183 P. 308 | Cal. Ct. App. | 1919
This is an appeal by the defendant from a judgment for the plaintiff for $13,053.63. Plaintiff sues as trustee in bankruptcy of the R. B. Moore Mill and Lumber Company to recover the aggregate amount of forty-two checks drawn by R. B. Moore as president of the Moore Mill and Lumber Company and given by him to Martin Holje, defendant's testator, in payment of a personal indebtedness of Moore to Holje. The complaint is in two counts, one count for money had and received, and the *735 other to recover the same funds as having been paid out of the corporation's treasury in fraud of creditors while it was insolvent and as the result of a conspiracy between Moore and Holje. The facts of the case are briefly: In November, 1906, Moore Mill and Lumber Company was organized with a capital stock of one hundred thousand dollars, divided into one thousand shares of one hundred dollars each. Three hundred thirty-three and one-third shares each were issued to Moore and Holje. At no time during the life of the corporation were there any other stockholders except "dummy" directors holding one share each for which they paid no consideration. On February 9, 1909, Moore individually purchased at par from Holje all of the shares owned by Holje, and for said shares Moore gave Holje his promissory note for $33,333.33, secured by a pledge of shares then purchased by Moore. Thereafter, Moore made payments on account of interest on said note by checks drawn on an account in the name of Moore Mill and Lumber Company. The first of these checks was dated April 29, 1909, and the last was dated October 1, 1913. The principal of the note given by Moore to Holje has never been paid in whole or in part. Holje died on January 16, 1914, and Moore died in the spring of 1914. In June, 1914, Moore Mill and Lumber Company was adjudicated a bankrupt and the plaintiff was appointed trustee in bankruptcy. In October, 1914, plaintiff, as trustee, presented to defendant a creditor's claim for the amount of the checks that had been paid to Holje. The claim was rejected by the executrix and this action was brought.
[1] The plaintiff as trustee in bankruptcy is in no better legal position than the creditors whom he represents. There is no claim made that any of the money was paid to Holje within four months of the bankruptcy. "When the trustee seeks to avoid a fraudulent or any avoidable transfer by the bankrupt antedating the four months, he does so, not in the right conferred as a concomitant to the due operation of the system, but exclusively in the creditors' common-law right. He is, with relation to these anterior transfers, so to speak, subrogated to that right. Such of these anterior transfers as any creditor might have avoided, he may avoid. Such as no creditor could have avoided, he cannot avoid." (In re Gray,
The judgment must be supported, then, if at all, upon the count for money had and received for the use of the corporation upon the theory that the payment of the personal indebtedness of Moore was an improper application of corporate funds. It appears from the admitted facts that there were no stockholders except Moore interested in the corporation during the period when the checks were issued. [3] It was what has been called a "one man corporation." It has been repeatedly held that in such a case, the sole owner may do what he will with the assets and credit of the corporation and no one but creditors may complain. (First Nat. Bank v. Winchester,
There is no evidence in the record that there were any creditors of the corporation at the various times that these *738 checks were given. There is no finding directly upon this point. The court did find that "the creditors of R. B. Moore Mill and Lumber Company were not given notice of the said transaction of February 9th, 1909, and had no knowledge of the execution of said promissory note . . ." The only evidence to sustain this is the evidence of former office employees of the corporation who testified that so far as they knew no notice was given to creditors of the transactions complained of. There is no evidence whatever as to who the creditors were at that time, or of the amount of their claims, or, in fact, that there were any creditors at all. The only pretense of evidence upon the subject is the implication in the testimony of the office employees to the effect that there were some creditors of the corporation who might have been notified. There is nothing whatever in the testimony to indicate that the creditors at the time the checks were issued, if any there were, are the same creditors represented by the trustee. The mere general implication in the testimony and the findings that there were some creditors at the time the note was executed and the checks issued is not sufficient, for as such creditors could only recover the amount they had been injured, i. e., the amount of their respective claims, and as only such creditors could recover as were creditors at the time of the payments to Holje, specific findings upon these various matters are necessary to a proper judgment. Each payment to Holje was a separate and distinct transaction; only such creditors as were injured by the individual transactions may recover upon the theory of the case relied upon in the first count of the complaint.
As it is impossible for us to determine at this time which theory of the case plaintiff will attempt to sustain in the event of a retrial, we cannot determine the questions discussed as to which statute of limitation would be applicable and the admissibility of the counterclaim.
The judgment is reversed.
Haven, J., and Brittain, J., concurred.
A petition to have the cause heard in the supreme court, after judgment in the district court of appeal, was denied by the supreme court on August 21, 1919.
All the Justices concurred. *739