Scagel v. Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railway Co.

83 Iowa 380 | Iowa | 1891

Robinson, J.

In April, 1888, James W. Scagel was in the employment of the defendant as engineer of a passenger locomotive. His run was from Mason City to McGregor and back. He left McGregor with his engine and train a few minutes before midnight on the fourth day of the month named. It had been raining hard, and he was Earned to run slowly over all bad places in the road, without regard to making time. His attention was called especially to a place east of and near Ft. Atkinson, and to another called “Plum Creek,” two or three miles west of Lawler. The train passed these places safely, but when it approached the •crossing of a stream called the “Middle” or “Little” Wapsie the engine came in contact with ice which had floated or been forced onto the rails, and was thrown from the track, several cars were derailed, Scagel and others were killed, and several were injured.

The plaintiff alleges that the accident was caused by the negligence of the defendant in not constructing its railway and appurtenances properly, in not keeping them in repair, and in not having the place where the accident occurred watched, and the employes in charge of the train which was wrecked notified of its condition. The defendant denies the alleged negligence, avers that the decedent contributed to the cause of his death by his own carelessness, and that he knew of the alleged defects in its railway.

There is some conflict in the evidence, but it tends to show facts substantially as follows: The ground on the east side of the Middle Wapsie or Wapsie, as it is commonly called in the record, is low, and the defendant’s track is carried across it on embankments and trestlework. Near the eastern side of the bottom land is a trestlework called the “Dry” or “East” bridge. It was about five feet above the surface of the ground, and had a clear opening for the passage of water a little more than forty feet in width. That bridge had at one time been much longer, but in the year 1887 a portion of it was filled with an embankment of earth. Prom that bridge westward towards the stream an embankment extended for a distance of eight hundred and forty-four feet. At the west end of that embankment was the bridge over the Wapsie, which was one hundred and seventy-four feet in length, with an opening under it for the passage of water, one hundred and sixty-three feet wide. The west bridge was several feet higher than the east one. The accident occurred two hundred and twenty feet west of the Dry bridge. The lowest part of the railway track in the vicinity of the river extended from the place of the accident eastward a distance of fonr or five hundred feet. A short distance north of the track, on the east side of the river, was a pond. At the time of the accident the water had overflowed the banks of the Wapsie, and had raised nearly to the top of the embankment we have described. Ice was floating down from above, and some of it had lodged at the Dry bridge. The flow of the water was so far checked by the bridges, the ice and the embankment that it was several feet higher on the north side of the track than it was on the other. A pear-shaped cake of ice, about two hundred and twenty-five feet long, and about one hundred and seventy-five feet wide at the widest place, and fifteen inches thick, had floated from the north, presumably from the pond mentioned, and the narrow end, which was twelve feet wide, had lodged against the embankment, if it was not actually on the rails. The engine struck some ice, but whether the large cake or smaller pieces is a matter of dispute. The south rails were loosened for some distance, and the engine and the cars which were derailed went off on the south side. Many of the ties at the place of the accident were of soft wood, others were decayed, and in such ties the spikes would not hold.

1. Railroad: negligence: personal injury: evidence: opinions.' I. A witness who reached the place of the accident four or five hours after it occurred testified that there were several pieces of ice on the track, and stated, in regard to the cake of ice described, that it lay about a foot from the end of the ties, and that, so far as he was aware, there was no indication that the ice, which was next to the track, had been struck or crushed, or shoved back from the track by the engine or cars. He was then asked. “Did any ice that was there appear to have been struck!” The defendant objected to the question, on the ground that it was incompetent, immaterial, and called for the opinion and conclusion of the witness. The objection was overruled, and the witness answered: “Only the ice that was on the track under the car; that I spoke of before.” The appellant insists that the question called for the opinion of the witness on a material question in the ease, i. e., whether the train struck the large cake or smaller pieces which the large one had, perhaps, pushed up onto the track, and that it was not one requiring the testimony of an expert. The information called for by the question was in the nature of a fact of which anyone of ordinary observation who had noticed the condition of the ice was competent to speak, and the answer wás, therefore, competent. Kelleher v. City of Keokuk, 60 Iowa, 474; Winter v. Central Iowa Ry. Co., 80 Iowa, 443, 446.

2._:_;_: ' II. A witness stated that since the accident the grade of the defendant’s road had been raised about one foot at the place where the accident occurred. The defendant objected to the evidence, and moved to exclude it. The motion was denied on the statement of the plaintiff that she desired it to remain only for the purpose of showing what the grade was at the time of the accident, and the judgment and recollection of the witness concerning it. He had testified in regard to the relative height of the track at the place of the accident, and on the main bridge, and we think the question may have been proper for the purpose for which it was retained. Another witness was asked in regard to the raising of the track, but gave no definite answer to the question, and what he said could not have been prejudicial.

3. —: —; —: life tables. III. The plaintiff offered in eYidence the Northampton and American life tables as shown by volume 3, oí Johnson’s New Universal Encyclopedia. The defendant objected, on the ground that it was “incompetent and immaterial,” stating that it “knew nothing about the book.” The objection was overruled, and the book was admitted in evidence. It is a standard, and well-known work, which treats of science and art, as well as other matters, and, under the rule adopted in Worden v. H. & S. Ry. Co., 76 Iowa, 310, 314, and Haden v. Sioux City & P. Ry. Co., 48 N. W. Rep. (Iowa) 733, was admissible. See, also, Sellars v. Foster, 42 N. W. Rep. (Neb.) 908; Cooper v. Lake Shore & M. S. Ry. Co., 66 Mich. 261; 33 N. W. Rep. 306. Other questions in regard to the admission of evidence are presented, but we find no error prejudicial to the defendant in any of the rulings of which complaint is made.

4. -:-: special findings. IV. When the evidence had been fully introduced, the defendant asked the court to submit to the jury fifteen special interrogatories, of which the court refused to submit those numbered 4, 11, 12 and 13. Of that ruling the appellant complains. Section 2808 of the Code is as follows: “Sec. 2808. In all actions, the jury, in their discretion, may render a general or special verdict, and, in any case in which they render a general verdict, they may be required by the court, and must be so required on the request of any party to the action, to find specially upon any particular questions of fact to be stated to them in writing, which questions of fact shall be submitted to the attorneys of the adverse party before the .argument to the jury is commenced.” Neither party to an action has a right to insist that all the special Interrogatories he may present to the court shall be submitted to the jury. Such interrogatories should be clear and distinct, and capable of being answered briefly. Marshall v. Blackshire, 44 Iowa, 476. An interrogatory which refers only to an immaterial fact should not be submitted. Bonham v. Iowa Central Ins. Co., 25 Iowa, 335; Liston v. Central Iowa Ry. Co., 70 Iowa, 716; Lawson v. Chicago, R. I. & P. Ry. Co., 57 Iowa, 674; Mickey v. Burlington Ins. Co., 35 Iowa, 183. The refusal of the trial court to submit a special interrogatory, the answer to which could not have controlled the general verdict is not reversible error. Dreher v. I. S. W. Ry. Co., 59 Iowa, 601. A party is not entitled.to a special finding upon every circumstance which may have some bearing on the case. Hawley v. Chicago, B. & Q. Ry. Co., 71 Iowa, 720.

The fourth special interrogatory asked was as follows: “Had the superintendent of the defendant any reason to anticipate that the large body of ice from the pond would rise and float down against the embankment, and be forced up the slope of the dump, and over the rail? ” It is not shown that the ice referred to in the interrogatory was forced over the rail. The appellee contends that it was not, but that smaller pieces of ice were pushed by it over the rail, and the evidence tends to show that such was the fact. But, if the interrogatory had been submitted and answered in the negative, it would have had no effect upon the general verdict. The defendant had other officers and employes whose duty jt was to know the condition of the road, and to anticipate and provide against danger which might be reasonably apprehended. One of these was the section foreman, who had charge of the track at the-place of the accident, and whose duty'it was to go over the section in rainy weather, in the daytime and at night, to ascertain the condition of the track, and guard against accidents. He was at the Wapsie bridges about two hours before the accident. If the condition of the stream and bridges at that time was such that danger to the track, and to the trains moving upon it, was probable, he should have taken steps to prevent accident, and the want of knowledge of the threatened .danger on the part of ‘the superintendent would have been immaterial. Moreover, the liability of the defendant did not depend upon a reason known to its superintendent for anticipating that the cake of ice in question would be floated onto its track. That particular result may have been unexpected and unusual, but if it was produced by natural causes, which the defendant, by the exercise of ordinary diligence, could have guarded against, and the decedent was not in fault, it is liable. Doyle v. Chicago, St. P. & K. C. Ry. Co., 77 Iowa, 610.

The eleventh special interrogatory was as follows: “If the deceased had been running his engine very cautiously, could the derailment have been avoided!” The court properly refused to submit this to the jury. It sought to inquire in regard to a mere possibility, and the answer whether in the affirmative or negative would not have controlled the general verdict.

The twelfth special finding assumes as a fact that which is not conceded, and which, we think, was not proven, namely, that the crossing of the Wapsie was attempted immediately after a heavy rain at that place; and the thirteenth special interrogatory is based upon the twelfth. We conclude that the court did not err in refusing to submit the interrogatories we have considered. See Thomas v. Schee, 80 Iowa, 242; Des Moines & D. Land & Tree Co. v. Homestead & Trust Co., 82 Iowa, 663.

6 _._._. : evidence, Y. The appellant complains of several of the special findings, and insists that they should have been set aside because not supported by the evidence. The first is as follows: “Was the train derailed by coming in contact with a piece of ice forced up a slope of the dump, and over the north rail of the defendant’s railroad track! A. Supposed in coming in contact with ice and giving away of ties.” We think the answer was authorized. “There was evidence which tended to show that a large proportion of the ties in question were wholly insufficient; that some .of them were broken off at the south rail; and that the ends of others were “combed out” by the spikes which were forced through them by lateral pressure. It may be, if the ties had been of hard wood and sound, that the rails would have remained in place. The engine might have thrown the ice from the track without serious injury to the train, and the decedent would have escaped injury. If the jury found that such was the case, it followed that the accident was due in part to the ice and in part to the defective ties, and the answer of the jury expressed the fact. It is true they might have answered the interrogatory in the negative, but such an answer would have been misleading. The use of the word “supposed” in the answer is not objectionable. Martin v. Central Iowa Ry. Co., 59 Iowa, 414. The second special finding is disposed of by what we have said in regard to the first.

6_._. ___. • VI. The third special finding is as follows: “Was the defendant guilty of any want of ordinary care in patrolling its track at the place of the accident? A. We think it was.” When Jordan, the defendant’s section foreman, examined the bridges a few hours before the accident, the river was rising rapidly, and the water was flowing under the Dry bridge. A farmer named Tierney, who lived a short distance north of the bridges, had been so alarmed at ten o’clock the previous evening by the rising water that he caused a son to watch it during the night. The rise was not unprecedented. The stream usually rose rapidly, and had been as high several times before and since the railway of the defendant had been constructed. Twelve or fifteen years before, the track was washed out at the place of the accident. It is not shown that cakes of ice had ever before been floated from the pond, and lodged against the railway, but the defendant was chargeable with knowledge of the fact that, under favorable conditions, that must happen as a natural result of well-known laws. ' That being true, the defendant should have guarded against resulting danger. We think the evidence supports the special finding.

7__. _. : • VII. The tenth special finding is as follows: “Was the deceased running the engine very cautiously at the time the engine came in contact with the'ice? A. We think reasonably precautions.” The answer, although not couched in the best language, conveys a definite meaning, which is not questioned. But the appellant complains that the answer is not responsive to the question, and insists that, while the latter referred to a high degree of care, the former refers only to reasonable care. One of the rules of the defendant of which the decedent had knowledge is as follows: “79. When trains are running in heavy rainstorms, or immediately after such storms, engineers will run very cautiously.” It is evident that the rule is designed to govern the running of trains, during or immediately after heavy rainstorms, over portions of the track liable to be affected by such storms. The interrogatory in question necessarily assumes that the train reached the place of the accident during or immediately after a heavy storm, which increased the hazard of running the train at that place. But the evidence does not show that the heavy rainstorm which was raging when the decedent left McGregor with his train extended west of Postville or Ossian, some forty miles east of Wapsie, and it had ceased several hours before the Wapsie was reached. If there had been a heavy storm on that stream, it does not appear that the decedent knew of it. The jury found that the decedent knew that he was running his engine immediately after a heavy rainstorm, but it did not find that the storm referred to affected the crossing of the Wapsie.* Therefore, the interrogatory related to an immaterial fact, as the degree of care which the jury found that the decedent observed was all the defendant had a right to require. But if it be assumed that the case was one to which rule 79 was applicable, and that the jury found that the decedent, at the time of his death, was using only reasonable or ordinary care, was that the degree of care required by the rule? "What is reasonable care in any given case depends upon all the circumstances of the case. Acts which would amount to reasonable care in one case might constitute gross negligence in another. Under circumstances of- great peril, reasonable care may require unusual precautions. Hence the ordinary rule, in cases of this kind, has been stated as follows: The employe should exercise such care as a prudent person might reasonably be expected to exercise in view of all the circumstances of the particular case, so far as they are known to him, or are discoverable in the exercise of proper diligence. Baird v. Chicago, R. I. & P. Ry. Co., 61 Iowa, 361. We think the rule of the defendant under consideration was only designed to require that high degree of care which would be reasonable under the unusual circumstances which the rule specified. That construction is necessary to sustain the rule, for the reason that a^ railway corporation cannot avoid liability for the negligence of its employes by requiring of an employe injured by reason of such negligence more than reasonable care in the discharge of his duties. Code, sec. 1307; Rose v. Des Moines V. Ry. Co., 39 Iowa, 247; Little Rock Ry. Co. v. Eubanks, 48 Ark. 460; 3 S. W. Rep. 808.

8. _:_:_: verdict: evidence. VIII. Eulings of the court in giving and refusing certain instructions, and in giving portions of its charge, are criticised. What we have already said disposes of most of the questions thus presented. It is only necessary to say that the charge to the jury was full and fair to the defendant.

The evidence tended to show a faulty construction of its roadway at the place of the accident; that insufficieut provision had been made for the passage of water; and that many of the ties were in bad condition, and not suitable for the use which had been made of them. The decedent seems to have managed his engine with reasonable care. He was warned to guard against danger at two places, but it does not appear that he was ever informed of anything that required unusual care at the Wapsie. On the contrary, the employes of an east-bound train which crossed that stream about two hours before the accident, and which met the train of decedent at Jackson’s Junction, an hour later, reported that the road was all right. Before the Dry bridge was reached, the decedent applied the airbrakes, and slackened the speed of the train, releasing the brakes when the level track a short distance east of Dry bridge was reached. He was in his proper place, looking ahead, but there was a fog above the water, and the ice could not be seen until too late to check the train and avoid the collision. We are of the opinion that the evidence justified a verdict against the defendant, and that the amount of the verdict is not excessive.

The judgment of the district court is, therefore, AEEIKMED.