delivered the opinion of the Court.
In this аppeal, we determine whether the trial court erred in granting (1) a plea of res judicata and collateral estoppel in favor of one defendant and (2) a plea of judicial estoppel in favor of two other defendants.
I
On August 13, 1998, Edith S. Scales filed an action against Allen N. Lewis, Jr., and also against Dwayne E. Spann and Cal-Ark International, Inc., Spann’s employer (collectively, Spann). Scales sought reсovery for damages for personal injuries sustained in a motor vehicle collision that occurred on April 10, 1997. Lewis filed a plea of res judicata and/or collateral estoppel, and Spann filed a plea of judicial estoppel. The trial judge granted both рleas and entered final judgments in favor of all defendants. We awarded Scales this appeal.
II
Prior to the present case, Govеrnment Employees Insurance Company (GEICO), Scales’ insurer, filed a subrogation action against Lewis on September 11, 1997, in the Henrico County General District Court. Pursuant to Code § 38.2-207, the action was filed in Scales’ name. GEICO sought to recover from Lewis monies it had paid to Scales under the uninsured motorist provisions of its insurance policy issued to Scales.
GEICO alleged that it had paid Scales $494.65 for property damages Scales had sustained in the April 10, 1997 collision. GEICO further alleged that Lewis, an uninsured motorist, had negligently operated his motor vehicle and that his negligence was a proximate cause of Scales’ damages. Lewis denied that he had been negligent *382 and alleged that Scales was guilty of negligence which barred GEICO’s recovery.
In the trial of the present case, the defendants presented the following record from the general district court: (1) the warrant in debt, (2) the bill of particulars filed by GEICO, and (3) the grounds of defense filed by Lewis. The defendants did not present a transcript of the proceedings.
The warrant in debt form offered in the present case, in the section entitled “Case Disposition,” provided spaces for fоur possible decisions by the general district court. The court could have, by marking the appropriate box, entered judgment for the plаintiff, entered judgment for the defendant, declared a non-suit, or dismissed the case. The general district court did not enter judgment for either the plaintiff or the defendant; instead, the court marked the case “DISMISSED.”
Ill
We first consider whether the trial court erred in granting Lewis’ pleas of res judicata and collateral estoppel. The doctrine of res judicata precludes parties from relitigating the same cause of action when a valid, final judgment was previously entered.
Bates
v.
Devers,
(1) the parties to the prior and subsequent proceedings, or their privies, must be the same, (2) the factual issue sought to be litigated actually must have been litigated in the prior action, (3) the factual issue must have been essential to the judgment in the prior proceeding, and (4) the prior action must have resulted in a judgment that is valid, final, and against the party against whom the doctrine is sought to be applied. In addition to these elements, there alsо must be “mutuality,” i.e., a litigant cannot invoke collateral estoppel unless he would have been bound had the litigation of the issue in the prior action reached the opposite result.
*383
Angstadt
v.
Atlantic Mutual Ins. Co.,
It is firmly established that the party who asserts the defenses of res judicata or collateral estoppel has the burden of proving by a preponderance of the evidence that the claim or issue is precluded by a prior judgment.
Bates,
In the present case, Lewis asserted the defenses of res judicata and collateral estoppel, and, therefore, he had the burden оf proving that the claim or question had been in issue and determined in the prior subrogation action.
See Feldman
v.
Rucker,
Nevertheless, although Lewis offered into evidence the record of the general district сourt, we conclude that the record is insufficient to establish res judicata or collateral estoppel. To the contrary, the rеcord in the prior matter shows that the general district court did not enter a valid, final judgment against Scales, the party against whom the doctrinеs were sought to be applied in the present case. Consequently, we hold that the trial court erred in ruling that Scales’ action against Lewis is barred by res judicata and collateral estoppel.
IV
We next consider whether the trial court erred in granting Spann’s plea of judiсial estoppel. Spann contends that, because GEICO elected to proceed only against Lewis in the general district court, Sсales is “judicially estopped from alleging, inconsistently, that Spann . . . [was] a direct and proximate cause of the accident.” Spann further contends that, pursuant to
Burch
v.
Grace Street Bldg. Corp.,
In the general district court, GEICO alleged in its bill of particulars that the damage to Scales’ automobile was “a direct and proximate result” of Lewis’ negligence. (Emphasis added.) GEICO did not claim, as Spann incorrectly asserts, that Lewis’ negligence was the proximate cause of Scales’ damages. Thus, Scales has not taken inconsistent positions and is not precluded from proceeding against Spann in the present case. See Code § 8.01-443 (“A judgment against one of several joint wrongdoers shall not bar the prosecution of an action agаinst any or all others, but the injured party may bring separate actions against the wrongdoers and proceed to judgment in each.”) Consequently, we hold that the trial court erred in ruling that Scales’ action against Spann is barred by judicial estoppel.
V
For the foregoing reasons, we will reverse the trial court’s judgment and remand the case for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.
Reversed and remanded.