaid amounts under the note. The third amendment contained the identical provision above, requiring that changes to terms and conditions of the original note be “specifically amended.”
{¶ 5} The bank subsequently declared the note to be in default and debited Mr. and Mrs. Schaffer’s personal joint account to offset the amount due under the note. On November 16, 2005, the Schaffers filed a complaint against the bank, alleging a claim for conversion that included a claim for punitive damages and a claim for breach of implied contract, premised on the bank’s obligation to return any sums wrongfully taken from the Schaffers’ bank accounts. The bank answered the complaint.
{¶ 7} On April 13, 2007, the Schaffers filed a motion entitled “Motion for directed verdict on the issue of liability and contract damages.” Three days later, the Schaffers filed a motion entitled “Amended motion for directed verdict on the issue of liability and contract damages.” On April 17, 2007, the trial court issued a journal entry noting that the parties had agreed to cancel the trial so that the court could “revisit” the bank’s motion for summary judgment and consider the Schaffers’ motion for a directed verdict, which the court would treat as a motion for summary judgment. On April 19, 2007, the Schaffers filed a supplemental brief in support of their “amended motion for directed verdict.” The bank moved to strike the supplement, or, in the alternative, opposed the supplemental brief. The Schaffers opposed the motion to strike, asserting a right to submit additional evidence upon the trial court’s conversion of the motion for a directed verdict into a motion for summary judgment.
{¶ 8} On November 14, 2007, the trial court issued a ruling on the Schaffers’ “motion for directed verdict on the issue of liability,” analyzing the matter pursuant to Civ.R. 50(A)(4). The trial court entered judgment in favor of the Schaffers, awarding them damages in the amount of $35,787.24, plus interest and costs, but denying their claim for punitive damages. On November 28, 2007, the bank moved the trial court to reconsider or to vacate the judgment. The Schaffers opposed the motion. Both the bank and the Schaffers appealed from the November 14, 2007 ruling. This court dismissed the appeal and cross-appeal for lack of a final, appealable order because the trial court’s order failed to indicate whether it disposed of all claims and liabilities of the parties. Schaffer v. FirstMerit Bank, N.A., 9th Dist. Nos. 07CA009299 and 07CA009300,
{¶ 9} On January 15, 2009, the trial court issued a journal entry, ruling on the bank’s and the Schaffers’ separate motions for summary judgment. The trial court entered judgment in favor of the Schaffers on their conversion and breach-of-implied-contract claims, denied the Schaffers’ claim for punitive damages, and denied the bank’s motion for summary judgment as moot. The Schaffers filed a timely appeal in case number 09CA009530, raising two assignments of error for review. The bank filed a timely appeal in case number 09CA009531, raising three assignments of error for review. This court consolidated the cases on appeal. We further rearrange some assignments of error and consolidate others to facilitate review.
THE SCHAFFERS’ ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR II
The trial court erred to the prejudice of [the Schaffers] when it, sua sponte, dismissed [their] claims for punitive damages attendant to the tort of conversion where such damages had been appropriately pled in the complaint and where the opposing party had not requested a dismissal or summary adjudication of such damage claim.
{¶ 10} The Schaffers argue that the trial court erred by disposing of their claim for punitive damages when that issue was not raised in any motion for summary judgment. We agree.
{¶ 11} This court has held:
[T]he trial court need not enunciate any definitive statement concerning the court’s rationale for granting, a motion for summary judgment. Rogoff v. King (1993),91 Ohio App.3d 438 , 449,632 N.E.2d 977 . In fact, the trial court need not issue anything more than “a clear and concise pronouncement of the judgment” in its ruling on a motion for summary judgment. Id. However, it is axiomatic that the trial court may not grant summary judgment in regard to any claim, where a party has not moved for judgment in regard to that claim.
Urda v. Buckingham, Doolittle & Burroughs, 9th Dist. No. 22547,
if a party files a motion based on some, but not all, issues in a case, the trial court should restrict its ruling to those matters raised. It is reversible error to award summary judgment on grounds not specified in the motion for summary judgment. * * * The trial court may not rely on law or fact that is not presented in the moving party’s motion.
Lindsey v. Summit Cty. Children’s Servs. Bd., 9th Dist. No. 24352,
{¶ 12} In their motion for summary judgment, the Schaffers expressly reserved the issue of punitive damages for later determination at trial by the finder of fact. Moreover, the bank argued in its motion for summary judgment only that the Schaffers could not prevail on the underlying conversion claim. The
THE BANK’S ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR I
The trial court erred when it denied FirstMerit’s motion for summary judgment.
THE BANK’S ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR II
The trial court erred when it granted the Schaffer motion based on its determination that the promissory note, as amended, was ambiguous.
THE BANK’S ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR III
The trial court erred when it granted the Schaffer motion, as genuine issues of fact remain for determination by the jury with respect to whether the parties intended to release Donald Schaffer from personal liability under the promissory note, as amended.
{¶ 13} The bank argues that the trial court erred by granting summary judgment in favor of the Schaffers. We disagree.
{¶ 14} We review an award of summary judgment de novo. Grafton v. Ohio Edison Co. (1996),
. {¶ 15} The trial court made and premised part of its judgment on “findings of fact,” some of which, based on a review of the evidence, are simply incorrect. Nevertheless, “[ijnasmuch as this court’s review of an order granting summary judgment is de novo, however, it will proceed to determine whether, despite the trial court’s incorrect analysis, [the Schaffers] [were] entitled to summary judgment.” Tucker v. Kanzios, 9th Dist. No. 08CA009429,
{¶ 16} Pursuant to Civ.R. 56(C), summary judgment is proper if
(1) [n]o genuine issue as to any material fact remains to be litigated; (2) the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law; and (3) it appears from the evidence that reasonable minds can come to but one conclusion, and viewing such evidence most strongly in favor of the party against whom the motion for summary judgment is made, that conclusion is adverse to that party.
Temple v. Wean United, Inc. (1977),
{¶ 17} To prevail on a motion for summary judgment, the party moving for summary judgment must be able to point to evidentiary materials that show that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Dresher v. Burt (1996),
{¶ 18} The trial court did not err by granting summary judgment in favor of the Schaffers, albeit on other grounds. We have repeatedly stated:
It is well established in Ohio that “a reviewing court is not authorized to reverse a correct judgment merely because erroneous reasons were assigned as a basis thereof.” State ex rel. Carter v. Schotten (1994),70 Ohio St.3d 89 , 92,637 N.E.2d 306 . Further, this Court has held that “an appellate court shall affirm a trial court’s judgment that is legally correct on other grounds, that is, one that achieves the right result for the wrong reason, because such an error is not prejudicial.” (Citation omitted.) Cook Family Invests. v. Billings, 9th Dist. Nos. 05CA008689 & 05CA008691,2006-Ohio-764 [,2006 WL 401307 ], at ¶ 19.
Schaaf v. Schaaf, 9th Dist. No. 05CA0060-M,
{¶ 19} The trial court found the third amendment to the note to be ambiguous. It therefore considered parol evidence to determine the parties’ intent. Based on extrinsic evidence, the trial court found that the parties
{¶ 20} If a contract “is clear and unambiguous, its interpretation is * * * a matter of law, and no issue of fact remains to be determined.” Denman v. State Farm Ins. Co., 9th Dist. No. 05CA008744,
{¶ 21} All three amendments to the note contain the following provision: “It is expressly agreed by the parties hereto that this Amendment to Note does not change any other terms or conditions of said note not specifically amended herein, and that all such terms and conditions not amended shall remain in full force and effect and are expressly applicable to the terms of this Amendment to Note.” When addressing the Schaffers’ breach-of-implied-contract claim, the trial court made 14 “findings of fact,” including the erroneous finding that “[t]he only change in the third amended note was the deletion of Mr. Schaffer as personal guarantor which was evidenced in writing.” The trial court did not make any “findings of fact” in regard to the claims for conversion and punitive damages. This is clear given the trial court’s separation of the claims by heading “findings of fact” enumerated under the “Breach of Implied Contract” subsection, and the lack of any “findings of fact” under the “Conversion” and “Punitive Damages Claim” subheadings.
{¶ 22} The provisions of the third amendment that refer to “terms or conditions” and require the promissory note to be “specifically amended,” and also provide that changes must be “expressly stated in writing,” are unambiguous. None of these phrases are reasonably subject to multiple interpretations giving rise to a genuine issue of material fact. Those portions of the contract that identify the parties to be bound are necessarily included in the ordinary and accepted meaning of “terms and conditions.” See, e.g., Alligood v. Procter & Gamble Co. (1991),
{¶ 24} Furthermore, “[wjhether a note has been executed by a party in his individual or representative capacity, is a question to be determined from the consideration of the whole instrument.” Ohio Carpenters’ Fringe Benefit Fund v. Krulak, 8th Dist. No. 88872,
{¶ 25} The amendments that the parties executed served to “specifically amend[ ]” the original note by “expressly stat[ing]” in writing a substitution of parties to the contract. This necessarily constitutes a change in the “terms and conditions” of the promissory note as amended. Since each of these phrases is clear and unambiguous, the bank’s second assignment of error is sustained. However, because the terms and provisions of the third amendment specifically amended the note in writing to expressly release Mr. Schaffer from personal liability, the trial court did not err by granting summary judgment in favor of the Schaffers. Our review of the undisputed facts in the record supports a finding that there are no genuine issues of material fact and that the Schaffers are
THE SCHAFFERS’ ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR I
The trial court erred to the prejudice of [the Schaffers] in restricting [their] damages arising from the tort of conversion to only the value of the converted property and interest from the date of conversion.
(¶ 26} The Schaffers argue that the trial court erred in limiting then-damages arising out of their claim for conversion to merely the value of the converted property and interest from the date of conversion. We agree.
(¶ 27} Because the Schaffers raise the issue of damages within the context of the trial court’s ruling on then- motion for summary judgment, we review the issue de novo. Reitz v. Giltz & Assoc., Inc., 11th Dist. No. 2005-T-0126,
{¶ 28} The trial court restricted the Schaffers’ damages arising out of their claim for conversion based on the Eighth District’s holding in Tabar v. Charlie’s Towing Serv., Inc. (1994),
{¶ 29} However, the Supreme Court has also held that “[i]n Ohio, as elsewhere, it is a rule of universal application in a tort action, that the measure of damages is that which will compensate and make the plaintiff whole.” Pryor v. Webber (1970),
“[I]t may be generally stated that the plaintiff is to be fairly compensated for the loss sustained by being wrongfully deprived of his property.” 18 Ohio Jurisprudence 3d (1980) 525, Conversion and Replevin, Section 53. A plaintiff may recover lost profits for conversion where lost profits may be naturally*183 expected to flow from the conversion and they are reasonably ascertainable. Id.
Moreover, the Fulks court stated that “ ‘compensation for time lost as a proximate result of the conversion, or for time and money spent in pursuit of the property converted, may be recovered.’ ” Fulks,
Ill
{¶ 30} The bank’s second assignment of error is sustained, but its first and third assignments of error are overruled. The Schaffers’ assignments of error are sustained. Accordingly, the judgment of the Lorain County Court of Common Pleas is affirmed in part, in regard to its award of judgment in favor of the Schaffers. The judgment is reversed in part and remanded for trial on the Schaffers’ outstanding claim for punitive damages and for evidentiary hearing on the propriety, and amount if applicable, of an additional amount of compensatory damages relative to the Schaffers’ claim for conversion. To be clear, because the trial court made “findings of fact” only in relation to its analysis of the Schaffers’ breach-of-implied-contract claim, it is not bound by those findings in regard to either the conversion or punitive-damages claim.
Judgment affirmed in part and reversed in part, and cause remanded.
Concurrence in Part
concurring in part and dissenting in part.
{¶ 31} I concur in the majority’s resolution of the Schaffers’ second assignment of error.
{¶ 32} I respectfully dissent in regard to the bank’s three assignments of error. The trial court made 14 “findings of fact,” on which it based its ruling. A review of the evidence submitted in support of and in opposition to the motions for summary judgment clearly demonstrates that several of the trial court’s findings of fact were inaccurate. Specifically, the trial court found that Mr. Schaffer had signed the original note and the first and second amendments as a personal
{¶ 33} A trial court’s making of “findings of fact” alone may constitute reversible error. A party is not entitled to summary judgment “where the trial court essentially trie[s] the matter and enter[s] findings of fact and conclusions of law.” Walker v. Hodge, 1st Dist. No. C-080002,
{¶ 34} This court addressed a similar situation in Tucker v. Kanzios, 9th Dist. No. 08CA009429,
{¶ 35} This court has stated that “[i]t is not the duty of a trial court or an appellate court to judge the evidence presented * * *; that job is properly reserved for the finder of fact.” Scarvelli v. Melmont Holding Co., 9th Dist. No. 05CA008793,