Action to enjoin the alleged breach of a covenant not to compete, and for damages for such breach. Consolidated for trial with it was an action by the defendant Meredith against the plaintiff on a promissory note, to which reference will
The essential facts are not in dispute. For some time prior to March 28, 1958, South Carolina Finance Corporation of Anderson (the corporate name of which, until October 7, 1957, had been Lakemont Finance Company) was engaged in the small loan business with its office at 113 Lakemont Drive, Anderson, South Carolina. On March 28, 1958, it entered into a written agreement with Wеst Side Finance Company, Inc., which was also in the small loan business, having its office at 2103 West Whitner Street in Anderson, whereby it purchased from West Side its furniture, fixtures and office equipment and all of its outstanding small loan accounts receivable as of the close of business on March 25, 1958, and West Side and its officers covenated, among other things, that for a period of three years from March 28, 1958, they would not “engage or be interested directly or indirectly through the medium of any corporation, partnership, association, firm or company, or otherwise, in the business of making personal small loans in Anderson, South Carolina, or within a radius of twenty-five (25) miles of Anderson, South Carolina.”
“(i) Small Loan Accounts Receivable as of the close of business March 25, 1958.$21,018.09
(ii) Furniture, fixtures and office equipment ......................... 621.02
(iii) Covenants not to compete........ 1,500.00
$23,139.11”
Of the purchase price, $2,500.00 was evidenced by a nonnegotiable promissory note of the purchasеr in that amount, dated March 28, 1958, payable to West Side Finance Company, Inc., sixty days from said date, with interest at the rate of six per cent per annum. This note contained the following provision:
"There shall be deducted from the $2,500.00 any loss sustained or any legal expense incurred by the maker of this note as a result of any breach of any of the warranties or agreements or representations made by West Side Finance Company in an agreement of sale made March 28, 1858.”
Upon completion of the transaction of March 28, 1958, South Carolina Finance Corporation moved its office from 113 Lakemont Drive to 2103 West Whitner Street, which it leased from J. J. Meredith, its owner, Meredith’s company, West Side Finance Company, having vacated it. About two weeks later, Meredith sold to Mr. Pratt Sosebee all of the stock of West Side Finance Company and the remaining assets of that company, consisting of the office safe, the neon sign, and two notes receivable in the aggregate amount of $1,237.88 which in the course of the settlement on Marсh 28, had, by mutual agreement, been retained by West Side. Thereafter, and prior to the maturity of the $2,500.00 note before mentioned, West Side P'inance Company, by Pratt Sosebee as its President, assigned that note to “J. J. Meredith or Order.” Within a month after the transaction of
The appeal here challenges the adverse ruling by the circuit judge on the issues that had been resolved in favor of the defendants by the special referee, as before mentioned. In addition, it challenges the award of damages as being without proper evidentiary support.
Appellants based their claim to the shelter of the “clean hands” maxim upon: (1) variance, which they contend was undisclosed, between the terms of the agreement of March 28 and those of an option that West Side had given tо South Carolina Finance Corporation on March 24; and (2) intellectual and educational superiority of the buyer’s representative over Meredith, who was illiterate. The option, to expire April 1, 1958, gave, to South Carolina Finance Corporation the right to purchase: (1) all of West Side’s accounts receivable (less the two notes before mentioned, aggregating $1,237.88) as of the close of business March 24, at their face value; and (2) all of West Side’s office equipment (except the safe) at “remаining cost” as shown on the depreciation schedule in West Side’s 1957 income tax return. It further provided that in the event of its being exercised: (1) the seller would pay all outstanding current obligations; (2) Meredith, as sole stockholder, would transfer all of the West Side stock to the buyer; and (3) the buyer would “pay J. J. Meredith personally one thousand five hundred and no/100 ($1,500.00) dollars, in consideration that he will not compete in his name or in any capacity in the small loan business in Anderson County, South Carolina, for the next three years from this date.” It further providеd that it was expressly contingent upon the buyer’s agreeing to take a lease of the premises then occupied by the seller, for a term of one year
That the transaction as consummated was not identical with that proposed in the option affords, of itself, no basis for application of the “clean hands” maxim; establishment of appellants’ claim required proof of unconscionable overreaching on the part of respondent in the transaction. But we note, in passing, the differences in the transaction a's proposed in the option and that consummated by the “agreement of sale”, as follows:
1. The option contemplated the transfer by Meredith to the purchaser of all of the capital stock of West Side; whereas in the sale as consummated Meredith retained this stock.
2. The option contemрlated a covenant on the part óf Meredith personally not to compete in Anderson County; the agreement of sale contained a covenant on the part of West Side and its officers (the record reveals none other than Meredith) not to compete within a radius of twenty-five miles of the City of Anderson.
The following observations seem pertinent:
1. West Side’s license, which was to expire on December 31, 1958, was not mentioned in either instrument. It was, by the express provisions of Section 8-794.41 of the Code, non-assignable.
2. The price to be paid by the buyer was substantially the same under the agreement of sale as under the option, to wit: all accounts (small loan notes) receivable (excepting the same two), as of the close of business March 24 (option) or March 25 (agreement of sale), at face; office equipment (except safe) at depreciated value; and $1,-500.00 for covenants not to compete.
3. Had Meredith transferred his stock to the buyer, as was contemplated in the option, West Side would have become a wholly owned subsidiary of the buyer; its future
4. It can hardly be said that Meredith’s position was worse under the agreement of sale as consummated than it would have been had the option been exercised. In either case, he, personally would have covenanted not to compete for three years. The area of the covenant was larger under the agreement of sale than that provided for in the option. But under the agreement of sale as consummated Meredith still had the stock of West Side, and he and that company would be free of the covenant after three years; whereas under the terms of the option West Side could never have re-entered the small loan business as an independent entity, without the buyer’s consent.
Throughout the transaction respondent was represented by its treasurer, Mr. Robert R. Hudson, a well-educated certified public accountant. He testified that when he went to the offce of West Side on March 28 he took with him the option of March 24 and the agreement of sale that he had had prepared and that was later executed; that he had not previously discussed it with Mr. Meredith, but that when they met to close the deal he stated to Mr. Meredith that his company was not interested in purchasing West Side’s stock or license because the Board of Bank Control had advised him that if the assets of West Side were consolidated with those of South Carolina Finance Corporation West Side’s license would have to be surrendered. The record shows Mr. Meredith as a man forty-six years of age who cannot read and can write only his name. No impairment of health or mental faculties is suggested. His testimony reveals him as a successful businessman, owning, in addition to his small loan company, a used car business and considerable real estate, both residential and commercial. His son, a graduate of Clemson College, attеnded the closing of the transaction here in issue, went over the written agreement
We come, then, to consideration of the exceptions that charge that the covenant not to compete is: (1) contrary to public policy; and (2) unreasonable in its scope. At the time of the transaction under review thеre were twenty-seven small loan companies operating in “Greater Anderson”, all located in the downtown area with the exception of the two corporate parties to this cause. West Side’s office, at 2103 West Whitner Street, was about two-miles west of the center of the city; South Carolina Finance-Corporation’s, at 113 Lakemont Drive, was about half a mile closer in. All of the twenty-seven held licenses granted under the “grandfather clause” (Section 4 (c) of the Small Loan Law of 1957 (50 Stat. at L. p. 339)) which prоvided for the issuance of licenses to small loan companies already licensed under former provisions of law. We need not speculate whether the fact that no- new licenses had been issued under the 1957 Act resulted from lack of applicants or from determination by the Board of Bank Control that the needs of the community in the small loan field were fully served by the numerous lenders automatically licensed as aforesaid. The conclusion for which appellants.
A covenant not to compete is enforceable if it is not detrimental to the public interest, is ancillary to the sale of a business or profession, is reasonably limited as to time and territory, and is supported by a valuable consideration. 36 Am. Jur., Monopolies, Combinations, and Restraints of Trade, Sections 52, 53, 54, 55, 56;
Metts v. Wenburg,
158 S. C. 411,
The covenant here was clearly supported by valuable consideration. In addition to the specific allocation of $1,500.00 of the purchase price to the covenant, the agreement of sale states: “It is expressly provided that the seller’s and its officers’ covenants not to compete, contained in Section 3 hereof, are a material provision of this agreement, that the buyer has paid a valid consideration therefor, and that said covenants shall survive the closing under this agreement.”
We
see no merit in appellants’ suggestion that since respondent did not pay the $2,500.00 note the covenant not to compete was without consideration. In the first place, that note, which was accepted as part of the purchase price, was by its express terms subject to offset by the amount of any loss sustained or legal expense incurred by the purchaser
Appellants contend that the covenant was not ancillary to the sale of the business or its good will because the sale did not include the two notes aggregating $1,237.88, the office safe, the neon sign, or West Side’s license. Each of the two notes just mentioned was in an amount larger than $200.00, and they were thus not appropriate to the business of a “small loan company” as defined in the Small Loan Law of 1957. The neon sign was obviously not wanted by a purchaser that was not going to use the seller’s name. The license, as before stated, was non-assignable. It is clear from the evidence, and as a matter of common sense, that the purpose of the acquisition by the purchaser of all of the seller’s outstanding small loan accounts (for which full facе value was paid) was not simply to liquidate them, but rather, by personal contact with those customers and satisfactory handling of their current business, to ensure their return whenever they should need, or want, to borrow again. We agree with the circuit judge that realistically the sale was intended to, and did, include the “small loan business of the seller.” That “good will” was not mentioned by name does not persuade us to a contrary view.
There is nothing in the record to suggest that the covenant was unreasonable in duration. Appellants do not argue that it was; but they contend that its territorial extent was greater than reasonably necessary for the protection of the respondent. The sales agreement contained a list of two hundred forty-nine small loan accounts receivable, showing the names of the borrowers and the unpaid balances of the loans, totalling $21,018.09. This list did not set out the borrower’s addresses; but the testimony
The award of damages by the trial judge amounted to $6,781.93, as follows:
Legal expenses of respondent incurred as the result of the breach of covenant........$2,281.93
Approximated loss of profits sustained by respondent during the four months’ period,
April 26-August 26, 1958 . .'.......... 4,500.00
$6,781.93
Against this he offset respondent’s note for $2,500.00 and accordingly ordered West Side to pay to the respondent $4,281.93.
Appellants challenge both parts of the award, contending that the item of $2,281.93 is not a proper element of damage and that the item of $4,500.00 is based upon speculation and conjecture.
That respondent’s obligation for counsel fees and other legal expenses in connection with the breach of the covenant amounted to $2,281.93 is not questioned, nor is that figure attacked as unreasonable. Appellants contend that this item is, as a matter of law, not recoverable; and they cite
United States Rubber Co. v. White Tire Co.,
231 S. C. 84,
The measure of damages for breach of contract is the loss actually suffered by the contractee as the result of the breach. 15 Am. Jur., Damages, Section 43. And profits that have been prevented or lost аs the natural consequence of a breach of contract are recoverable as an item of damages in an action for such breach. 15 Am. Jur., Damages, Section 149;
Charles v. Texas Co.,
199 S. C. 156,
The rule allowing recovery of lost profits is applicable in actions for breach of covenant not to compete: to the extent that they are shown to have been the natural result of the breach, such profits are a proper element of damage; to the extent that they exist only in the realm of spеculation or conjecture, they are not recoverable. From the nature of things it is impossible, in an action for breach of such a covenant, to determine with mathematical precision the amount of the plaintiff’s damage. The rule must be applied in the light of the facts and circumstances of the individual case. The difficulties that the courts have experienced in its application are evident in the numerous cases mentioned in the annotation in 127 A. L. R. at pages 1152 et seq.
In the case at bar the respondent procured through subpoena West Side’s loan register in which were recorded all loans made by it during the period April 26-August 26, 1958. It showed that during that period West Side had made two hundred eighty-five (285) loans, aggregating in face amount $28,407.50. Of these, one hundred eighty-two (182), aggregating in face amount $19,346.00, were to borrowers whose earlier accounts had been sold by West Side to the respondent or who were otherwise respondent’s customers. Of the remaining one hundred three (103) the great majority were to borrowers in the neighborhood of respondent’s place of business in the western area of Greater Anderson. Respondent’s treasurer, Mr. Hudson, testified that had the respondent made all of the said 285 loans its gross profit therefrom, based on the amounts permitted under the Small Loan Law to be collected from the borrowers and retained, over and above the cash advance, would have been
In addition to the foregoing, there was testimony for the respondent suggesting loss of good will resulting from confusion of its customers. (It appears that when West Side re-entered the small loan business on April 26, 1958, occupying the offiсe at 113 Lakemont Drive that respondent had vacated, it announced by advertisements in the daily newspapers and in several hundred letters soliciting the business of prospective borrowers throughout the area, including those whose accounts it had sold to respondent, that it had been “formerly Lakemont Finance Company”, which in fact it never had been, that having been respondent’s former name. It further appeared, uncontradicted, that in nine instances where West Side made loans, after April 26, to respondеnt’s customers, their outstanding loans from respondent had been paid off, in advance of their due dates, by checks of West Side.) There was also testimony to the effect that West Side’s breach of the covenant caused respondent to lose time of its executives valued at “several hundred dollars” and to incur expenses of travel amounting to $186.10 and of telephone calls amounting to approximately $100.00.
Judge Bussey, suggesting that the amount of respondent’s other losses resulting from the breach of covenant could not be determined with reasonable accuracy, confined himself, in his determination of the award of damages, to the legal expenses and loss of net profits before referred to. He pointed out the impossibility of saying with absolute certainty that all of the two hundred eighty-five loans made by
We do not agree with appellants’ contention that the testimony before mentioned concerning respondent’s claim for loss of profits was so speculative and conjectural as to require its rejection. In the circumstances of the instant case we can think of no more direct approach to the issue of damages. Nor do we find error on the part of the circuit judge in setting the amount allowed for loss of profits at $4,500.00 rather than $5,834.90. The rule to which we have referred recognizes the practical impossibility of exact calculation of such profits and requires only a fair and reasonable approximation of them from all of the facts, circumstances and data disclosed by the evidence.
Affirmed.