147 Ky. 170 | Ky. Ct. App. | 1912
Affirming.
E. G-. Saulsberry is a manufacturer of beer cooperage in Covington, Kentucky. In' March, 1910, he entered into a contract with the Coopers International Union, No. 159 Cincinnati, Ohio, by the terms of which said Union was to furnish him union labor to run his business for one year at the stipulated price of thirty-five cents per hour for a day’s work consisting of nine hours. The Union supplied' his shop with a stamp marked “C. I. U. No-. 52,” which-was to be used on all the cooperage manufactured at his factory. This stamp was under the control of a member of said Union in his employ, known as a “monitor.” Under this agreement the business was conducted during the life of the contract. About the time it terminated — just before or just after — representatives of the. Union notified him that they would not work longer under the terms of the old agreement, and that if he wanted to continue his business as a union shop he would have to pay an advance in wages and accept shorter hours for a day’s work. The new agreement sought by the representatives of the Union provided for an eight hour day at forty cents per hour. Saulsberry refused to. accede to this demand on the ground that other cooperage plants in that locality had made contracts with the Union under more favorable terms, and so notified the representatives of the Union. They thereupon took possession of the stamp and notified the employes that they were “out of a job.” It is a rule of the Union that none of its members can work in a shop not supplied with a stamp, and hence the removal of the -stamp effectually closed this shop to union labor. Conceiving that he was being unjustly discriminated against to his damage, Saulsberry instituted a suit, in which he sought, either to compel the union to return to him the .stamp for' use in his business, or else to compel it to make a contract with him on the same terms upon which it was furnishing labor to his competitors in that vicinity. Two of the representatives of the Union, termed “walking delegates,”' were made parties to the suit. No defense was made for the Union; but, the two defendants, Lineback and McManus, answered, and, in addition to specifically denying, the charge that they had conspired with any of plaintiff’s competitors to injure him in his business, pleaded affirmatively that, as the representatives of the Union,
The evidence shows that, at the time the dispute arose, the contract between plaintiff and the Union had expired, and while some of the men in plaintiff’s employ were willing to continue to work under the old contract, the Union withheld its consent for them to do so; and because of plaintiff’s inability to make a new contract with the Union he was compelled to close his shop, and it had, up to the date of the submission of the case, remained closed. He has a large amount of money invested in his business, and, as it appears he can not dispose of his output unless it bears the stamp of the Union, he has and must necessarily sustain a serious loss. It likewise appears that others of his competitors have contracts more favorable than that which the Union was exacting of him. On this state of facts, what are the rights of the parties ?
A man’s labor is his own, and he has the right to dispose of it upon the best terms he can secure; if one to whom it is offered or by whom it is desired is unable or .unwilling to pay the price demanded for it, we have presented simply a case where the parties to a proposed contract can not agree as to terms. So too, when one has been in the employ of another under a contract, and that contract has expired, neither party is under any obligation to continue in the employment except upon terms satisfactory, to him, and no ground of complaint is afforded either employer or employe for refusing to continue longer the contractual obligations. This principle is universally recognized. The influences which actuate the'employer in discharging the servant, or the servant in quitting the employ of the master, are not a proper subject of inquiry. If they possess the right to terminate the employment, they may exercise it although the
The right of laborers to organize for protection, in the way of securing better wages, shorter hours and improved facilities whereby their condition is bettered, has been many times before the courts of this country, and such right has been uniformly upheld. In the case of Hopkins v. Oxlay Stave Co., 28 C. C. A., 99, 83 Fed., 912, this right is thus stated for the court by Judge Thayer:
“The courts have invariably .upheld the right of individuals to form labor organizations for the protection of the interest of the laboring classes and have denied the power to enjoin the members of such associations from withdrawing peaceably from any service, either singly or in a body, even where such withdrawal involves a breach of contract.”
Such right is not disputed by counsel for appellant, but it is argued that the men did not want to cease working; they were satisfied with the old contract and wanted to continue under it. Undoubtedly some were, but, being members of the Union, they were bound by it and its rulings and judgment so long as they remained members thereof. The old contract had been made by the Union. The Union alone was clothed with power to contract for its members, and the contract, if made at all, had to be made by the Union. Hence, the wish or will of individual members can not be considered in determining the rights of the parties to this controversy. If the Union had a right, through its representatives, to contract, which is not denied, then the desire of individual members can not be taken into consideration' at all, and it is immaterial whether they were satisfied or dissatisfied with the proposed arangement. The Union was willing
■ “They have the right to appoint officers to advise them as to the course to be taken by them in their relations with their employer. They may unite with other ■unions. The officers they appoint, or any other persons to whom they choose to listen, may advise them as to the proper course to be taken by them in regard to their employment, or if they choose to repose such authority in any one, he may order then on pain of expulsion from their union, peaceably to leave the employ of their employer, because any of the terms of their employment are unsatisfactory.”
We take it that Lineback and McManus were acting -clearly within their right in attempting to procure for the Union a better contract than it theretofore had and in refusing to permit or sanction the men to continue longer in plaintiff’s employ under the old contract. They were guilty of no act of violence, but simply, in effect, declared a strike because they could not secure for the Union such a desirable contract. The result of their ■action was that all of the Union men in plaintiff’s employ quit work. It was a concerted action. Had they the right to do so ?
This precise question was raised in the suit of the Union Pacific Railroad Co. v. Ruth, 120 Fed., 114, the court there saying:
“The defendants acted within their rights when they ■went out on a strike. Whether with good cause, or without any cause or reason, they had the right to quit work -for the Union Pacific Railway Company, and their reasons for quitting work were reasons they need not give 'to' any one. And that they all went out in a body by ■agreement or pre-concerted arrangement, does not mili
As the Union at that time had no contract with the plaintiff, he had the undoubted right to discharge all the men in his employ at once, without notice or warning,; and so the men had the right to quit; and when they did so they were not required or called upon to give or assign any reason therefor.
The stamp belonged to the Union, and they took it away when they quit plaintiff’s employ. It was the sign by which the business world was advised that the goods manufactured were union made, and plaintiff had no right to its nse except when his goods were made by union labor. The stamp could not lawfully be used by him except upon goods made by union labor. So his real complaint is not that the stamp was removed, but that the Union refused to contract with him upon terms which he was willing to make. To grant the relief sought would be to compel the Union to contract with him upon the same terms it had with other manufacturing concerns engaged in like business in that locality. We have been unable to find any authority supporting such contention. In effect it would be the substitution of the judgment of the court, exercised through its mandatory processes, for the will of the Union. It would take away from the Union the right to contract for itself, and open the door for needless litigation between employer and employe, and make of the court an arbiter in advance of all questions of wages or compensation for labor. If the employer could compel the employe to contract with him upon terms acceptable to him, the employe could, with equal propriety, compel the prospective employer to hire him upon terms agreeable to him and as favorable and as high as other employers were paying for like services. The proposition falls from its own weight. The relief sought' can not be granted.
No ground for injunctive relief is presented. The sum and substance of appellee’s offense is that Lineback and McManus, being unable to agree with plaintiff on a scale of wages for the members of the Union, ordered a strike, and took from plaintiff’s shop the stamp — the property of the Union. They offered no violence whatever. They threatened the destruction of no property.
There is an intimation in the pleading, if not a ■positive charge, that the failure of appellees to contract with appellant was the result of a conspiracy, entered into between the walking delegates, Lineback and Mc-Manus, and appellant’s- competitors, for the purpose of destroying his business. We find no substantial evidence in the record to justify or support this charge. But, even if it were true, it would be of no avail, for 'since appellees had the right to cease laboring for appellant, it is immaterial what moved them to exercise this right. Appellant is furnished no ground of complaint because the members of the Union ceased to' work for him.
If appellant was seeking to recover damages from his competitors a different question would be presented, if it was shown that they had conspired to destroy his business and, as a result of such conspiracy, deprived him of the benefit of the labor of his employees. They might be answerable in damages for such injury. But that question is not here. The simple question presented by this record is, can a labor organization be required to enter into a contract with one desiring the services of its men upon terms not acceptable to it? The lower court held that it could not; in that conclusion we concur. Judgment affirmed.