Plаintiff appeals a jury verdict which awarded him a judgment against defendant in the amount of $1.4 million for injuries sustained in a railroad crossing collision between plaintiffs automobile and defendant’s train. The jury reduced the award 95% by finding the plaintiff comparatively negligent.
On appeal, plaintiff raises several allegations of error. The dispositive question is whether it was reversible error for the trial judge to instruct the jury from a Standard Jury Instruction which incorrectly stated the law. We аnswer in the affirmative and remand for a new trial.
On August 17, 1976, at approximately 6:30 p.m., plaintiff was driving westbound on Ten Mile Road when his car collided with defendant’s southbound freight train. Plaintiff testified that he did not hear the train whistle or see the grade-crossing lights flashing as he approached the tracks.
Defendant’s train was travelling at 46 miles per hour as it travelled through the railroad crossing. *760 The crossing was not equipped with gate guards. Several other cars were travelling in the area аt the time of the collision. Three drivers testified that, as they approached the railroad crossing, they observed lights on defendant’s train, flashing lights around the crossing and they heard defendant’s train whistle. Two drivers testified that they also drove uр to the crossing but, upon observing the flashing lights and hearing the whistle, they both stopped their automobiles at the crossing. However, one driver stated that he neither heard a train whistle nor observed flashing lights and proceeded over the trаcks just ahead of plaintiff, and narrowly missed being hit by the train.
On impact, plaintiff’s car was pushed 1,264 feet down the railroad track. Plaintiff and his passenger were pinned inside the wreck. In order to remove plaintiff from the car, a Warren Firе Department medic amputated plaintiff’s arm with a hunting knife.
At trial, plaintiff alleged negligence by the defendant for the excessive speed of the freight train, its failure to erect automatic gate guards and the failure of the train crew to keep a proper lookout. The defendant responded that the plaintiff’s failure to stop at the crossing, in violation of state law, was the sole proximate cause of the accident. In addition to the testimony of drivers who were witnesses to the collision, both parties introduced evidence of ordinances and statutes governing the conduct of the other party under the circumstances. The parties also introduced expеrt testimony regarding the reasonableness of their conduct under the circumstances.
At the close of the evidence, the trial judge instructed the jury, inter alia, on the effect the plaintiff’s violation of the statute, which requires *761 one to stop аt crossing, would have on the question of negligence: 1
"Whenever any person driving a vehicle approaches a railroad grade crossing under any of the following circumstances, the driver shall stop within 50 feet but not less than 15 feet from the nearest rail of the railroad, and shall not proceed until he can do so safely.
"Those circumstances are, first, a clearly visible electric or mechanical signal device which gives warning of the immediate approach of a railroad train.
"Now, if you find that the plaintiff violated this statute before or at the time of the occurrence then, the plaintiff was negligent as a matter of law. You must then decide whether such negligence wаs a proximate contributing cause of the occurrence.”
When the trial judge finished instructing the jury, the jury retired to deliberate. Counsel for both parties agreed to a recess so that they could obtain information on the shooting оf President Reagan, which had occurred earlier while court was in session. The recess lasted about five min *762 utes. Upon returning, plaintiff’s counsel placed an objection on the record to several instructions. Plaintiff argued that the instruction as to the effect of his failure to stop at the crossing was incorrect. Plaintiff argued that the correct instruction would say that the jury could only infer negligence from his failure to stop at the crossing. The trial judge did not respond to the objection or reinstruct the jury. After the jury returned its verdict, plaintiff filed a motion for a new trial. The motion was denied. Plaintiff appeals as of right.
On appeal, both parties acknowledge that the trial judge instructed the jury from an outdated section of the Michigan Standard Jury Instructions (SJI). The accurate instruction states in pertinent part: 2
"If you find that the [plaintiff] violated this statute before or at the time of the occurrence, you may infer that the [plaintiff] was negligent.” SJI2d 12.01, p 2-35.
However, the parties disagree on the standard this Court should apply on review. Plaintiff argues that such errors are automatically reversible under the standard expressed by the Supreme Court in
Javis v Ypsilanti School Bd,
The law on instructions to. the jury is governed primarily by rule 516 of the Michigan General Court Rules. GCR 1963, 516. With respect to the SJI, subrule 516.6 provides that a trial court is required to instruct a jury therefrom if the instruction is applicable and if it accurately states the law. Ibid. When a trial court omits or deviates from an applicable and accurate SJI, this state has adopted a strict standard which рresumes prejudicial error:
"Where there is an omission of, or a deviation from an applicable and accurate SJI, prejudicial error will be presumed; provided that the erroneously omitted SJI was requested at trial; and provided that in those cases where error is charged as a result of deviation from a SJI, said deviation was brought to the attention of the trial court prior to the commencement of jury deliberations.” Javis v Ypsilanti School Bd,393 Mich 689 , 702-703;227 NW2d 543 (1975).
The foregoing rule makes it clear that an instruction given by a trial judge from the SJI must be accurate. "The SJI do not establish substantive law, and the trial court has the responsibility for determining that their statement of the law is correct.” 2 Honigman & Hawkins, Michigan Court Rules Annotated (2d ed Supp, 1983), p 204.
However, we hold that the strict standard of review required under Javis is not applicable to the present case. Here, we are not faced with a scenario in which the trial judge omits or deviates from an appliсable and accurate instruction. The SJI here had been overruled three years prior to trial. Rather, the error arises out of the unerring recitation by the trial judge from an applicable but *764 totally inaccurate SJI. The Javis standard was adopted to encourage the bench and the bar to apply the SJI consistently and uniformly whenever an instruction contained therein was applicable and accurate. Javis, supra, p 699. The Javis standard was not intended to supersede the court rule and require automatic reversal for every instructional error.
We hold that, whenever an instructional error concerns an instruction in the SJI which is either inapplicable or inaccurate or both, the general requirements of subrule 516.2 govern:
"Objections. No party may assign as error the giving or the failure to give an instruction unless he objects thereto before the jury retires to consider the verdict, stating specifically the matter to which he objects and the grounds of his objeсtion. Opportunity shall be given to make the objection out of the hearing of the jury.” GCR 1963, 516.2.
The defendant in the present case is correct in stating that under subrule 516.2 review of an alleged error is predicated upon a timely objection by the opposing party.
Postill v Booth Newspapers, Inc,
In the present case, we find that manifest injustice would result if this Court did not review
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plaintiffs claim of error. First, our review of the transcript rеveals that plaintiff did place an objection to the instruction on the record within minutes after the jury began their deliberations. The reason for the delay seems to lie in an agreement between counsel to recess briefly to acquire information on the condition of President Reagan, who had been shot earlier in the day. It is not clear from the record whether plaintiff’s counsel understood that the jury had been instructed to begin deliberating from the point оf the recess but, after resuming, both counsel proceeded to place objections to the instructions on the record. We would hesitate to apply subrule 516.2 in a strict manner on the facts before us. The trial judge could eаsily have corrected the error by responding to plaintiffs objection and reinstructing the jury.
Hunt v Deming, supra,
pp 584-585. GCR 1963, 516.4. His failure to either respond to or correct his charge complicates further our application of subrule 516.2. We hold the trial judge’s failure was error,
Kirby v Larson,
Second, we find that review is required to avoid injustice because of the very nature of the error. The trial court incorreсtly stated the law on the effect of plaintiffs violation of the statute on the question of negligence. Review of such an instruction is appropriate when it is apparent that the verdict of the jury may have been based upоn a misconception of the law.
Blumelein v Szepanski,
When reviewing a claimed error in a jury in
*766
struction, the instruction must be read as a whole.
Broth v DeGrandchamp,
In the present case, the issue of negligence was the fundamental issue. We find the erroneous charge inherently defective. Therefore, we reverse and remand for a new trial. Because of our disposition of this issue, we do not consider the merits of plaintiffs remaining allegations.
Notes
The relevant statute is set forth in full below:
“(1) When a person driving a vehicle approaches a railroad grade crossing under any of the following circumstances, the driver shall stop the vehicle not more than 50 feet but not less than 15 feet from the nearest rail of the railroad, and shall not proceed until the driver can do so safely:
"(a) A clearly visiblе electric or mechanical signal device gives warning of the immediate approach of a railroad train.
"(b) A crossing gate is lowered or a flagman gives or continues to give a signal of the approach or passage of a railroad train.
"(c) A railroad train approaching within approximately 1,500 feet of the highway crossing gives a signal audible from that distance, and the train by reason of its speed or nearness to the crossing is an immediate hazard.
"(d) An approaching railroad train is plainly visible and is in hazardous proximity to the crossing.
"(2) A person shall not drive a vehicle through, around, or under a crossing gate or barrier at a railroad crossing while the gate or barrier is closed or is being opened or closed.
"(3) A person who violates this section is responsible for a civil infraction.” MCL 257.667; MSA 9.2367.
The change in the jury instruction was prompted by the rule announced by the Supreme Court in
Zeni v Anderson,