OPINION
In this post-conviction proceeding, we are asked to determine whether relief should be granted to a defendant who was actually a juvenile at the time of the offense, but who was not afforded a transfer hearing in juvenile court prior to his conviction in criminal court, because neither he nor the state knew that he was underage. The petitioner, Roger Lee Sawyers, was mistakenly indicted as an adult in February 1978 and, ignorant of his actual birth date, did nothing to correct the mistake. Indeed, he compounded it by misstating his age in criminal court in April 1978, at the time he entered guilty pleas to first degree murder, armed robbery, and grand larceny. When the error was discovered in 1986, eight years after the conviction became final, Sawyers filed this post-conviction action, contending that his conviction is void because the criminal court lacked subject matter jurisdiction over him. The state argued in response that the question is not one of subject matter jurisdiction but of the criminal court’s personal jurisdiction over the petitioner. The state also contended
The trial court held that the question of Sawyers’s entitlement to a transfer hearing had been waived, under the peculiar facts set out more fully below. The Court of Criminal Appeals disagreed with the trial court’s analysis, based on the well-recognized proposition that subject matter jurisdiction cannot be conferred by waiver. The intermediate court affirmed the trial court’s judgment, however, on the theory that, taken in context, the error in failing to provide Sawyers with a transfer hearing was harmless. On appeal to this Court, both the petitioner and the state agree that if subject matter jurisdiction is involved, the harmless error doctrine is inapplicable. Thus, neither side defends the analysis of the Court of Criminal Appeals. Nor can we. A court cannot commit “harmless error” in an action over which it has no jurisdiction in the first place. We therefore conclude that the intermediate court’s reasoning cannot be sustained.
We conclude instead that subject matter jurisdiction is not implicated in this case. It is obvious, however, that the petitioner has suffered a procedural wrong, and we hold that due process requires a remand to determine the extent of prejudice caused by the state’s failure to provide the petitioner with a transfer hearing.
The events giving rise to Sawyers’s conviction occurred on December 16, 1976, but he was not arrested until January 1978, over a year later. Because his actual date of birth was May 17, 1959, Sawyers was only 17 years and seven months old at the time of the offense. He was just a few weeks shy of his 19th birthday when he appeared in criminal court and pleaded guilty on April 24, 1978.
He was at all times treated as an adult. Two appropriately zealous attorneys were appointed to represent him in the criminal court. They obtained psychological examinations of their client and fully investigated the charges against him. They also moved to suppress several incriminating statements that Sawyers had made to police at the time of his arrest, but after a suppression hearing, the trial court ruled that the confessions were admissible.
At the same time this case was being prosecuted, Sawyers was also under indictment and subject to the death penalty for a separate murder in another county. That offense had been committed after this one and after Sawyers became an adult. Trial counsel coordinated plea agreements in the two cases; the petitioner pleaded guilty in both counties; and he received concurrent life sentences. 1
At the guilty plea proceeding in this case, the trial judge specifically asked Sawyers to give his age, and Sawyers responded that he was 20 years old. Sawyers must have known at the time he gave this answer that it was not entirely correct, for at a later post-conviction hearing, 2 he testified that his birth date was May 17,1958, which would have made him only 19, not 20, at the time of the submission hearing in this case. What Sawyers apparently did not know was that his actual birth date was May 17, 1959, which meant that he was exactly a year younger than he thought he was. It also meant that he was a juvenile at the time of the offense, although not at the time of his arrest. 3
Under T.C.A. § 37-l-103(a)(l), the juvenile court has “exclusive jurisdiction” over “proceedings in which a child is alleged to be delinquent.” A 17-year^-old child charged with murder or robbery may be tried as an adult, but only after a hearing in juvenile court and the entry of an order
The authority of the juvenile court to order a transfer under T.C.A. § 37-1-134, as well as the authority of the criminal court to accept transfer and try the juvenile as an adult, has been described in Tennessee decisions as “jurisdictional.” In
Bomar v. State ex rel. Stewart,
After Stewart’s conviction became final, he brought a habeas corpus proceeding to contest its validity. This court ultimately held that because the judgment was valid on its face, general principles of finality prevented the introduction of new evidence to establish the trial court’s original lack of jurisdiction over the defendant.
The state would have us hold that review is similarly barred in this case. We conclude that the state’s reliance on Stewart is misplaced, however, because of the intervening enactment of the Tennessee Post-Conviction Procedure Act in 1967. That statute was meant, in part, to loosen the strictures of the rules governing habeas corpus actions. It clearly permits the introduction of extrinsic evidence to establish the existence of a constitutional violation that makes an otherwise facially valid conviction unconstitutional and, therefore, invalid. T.C.A. § 40-30-105.
Hence, in
State v. Alley,
In citing Alley for the proposition that an error in juvenile transfer proceedings automatically deprives the criminal court of subject matter jurisdiction, the petitioner overlooks a crucial distinction between the two cases. Alley had been convicted in criminal court for an offense that occurred the day before his fifteenth birthday. The applicable statute made juveniles eligible for transfer to criminal court for offenses committed at “fifteen (15) or more years of age.” The issue was whether Alley attained this age only upon his actual birthday, or, as the lower courts held by using common law rules of computation, on the day preceding his birthday. This Court looked to legislative intent and held that Alley did not become of age for purposes of the transfer statute until the day of his fifteenth birthday. The Court further held that because the offense occurred before that date, the criminal court had no jurisdiction to try Alley, and that his conviction was therefore invalid. Unlike this case, in Alley there was no allegation that the juvenile defendant had been deprived of a transfer hearing or provided with a deficient hearing. The dispositive point there was that no amount of proper procedure could bestow jurisdiction where none existed by statute. Because the criminal court that tried Alley clearly lacked any semblance of subject matter jurisdiction in that case, the resulting conviction could only be found to be void and set aside.
Thus, it is inaccurate to describe the problem in this case as one of subject matter jurisdiction. Other courts, faced with similar fact situations, have analyzed the age of a juvenile defendant not as an element of subject matter jurisdiction, but as a fact entitling him or her to certain procedural rights.
See, e.g., Commonwealth v. Sims,
The only remaining question is whether the procedural deficiency in this case has been waived, as the trial court held, or whether it can be said to constitute “harmless error,” as the intermediate court held, or, finally, whether it must be the subject of affirmative relief.
In deciding, as we do today, that the absence of a valid transfer order is a procedural deficiency not affecting the subject matter jurisdiction of the convicting court, we do not wish to denigrate the significance of the procedural deprivation at issue here. The right involved, although created by statute, is sufficiently fundamental to be considered a matter of due process, in the context of juvenile justice. Consequently, where the error is raised at the first opportunity and there is no suggestion of bad faith on the petitioner’s part, it would be patently unfair to conclude that the issue has been “waived,” as that term is contemplated by the post-conviction statutes, principally T.C.A. § 40-30-112(b). Moreover, under these facts, there has been no voluntary or knowing waiver of what we hold to be a fundamental procedural right. We thus reject the waiver imputed to the petitioner by the trial court’s decision.
Nor do we find the intermediate court’s result adequate to redress the wrong in this case. Without the aid of a more fully-developed record, we cannot conclude that the due process error in this case was harmless, beyond a reasonable doubt. It may be, as the Court of Criminal Appeals suggested, that remand in this case will prove to be a mere formality. But, as did the United States Supreme Court in remedying a similar defect in
Kent v. United States,
For the reasons set out above, we reverse the judgment of the Court of Criminal Appeals and remand the case to the trial court for further proceedings.
Notes
. The validity of the other murder conviction is not at issue here.
. In 1981, Sawyers filed a post-conviction petition alleging ineffective assistance of counsel in connection with the entry of his guilty pleas in 1981. The trial court denied relief, and the judgment was affirmed by the Court of Criminal Appeals in an unreported opinion from which some of the facts recited in this opinion have been taken.
.Sawyers’s sincerity in making the mistake is supported by the record. His I.Q. was limited. His mother had died when he was pre-school age, and as a result, he had spent severed years in a foster home. Apparently he and his family had simply lost track of his actual birth date.