Thе indictment charged Rothfuss, an assistant cashier of the New Jersey National Bank and Trust Company of Newark, New Jersey, with misapplication of the bank’s funds and charged Savitt, a'depositor, with aiding and abetting him. Both were convicted and sentеnced, and both have appealed.
Savitt first assigns error to the trial court in refusing his motion for a continuance based on the absence of a material witness. Savitt recognizes that the action of a trial court upon an аpplication for continuance is purely a matter of discretion, not subject to review unless it be clearly shown that such discretion has been abused, Isaacs v. United States,
The witness was Savitt’s wife, whose absence was attributed to her exercise of the religious rite (in the Jewish faith) of shivah or “sitting low” (remaining in the hоme) for seven days after the burial of hor deceased brother. This religions custom or function to which a constitutional right is asserted was that of the alleged witness, not a right of the defendant. Therefore no religious right of the defendant was abridged *542 by the court’s direction that the trial proceed without the witness. The only conceivable right which might thereby have been denied the defendant was that of a continuance because of the absence of a material witness. So the question here is not a religious one but, as usual, is a legal one, namely, whether the witness who was absent for religious reasons was after all material.
There was nothing in Savitt’s motion, and nothing he stated in support of it, which indicated that the аbsent witness was necessary to his ease, nothing to show- the character of her proposed testimony, and'therefore nothing to apprise the court that her testimony would be material to his defense. On this lack of information as to whether or not Savitt’s wife was a material witness (Warren v. United States [C. C. A.]
Savitt and Rothfuss complain that they were deprived of other constitutional rights by the peculiar way in which' the court forced them to try their case. After the United States Attorney had .opened to the jury and, before any witnesses had been called, the court, in order that the jury might be early informed of the issues of the case, directed the defendants’ counsel to state their defense to the jury. This, they' say, was in contravention of their constitutional right (Fifth Amendment) not to “be compelled * * * to be a witness against himself” and of their similar rights (Sixth Amendment) “to be informed of the nature аnd cause of the accusation; to be confronted with the witnesses against him. * * * ”
Opening to the jury by both sides before any testimony has been introduced, though a common practice in some state courts, is unusual in federal courts; yet we' сannot say it is unlawful for the constitutional reasons named, the only reasons advanced. In stating their defense to the jury before the government had proved its ease, they suffered from no lack of information of the nature of the aсcusation against them. The indictment and the United. States Attorney in his opening had' fully informed them. Their right to be confronted with witnesses was accorded them long before the case was submitted to the jury for decision, and they were never remotеly compelled to be witnesses against themselves. There is nothing substantial in this assignment of error.
Passing the main assignments of error for.the moment, the final one is that the court erred in imposing upon each -defendant sentence of imprisonmеnt and “a single fine of $2000.” If the matter were validly before us, the appellants have not cited authorities nor have they given reasons that would persuade us to find the sentences unlawful. The assignment of error raising this question, however, is invalid in that it is nоt supported by an exception.
We now come to the main questions here on appeal.
There are five counts in .the indictment. Each count charges that Rothfuss, an assistant cashier of the bank, “knowingly, fraudulently and unlawfully, and with intent to defraud the said bank, did misapply” certain of its moneys, and that Savitt, а depositor, aided and abetted him, acting in a way which, except as to the makers and amounts and dates of the different cheeks severally involved, is the same in each count.
The story of the counts and of the supporting evidence is (taking the first count as an example) that Savitt obtained a check for $380 from one Gurcio and deposited it to the credit of his account in the bank. The depository bank then sent it to the distant payer bank for collection, and in due course it was returned uncollected for want of funds. That is not an uncommon experience. In this transaction the cheek when deposited wás credited to Savitt’s account, and on its return it was debited, thus striking a balance. On recеiving the cheek stamped uncollected, Savitt immediately redeposited it for collection. Again it was credited to his account arid sent forward. Again it was returned uncollected and again debited to his account. There was nothing wrongful or very unusual about this transaction, for the payee of an uncollected cheek sometimes redeposits it with the hope of catching funds in the maker’s account at the maker’s bank when again presented. This was done а third time. Even, then, if nothing else had happened, this would show nothing more than annoying persistence on the .part of the payee. But this cheek (or a substituted cheek by the same maker to the same payee for the same amount) wаs deposited and redeposited and sent forward for collection seventeen times. The cheek described in the second count was deposited and re-deposited fourteen times, and the cheeks in the other counts a lesser number of times. The precise number of re-deposits was in dispute, but the difference involved in this phase of the controversy was negligible and had little bearing on the issues. These transactions *543 ran for a period of about two months. Still, if nothing else had occurred, Savitt could not by this practice be regarded as anything more than a nuisance, and Rothfuss, through whose hands the matters passed, could be looked upon as nothing more than an inefficient bank officer' for allowing this practice to continue endlessly. But other things were done.
, Those done by Savitt were to draw from time to time on his account against balances ’enlarged (in figures) by depositing outstanding uncollected cheeks until in this way he had greаtly overdrawn his real balance and had gradually withdrawn the hank’s funds into his own possession in the amount of something like $10,000.
The thing which Rothfuss did was to allow Savitt to pursue his practice of depositing uncollected eheeks and drawing against them with full knowledge of the worthlessness of the checks and consequent overdrafts, though perhaps not with knowledge of their full amount.
There was little dispute as to what wras done by Savitt in depositing and re-depositing worthless checks and drawing against his aсcount enlarged by tbeir credits or by Rothfuss in permitting Savitt to do so. The defense of both men is in effect that no matter what happened there was no intent on the part of either to defraud the bank and that all their actions, both beforе and after the transactions came to light, wore as consistent with inntfcence as with guilt. So the three original assignments of error filed by Rothfuss and the sixty-eight additional assignments he afterwards filed and the ten original assignments of error filed by Savitt and the еighty additional assignments filed afterwards resolve themselves into two real questions: First, that of a fair trial; and second, whether on the trial the evidence of intent was sufficient in substance to submit the case to the jury, or, stated differently, whether it was so insubstantial as to require the court to grant the defendants’ motion for a directed verdict of acquittal.
With the question of unfair trial in mind we have carefully road this record.» The trial was without doubt a heated one and some of the things said and done might well have been omitted. If, however, the court displayed irritability in its rulings or overstressed the ease in some of its aspects in order to bring it back into proper balance, it was no doubt occasioned in part by the habit of counsel in making innumerable objections to questions no matter how material or immaterial or how important or unimportant. The trend of the trial is rather clearly indicated by tha one hundred and sixty-one assignments of error filed on this appeal, the most of which counsel must have known when filing them are without substance.
There was of course in this case as in most eases of this kind no direct evidence of intent to defraud. Such intent, an element of the crime and expressly alleged in thе indictment, must be proved; but intent can be proved by facts and acts from which it may be inferred. If the inferences from proven facts and acts are as consistent with an innocent intent as with a guilty intent, the point is not proved. But on the other hаnd if they exclude every hypothesis except that of guilt the point is proved. In guiding the jury in what is a purely mental operation, the law has laid down at least one rule which the learned trial judge properly charged to tlie effect that “every man is presumed to intend the natural and necessary consequences of his acts.”
From Savitt’s action in taking the bank’s money without its knowledge and in a highly irregular way, he might lawfully be presumed to have intended the consequences of his аcts, that of defrauding the bank. The jury were quite justified in finding, as their verdict denotes, that his act and its consequences were not equally compatible with innocence and guilt, for he of all people knew he was getting the bank’s money and gеtting it not with its permission but unlawfully.
So, also, Rothfuss must be presumed to have intended the natural and in this ease the inevitable consequences of his acts, that of loss to the bank, when, knowing all along that Savitt’s account was overdrawn, as well as knowing the method by which, it was being overdrawn, he instructed one of the clerks to pay Savitt’s cheeks against his uncollected account and at different times instructed two clerks not to report the overdrafts, thus keeping knowledge of what was gоing on from the higher officials of the bank. The trial judge could not say as matter of law that Rothfuss’ conduct was as compatible with innocence as with guilt. That was a matter for the jury which, judging from their verdict, evidently found it difficult to believe that the actions of Rothfuss were innocent, notwithstanding they were at the same time permitted to draw an inference of innocent intent from the fact that there was no evidence that he received any part of the money Savitt drew out.
*544 And, finally, the appellants say, rather naively, that the bank was nоt defrauded as alleged in the indictment because its temporary loss was made good by a bonding company. They take this position from the circumstance that, after discovery, the mother-in-law of Savitt gave a judgment covering all оf her property (greater in value than the amount of the loss) to the bonding company that had already paid the bank. Restitution or attempted restitution does not nullify or excuse a previous crime. Such action may be promрted by various reasons, but it is not evidence of an antecedent innocent intent with which the acts complained of as constituting the crime were committed.
The motion for a directed verdict of acquittal was properly deniеd.
We find it unnecessary to reproduce in this opinion our labored study of the mass of assignments of error, many of which overlap. It will be enough to say that we find they largely converge upon the points we have dismissed and contain in themselves, separately or jointly, no prejudicial error.
The judgments of sentence are affirmed.