60 N.W. 148
S.D.
1894
Kellam, J.

This was an action to recover damages for injuries alleged to have been sustained by appellant while a passenger on respondent’s train. At the close of the plaintiff’s evidence, on motion óf defendant the trial court directed a verdict for defendant, upon which judgment was entered. Prom this judgment, plaintiff appealed.

The gist of the action was negligence, and as the correctness of the trial court’s decision, aside from the question of *42plaintiff’s contributory negligence, must depend upon whether the testimony tended to show negligence, or such facts and circumstances as would raise a presumption of negligence against defendant, the safer way will be to reproduce all the evidence bearing upon that point. It all came from the plaintiff and was as follows: “Ipurchased the ticket (from Pierre to Highmore) * * * at Pierre, got in the cars, and when I heard the train whistle at Highmore I put on my overcoat, and started leisurely towards the door. When I did this, and when I found I was near the door, I saw the train passing the station platform at Highmore; and then I saw Mr. Titus Price coming out of the car in front of me, and I thought to speak to him, and I went to the door and opened the door. By that time Mr. Price had turned his back, and was gone or going into the other car, and at that time there was'a fearful shock, and there my memory ceased, right on the threshold of the door, the end door, the east end, and front door of the car. Mr. Price came out of the car in front of me. The next I knew was some 24 hours afterwards. I found myself lying, in the American Hotel, in bed. When I stepped into the door of the train, the train was passing the turntable rapidly, and was about four or five hundred feet, I think, east, of the depot. * * *” On cross-examination he testified: “I saw Mr. Price, as I have stated, coming out of the rear door of the smoker, and at the time of the accident was at the front door of the ladies’ car. I left my seat when the train whistled for the station at Highmore. I got up, and put on my overcoat, and walked toward the door. Did not open the door immediately. I stood there a little while. When I went to the door the train was passing the east end of the platform at the station. I knew they were passing the station before I opened the door. I pulled the door back, and stepped out into the opening. I remained there only a moment and that is the end of my memory. There was no one else at the door besides me. No conductor, no brakeman. I had hold of the nob of the door, or the door. Am not sure which. I was standing about *43on the threshold in the open door, and the train was some three or four hundred yards beyond the station, I think. Am not sure as to the distance. I fell somewhere near the lock on the switch. It was a cold frosty morning, and dark. There were plenty of seats inside the car, and four passengers in the car. As I was standing in the front door, holding the door for only a moment, I felt the shock, and a kind of a stoppage of the car, as if it had struck something. It was running smoothly before. I don’t know whether it struck anything or not.”

Appellant contends, and states his contention in the terms of a headnote to Kentucky & I. Bridge Co. v. Quinkert (Ind. App.) 28 N. E. 338, that “an injury to a passenger while on a railroad train is prima facie negligence, whether caused by defects in the machinery, or by the acts of the servants in operating the machinery.” While respondent-argues that this proposition, thus broadly stated, cannot be maintained, we are not, for the purpose of this case, disposed to criticise either its language or its doctrine. It simply asserts that whenever the injury is shown to have been caused either by defective machinery, or by the acts of the company’s servants in operating the machinery, negligence will be presumed; but no case has ever held that a railroad company is responsible for an injury to a passenger, simply because it occurs on its train. The gravamen of the cause of action is always negligence, and it must.be either proved, or such facts shown as will support an imputation of negligence. There surely must be some circumstances shown tending to connect the company with the cause of the injury. Ordinarily, the immediate cause of the injury, and the circumstances under which it occured, are in evidence; and, if the cause is such as would not probably have occurred or existed with suitable machinery and proper management, the fact of the accident will under the Kentucky case, raise a presumption of negligence, and the burden of proof is thus shifted to the defendant.- But this presumption, with its consequences, comes from the nature of the accident or cause of injury. It does not *44follow, and should not, from the simple and unexplained fact of an accident, regardless of its cause or character. The presumption arises, not from the fact of the injury, but from its cause, or the circumstances attending it. Evidence simply that a passenger on a moving train fell against the stove, and was injured, would not raise a presumption of negligence against the company. On such evidence the jury would not be allowed to presume the cause of the falling, and upon such presumption buiid another of negligence. The cause, or at least the nature of the accident resulting in the injury, must be shown before a presumption of negligence attaches. From Le Barron v. Ferry Co., 11 Allen, 316, we quote the following, as very pertinent to this discussion “Th¿ general rule that the plaintiff, in actions of this description, is bound to prove negligence on the part of the defendants, as the cause of the injury, has been apparently modified in a class of cases in which it is said that proof of due care on the part of the plaintiff, with proof of the accident, is prima facie evidence of negligence on the part of the defendants. An examination of these cases, we think, will show that there is in them no real invasion of the general rule as to the burden of proof. It will be found, we believe, in all of them, that the nature of the accident was such that proof of the accident alone raised a presumption of negligence, and that the same evidence which proved the injury done also proved the defendants’ negligence, or developed circumstances from which it must be presumed. Thus, in Carpue v. Railway Co., 5 Q.B. 747, where the injury was caused by the train running off the track and overturning the carriage in which the plaintiff was a passenger, Denman, CL J.,' told the jury that, “it having been shown that the exclusive management of the machinery and the railway was in the hands of the defendants, it was presumable that the accident arose from their want of care, unless they gave some explanation of the cause. ’’ So, in Stokes v. Saltonstal, 13 Pet. 181, the injury was occasioned by the overturning of a stagecoach; and in Ware v. Gay, 11 Pick. 106, the accident was of a *45similar nature, occasioned by tbe running off of tbe wheel of the coach in which the plaintiff was a passenger. In these cases, clearly, the nature of the accident afforded proof of the defendants’ negligence, The plaintiff, in proving his injury, must ordinary prove the nature of the accident, and the circumstances; and when such proof has any tendency to prove negligence, and especially when the defendant has exclusively the means of knowledge within his control, as to what caused the injury, it is said the burden is cast upon the defendant to explain the cause, and exculpate himself. Upon recurring to the facts in this case, it appears that this accident might have, happened without negligence on the part of the defendants, and that the means of knowledge as to the cause of the injury were equally within the reach of both parties.”

The matter of such presumption, its theory', the ground upon which it rests, and when it attaches, are instructively discussed in cases like the following: Holbrook v. Railroad Co., 12 N. Y. 236; Curtiss v. Railroad Co., 18 N. Y. 534; Thomas v. Railroad Co., 148 Pa. St. 180, 23 Atl. 989; Stern v. Railroad Co., 76 Mich. 591, 43 N. W. 587. In this case there is, in our judgment, no evidence to bring it within the rule, or the reason or logic of the rule, which imputes negligence from the fact of the accident. The train ran past the platform at the station, but this apparently had no connection with the cause of the injury. While standing at the open door; and holding it, “there was a fearful shock.” The nature of the shock, how it was produced, or what caused it, are left the subject of pure speculation. Was it caused by a thunderbolt, a sudden and powerful gust of wind, that slammed the door against him, or by collision with an obstruction on the track? Either might have done it consistently with the evidence, but if caused by eithei;, except the last, there would have been no presumption of negligence. There were other passengers in the train, including Titus Price, a friend of plaintiff, but no one was called to give the court or jury any idea of the cause or character of the shock which oc* *46cured to plaintiff. Whether, as to plaintiff, its cause, was subjective or objective, — whether it affected the train itself, or simply the person of the plaintiff, — is left absolutely in doubt. The facts, as narrated by plaintiff, might have occured in many ways without in any manner involving the question of negligence on the part of anybody. It is true that on his cross-examination the plaintiff says: “As I was standing in the front door, holding the door for only a moment, I felt the shock, and a kind of a stoppage of the car, as if it had struck something. It was running smoothly before. I dont know whether it struck anything or not. ” This does not pretend to be a statement of what did happen, but only illustrative of the effect of what happened. It would apparently- have been so easy to have shown on the trial what did really happen to the train, if anything, and so have informed the court and jury whether the company was probably to blame or not, that there seems to be no good reason for supplying the omission by a presumption, and that too, a presumption of negligence, where a presumption of non-negligence would be equally consistent with the facts proved. In Clark v. Barnwell, 12 How. 272, the court quotes with approval this language from an English case: ‘ ‘If, on the whole, it be left in doubt what the cause of the injury was, or if it may as well be attributable to perils of the sea' as to negligence, the plaintiff cannot recover. * * * That the jury were to see clearly that the defendants were guilty of negligence, before they could find a verdict against them.” In Stern v. Railroad Co., supra, the court holds that “negligence will not be presumed from the mere fact of accident, which is as consistant with the presumption that it was unavoidable as it is with negligence.”

The evidence being insufficient to support a verdict for plaintiff, the trial court rightly directed a verdict for the defendant. The judgment appealed from is affirmed.

Fuller, J., took no part in the decision of this case.