55 N.C. 322 | N.C. | 1856
Thomas Ballance, now deceased, being greatly indebted to various persons, for the purpose of securing his creditors, made a deed in fee of his land in trust, to David Carter, dated 10th of May, 1853. Amongst other tracts of land he conveyed the one in question, lying near the town of Middleton, in Hyde County, known as the home plantation, containing about three hundred acres. This deed in trust was duly proved and registered, and by virtue of the power and authority therein contained, the said David Carter, as trustee, on the 15th of June, 1853, having made advertisement, exposed the lands embraced therein to public sale, to the highest bidder, on a credit of six months. The land in question was sold to the plaintiff, Saunderson, who became the last and highest bidder for the same, at $3,942, and gave bond and security for the purchase-money, according to the terms of the sale. At the maturity of the bond thus given, the plaintiff paid the purchase-money and took from the trustee a deed in fee simple for the same, without warranty; he, the trustee, believing that the title of the land was undoubtedly good.
(323) Thomas Ballance had purchased the land in question from his father, one Caleb Ballance, and took deed for the same, dated in the year 1821, which, for the want of words of inheritance, conveyed to the said Thomas only the life-estate of the grantor, Caleb. Thomas Ballance, however, immediately entered upon the land thus conveyed, and continued in the possession thereof up to the time of making the deed of trust above mentioned, claiming the same as his absolute property in fee.
Upon the death of Caleb, the grantor, the reversion of this land descended to his heirs-at-law, who were Thomas Ballance, Joshua Ballance, and a sister, who dying without issue, the whole reversion finally became the property of the said Thomas and Joshua.
On the 8th day of June, in the year 1853, a few days before the sale by the trustee, Joshua Ballance made a deed in fee for his half of the reversion of the land in controversy, to the defendant, Caleb Ballance, Jr., for the consideration of $25, which, it is admitted, was much less than the actual value thereof. Thomas Ballance, by permission of the plaintiff, remained in possession of the land, after the trustee's sale, until his death which occurred in December following; and the defendant, who was living with the said Thomas, took the possession and still holds the same. When the plaintiff, in the month of January following, demanded the possession, from Caleb, he, for the first time, produced his deed from Joshua Ballance, and claimed one half of the land. This latter deed was not registered until after the death of Thomas Ballance. *269
The plaintiff alleges in his bill, that at the sale of the trustee above mentioned, while the land in question was being offered for sale, he enquired of the former owner. Thomas Ballance, in the presence and hearing of the defendant, Caleb, whether the title of the same was clear and indefeasible, and received for an answer, that it was; that the said Caleb made no claim to the land on this occasion, and said nothing about the deed which he now sets up; that he relied upon this assurance of the said Thomas, and fully believed that he was purchasing the entire estate in the land; and that although the defendant (324) knew well that he was buying under this impression, he failed to make known his claim of title to the half, as now set up, until after the plaintiff had paid the purchase-money and taken his deed as aforesaid. The prayer of the bill is for a conveyance of the half of the land bought of Joshua Ballance, and for general relief.
The defendant, in his answer, admits that he was present when plaintiff bought the land, and admits that he gave him no notice of the deed which he held from Joshua Ballance, for one half of it, nor of any claim to it whatever, and excuses himself for this omission by the following statement: "This defendant says, that he had said deed at, and before, the sale by Carter, the trustee, but he did not feel bound at said sale to disclose his title; because he knew, that before the sale, the deed from Caleb Ballance, Sen'r., to Thomas Ballance, had been examined by the trustee; and the said trustee knew, or might have known, that the said deed conveyed only a life-estate; and because said trustee in offering said land for sale, carefully and distinctly stated that it was only the estate of Thomas Ballance, whatever that might be, which was sold; which this defendant thought was a sufficient caution to all purchasers to inquire for themselves. This defendant thinks it probable the plaintiff did not know the character of the deed from Caleb Ballance, Sen'r., to Thomas Ballance; but he might easily have known the same, as the said deed was duly registered in Hyde County, on the 11th day of January 1821, and the sale by the said Carter had been advertised for several weeks before it took place." The defendant denies that he heard the conversation, at the sale, between the plaintiff and Thomas Ballance, as stated in the bill.
There were replication and commissions; and testimony was taken; and the cause set down for hearing on the bill, answer, exhibits, former orders and proofs, and sent to this Court. The allegation of the bill, that, at the time when the plaintiff purchased the land in question, and just before he made the purchase, he enquired of the former owner, Thomas Ballance, in the presence and hearing of the defendant, whether the title was good, and received an answer that it was, (the defendant not disclosing his title,) whereby the plaintiff was induced to purchase the land at a full and fair price, is rendered probable by the testimony taken in the cause; but the proof is not so full and satisfactory as to justify us in declaring the fact to be established. We might, therefore, in this state of the case, either direct a further inquiry to be made by the master, or order an issue to be tried by a jury, were we not satisfied that enough appears upon the pleadings to entitle the plaintiff to the relief which he seeks.
The defendant, in his answer, admits that, having ascertained that the deed under which his father claimed the land, conveyed only an estate for life, and that his father owned one half only of the reversionary interest in fee, he purchased the other half from his uncle, Joshua Ballance, to whom it belonged; that this purchase was made a short time before the sale made by Carter, the trustee; that he was present at the sale and did not disclose his title, alleging as a reason for his silence that "he knew that, before the sale, the deed from Caleb Ballance, Sen'r., to Thomas Ballance had been examined by the trustee; and the said trustee knew, or might have known, that said deed conveyed only a life-estate; and because said trustee, in offering said land for sale, carefully and distinctly stated that it was only the estate of Thomas Ballance whatever that might be, which was offered for sale; which the defendant thought was a sufficient caution for all purchasers to enquire for themselves." He stated, as a further reason that, though he thought it probable that the plaintiff "did not know the character of the deed from Caleb Ballance, Sen'r., to Thomas Ballance, he might easily have known the same, as the said deed was duly registered in Hyde County, on the 11th day of January, 1821, and the sale by said Carter had been advertised for several weeks before it took (326) place." The statement that Carter had examined the deed under which his grantor. Thomas Ballance, claimed, was expressly denied by him in his deposition taken for the defendant. On the contrary, he declared that he thought the title of his grantor was "undoubtedly good." The testimony of other witnesses shows clearly that inquiries were made of Thomas Ballance, at the sale, whether his title to the land in question was good, and he answered, unhesitatingly, that it was. There can be no doubt, then, that the trustee thought he was selling an undisputed fee simple title, in the whole tract of land, and *271
the bidders were laboring under the same impression. Can the plaintiff, who purchased under these circumstances, have, in this Court, the relief which he seeks?" This question we will now proceed to answer. Mr. Justice STORY, in his "Commentaries on Equity Jurisprudence," vol. 1, sec. 385, says: "In many instances, a man may innocently be silent; for as has been often observed, aliud est tacere, aliud celare. But, in other cases, a man is bound to speak out; and his very silence becomes as expressive as if he had openly consented to what is said or done, and had become a party to the transaction. Thus, if a man, having a title to an estate, which is offered for sale, and knowing his title, stands by and encourages the sale, or does not forbid it, and thereby another person is induced to purchase the estate, under the supposition that his title is good, the former, so standing, by, and being silent, will be bound by the sale; and neither he nor his privies will be at liberty to dispute the validity of the purchaser." Among the cases upon which this doctrine was established is an early one, — Raw and Pole v. Pole, decided in 1691, reported shortly after, in 2 Vern. Rep. 239. "Leonard Pole, the defendant's elder brother, upon his marriage with the plaintiff Elizabeth Pole, settled the lands in question upon her for her jointure. The defendant was privy to the treaty of the marriage, and engrossed the jointure-deed, and concealed the entail. Leonard Pole being dead, without issue, and having devised the land to the plaintiff Raw, the defendant, having the deed of entail in his custody, made by his grand-father, brought his ejectment and recovered. The plaintiffs brought their bill for relief, and the defendant, by (327) answer, confessed he was privy to the marriage treaty, and engrossed the plaintiff Elizabeth's jointure-deed, and that he had then the deed of entail in his hands; but did not mention his title, nor discover the ancient deed of entail, because he apprehended his brother would dock the entail." The Court gave the plaintiff Elizabeth relief, and, as to her, enjoined the ejectment, but refused relief to the plaintiff Raw, because he was a mere volunteer. This case must be regarded as a strong one. It does not appear that the defendant procured, or had any agency, in bringing about the marriage between his brother and the plaintiff Elizabeth. He was only privy to it, that is, knew of it and assisted in preparing the jointure deed. His title was a remote one, depending upon the death of his brother without issue, and without having barred the estate tail; and he concealed the deed of entail, not with a view to defraud his brother's wife, but to prevent his docking the entail. But, notwithstanding all these circumstances, the Court thought that a high moral principle of honesty and fair dealing required it to interpose for the purpose of preventing the defendant from taking *272
advantage of the probable effect of his silence. On the section next succeeding to that which we have already cited, Mr. Justice STORY says that, "in order, however, to justify the application of this cogent moral principle, it is indispensable that the party so standing by and concealing his rights should be fully apprised of them, and should, by his conduct, or gross negligence, encourage or influence the purchaser; for, if he is wholly ignorant of his rights, or the purchaser knows them, or if his acts, or silence, or negligence, do not mislead, or in any manner affect the transaction, there can be no just inference of actual or constructive fraud on his part." Under these exceptions to the general rule, the case of Tilghman v. West,
Per curiam.
Decree accordingly.
Cited: May v. Hawks,