In this case, we answer four reported questions involving underinsured motorist coverage under two separate automobile insurance policies.
The parties have stipulated to the following facts. On May 11, 1985, Gregory A. Santos, II, the four year old son of Gregory A. Santos and Renee Santos, while riding a three wheel “big-wheel” bike, was struck and killed by a 1977 Ford Granada automobile owned and operated by Anna A. Durling. Durling’s insurance policy, issued by Fireman’s Fund Insurance Company (Fireman’s), provided mandatory coverage for bodily injury to others in the amounts of $10,000 per person and $20,000 per accident. The plaintiffs negotiated a settlement with Fireman’s, assented to by the *72 defendant Lumbermens Mutual Casualty Company (Lumbermens), in which the plaintiffs received $20,000. That sum is insufficient to cover the amount of damages sustained by the plaintiffs.
Gregory Santos’ 1983 Ford Ranger automobile was covered at the time of the accident by a Massachusetts automobile insurance policy issued by the defendant Lumbermens. The policy, effective October 1, 1984, provided coverage of up to $100,000 per person and up to $300,000 per accident for injury to Gregory Santos or to any member оf his household caused by an uninsured or underinsured automobile. Gregory Santos paid an annual premium of $36 for this underinsurance coverage. Renee Santos had a separate insurance policy with Lumbermens at the time of the accident (effective January 1, 1985), covering her 1979 Oldsmobile Cutlass automobile, and also providing uninsured or underinsured coverage of $100,000 maximum per person and $300,000 maximum per accident, for which she paid an annual premium of $40. 2
Gregory Santos and Renee Santos demanded $300,000 under each insurance policy issued by Lumbermens. After Lumbermens refused to tender the $600,000, the plaintiffs made proper demand for arbitration, asserting claims for the conscious pain and suffering of their son; for consortium-like damages of the next of kin under the wrongful death statute; for punitive damages due to the gross negligence of Anna A. Durling; and for funeral and burial expenses. See G. L. c. 229, § 2 (1988 ed.). After certain coverage issues, which form the basis of this case, arose during the arbitration proceeding, the plaintiffs commenced this action in the Superior Court for Plymouth County under the Declaratory. Judgment Act, G. L. c. 231A (1988 ed.). The judge reported this case to thе Appeals Court. We granted the parties’ joint application for direct appellate review.
*73 The following are the reported questions:
1. Whether and to what extent the $100,000 “per person,” $300,000 “per accident,” underinsurance coverage provided under the automobile insurance policy issued by Lumbermens to Renee Santos effective January 1, 1985, upon her 1979 Oldsmobile motor vehicle may be “stacked” with or upon the $100,000 “per person,” $300,000 “per accident,” underinsurance coverage provided under the automobile insurance policy issued by Lumbermens to Gregory A. Santos effective Oсtober 1, 1984, upon his 1983 Ford motor vehicle.
2. In an action for wrongful death arising out of a motor vehicle accident commenced by the administrator of the decedent’s estate under G. L. c. 229 (1988 ed.), for purposes of determining the amounts of underinsurance coverage available under the applicable standard 1984 and 1985 Massachusetts Automobile Insurance policies (with the mandatory endorsements), when and to what extent is the administrator considered to be a separate “person” in his presentation and prosecution of:
(a) the claim of decеdent’s estate under G. L. c. 229, § 2 (2), for funeral and burial expenses;
(b) the claim of decedent’s estate under G. L. c. 229, § 2 (3), for punitive damages in such case where a decedent’s death was caused by the reckless conduct or gross negligence of the underinsured tortfeasor;
(c) the claim of decedent’s estate under G. L. c. 229, § 6, for decedent’s conscious pain and suffering prior to his death; and
(d) the claim of decedent’s next of kin under G. L. c. 229, § 2 (1), for consortium-like damages.
3. Whether the underinsurance provisions of the two automobile insurance policies applicable here provide coverage for an award of punitive damages made under G. L. c. 229, § 2 (3), as a result of the recklessness or gross negligence of the underinsured tortfeasor, Anna A. Durling.
*74 4. Whether the defendant Lumbermens is subrogated under the policies to any sums that the plaintiffs may recover from third-party nonmotorist tortfeasors due to underinsurance coverage payments that Lumbermens may make to the plaintiffs under the policies in excess of the $10,000 compulsory underinsurance coverage of G. L. c. 175, § 113L (1988 ed.), and the $15,000 mandatorily-offered optional additional underinsurance coverage of G. L. c. 175, § 113C (1988 ed.).
1. Stacking. Lumbermens rightly concedes that the plaintiffs are entitled to “stack” 3 the combined underinsurance coverages per person under each policy at least up to $125,000. 4 Lumbermens contends, however, that the plaintiffs may not stack the $100,000 per person benefits of Gregory Santos’ policy with the $100,000 per person benefits of Renee Santos’ policy, or Gregory Santos’ $300,000 per accident benefits with Renee Santos’ $300,000 per accident benefits. We disagree.
Lumbermens argues that the “anti-stacking” exclusion in the policy prohibits thе plaintiffs from recovering more than $125,000 per injured person. The exclusion provides: “You may have two or more auto policies with us covering the same claim. In that case, the most we will pay is the highest *75 amount payable under the applicable coverage in any one of those policies.” 5
“[W]hen there is no ambiguity, we will construe the words of an insurance policy according to their ordinary meaning.”
Cardin
v.
Royal Ins. Co.,
The policy covering the Ford automobile listed Gregory A. Santos on the Coverage Selections Page, and the policy covering the Oldsmobile automobile listed Renee Santos. Each policy provided $100,000 maximum per person underinsurance coverage, for which each named insured paid a separate premium. Each policy is a separate obligation by Lumbermens to pay up to the stated coverage amounts in the event of an accident to a covered person. 6
At the time of the accident, G. L. c. 175, § 113L, did not prohibit stacking the underinsurance benefits of two separate
*76
policies.
7
The coverage at issue here was “purely optional and thus entirely a matter of contract.”
Johnson
v.
Hanover Ins. Co.,
2. ’’Per person” limitation. We now consider, under the terms of each policy, when and to what extent the administrator in the wrongful death action may be considered a separate “person” with respect to the various clаims in the case.
We first examine the policy of Gregory A. Santos, issued in 1984. We recite the relevant language from the policy: “The most we will pay for injury to any one person as a result of any one accident is [$100,000]. The most we will pay for injuries to two or more people as a result of a single accident is [$300,000] ,” 9 Lumbermens contends that, in a wrongful death action, there is only one “person” to whom it must pay for injuries — namely, the administrator. We disagree.
Under the wrongful death statute, G. L. c. 229, § 2, a “personal representative” may bring an action “on behalf of the designated сategories of beneficiaries.”
Gaudette
v.
Webb,
General Laws c. 229, § 1, referred to in the above quoted sentence, lists the persons еntitled to receive damages, if the decedent has no spouse or issue, as the “next of kin.”
10
These individuals are thus allowed to pursue, through the administrator, their consortium-like damages. The reasonable burial expenses and any punitive damages are recoverable by the estate regardless of the existence or identities of beneficiaries.
Burt
v. Meyer,
We realize that our decision today differs in part from the conclusion reached by the Appeals Court in Doyon v. Travelers Indemn. Co., 22 Mass. App. Ct. 336 (1986). 14 The Appeals Court in that case placed undue stress on the word “amount” in G. L. c. 229, § 2. As Burt v. Meyer, supra at 186, 191, shows, the amount recovered in a wrongful death action is not a “single indivisible amount” as the Appeals Court suggested (Doyon v. Travelers Indem. Co., supra at *79 339), but an amount which is intended to be distributed to the various beneficiaries and the estate. We decline to follow the result or reasoning of Doyon.
We turn now to Renee Santos’ automobile policy, which contains different operative language pertinent to this question. Her policy, which was effective January 1, 1985, contains a 1985 mandatory endorsement promulgated by the Commissioner of Insurance intended to eliminate the effect of our decision in
Bilodeau
v.
Lumbermens Mut. Casualty Co., supra.
See
Liberty Mut. Ins. Co.
v.
Commissioner of Ins.,
Renee Santos, under her policy, then, is limited to the $100,000 per person maximum recovery with respect to all of the claims arising from the injury to and death of her son.
*80 3. Punitive damages. We consider next whether punitive damages 15 are recoverable under the underinsurance provisions of each automobile insurance policy. 16
We begin our analysis by considering what is required under G. L. c. 175, § 113L, the statute which mandates compulsory uninsured and underinsured coverage. That statute provides, in relevant part: “No policy shall be issued or delivered in the commonwealth with respect to a motor vehicle . . . unlеss such policy provides coverage in amounts or limits prescribed for bodily injury or death for a liability policy under this chapter ... for the protection of persons insured thereunder who are legally entitled to recover damages from owners or operators of uninsured motor vehicles . . . and hit- *81 and-run motor vehicles because of bodily injury, sickness or disease, including death resulting therefrom, and coverage for the protection of persons insured thereunder who are legally entitled to recover damages from owners or operators of insured motor vehicles . . . whose policies or bonds are insufficient in limits of liаbility to satisfy said damages” (emphasis supplied).
The statute does not state explicitly whether punitive damages may be recovered under a compulsory underinsurance policy. We think there is some ambiguity as to whether recovery of punitive damages is encompassed within the phrases “coverage . . . for bodily injury or death” and “legally entitled to recover damages . . . because of bodily injury . . . including death.” Compare
Braley
v.
Berkshire Mut. Ins. Co.,
We may resolve this ambiguity by examining “the cause of [the statute’s] enactment, the mischief or imperfection to be remedied and the main object to be accomplished.”
Lynn Teachers Union, Local 1037
v.
Massachusetts Comm’n Against Discrimination,
Punitive damages under the wrongful death statute, G. L. c. 229, § 2, serve different purposes. “ ‘[T]he purposes underlying the allowance of punitive damages . . . are punishment of the defendant and deterrence of future wrongdoing.’
Schulhof
v.
Northeast Cellulose, Inc.,
[
We do not think that the Legislature, in devising a statutory scheme by which the victim of an underinsured motorist may be compensated for his or her losses, obligated the insurer to provide coverage for punitive damages. Allowing recovery of punitive damages would not serve the purpose of compensating the injured party. See
State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co.
v.
Wilson,
The insurance policies in this case essentially track the language of the statute. They provide: “Sometimes an owner or operator of an auto legally responsible for an accident is uninsured or underinsured. . . . Under this Part, we will pay
damages for bodily injury
to people injured or killed in certain accidents caused by uninsured, underinsured, or hit and run autos. We will pay only if
the injured person is legally entitled to recover
from the owner or operator. . . . We will pay damages to . . . [ajnyone else for
damages he or she is entitled to recover because of injury to a person
covered under this Part” (emphasis supplied). We refrain from construing this language against Lumbermens, considering that the words find their source in the statutory provisions of G. L. c. 175, § 113L. See
Bilodeau
v.
Lumbermens Mut. Casualty Co.,
4. Subrogation rights. Finally, we consider the question of Lumbermens’ subrogation rights under the policies in question. Each policy contained the following exclusion: “Sometimes you or someone else may recover money from the person legally responsible for an accident and also rеceive money from us for the same accident. If so, the amount we paid must be repaid to us to the extent that you or someone else recovers. . . . Whenever we are entitled to repayment from anyone, the amount owed us can be reduced by our proportionate share of the costs of recovery of the money, including reasonable attorneys’ fees.” (Emphasis in original.)
Both parties agree that this provision applies to money recovered by the insured from
nonmotorist
third-party tortfeasors. The Santoses, however, contend that the subrogation provision contravenes the legislative policy underlying G. L. c. 175, § 113L. They argue that Lumbermens should not be entitled to recover any money the plaintiffs receive from third parties until they have recovered an amount more than their full damages. The Santoses argue that we should reconsider our recent holding in
Bertassi
v.
Allstate Ins. Co.,
In Bertassi, we held that subrogation provisions identical to those in this case did not conflict with the objectives of the Legislature in mandating underinsurance coverage. We stated that “[a] person in the plaintiff’s circumstances is entitled to be compensated to the extent of the applicable automobile liability insurance, plus, as a minimum, an amount equal to the limit of his underinsurance coverage.” Under the subrogation provisions, “when the plaintiff recovered an additional $20,000 from other alleged [nonmotorist] tortfeasors, that $20,000 was recovered for [the insurer’s] bene *85 fit,” even though the plaintiff had not been compensated to the full extent of his loss. Id. at 372.
That decision is consistent with the framework of G. L. c. 175, § 113L. That statute was enacted to provide protection against uninsured and underinsured motorists. The statute does not, and was not intended to, provide protection against uninsured or underinsured nonmotorist tortfeasors. Indeed, subsection four of G. L. c. 175, § 113L, itself provides the insurer with subrogation rights with respect to coverage required under the statute.
The Santoses, perhaps anticipating that we would not overrule
Bertassi,
argue that Lumbermens should not be entitled to exercise its subrogation rights with respect to the
optional
underinsurance provisions of the two policies. “We must construe the words of the policy according to ‘the fair meaning of the language used, as applied to the subject matter,’ ... as long as the statutory language or legislative policy of G. L. c. 175, § 113L, is not contravened.”
Johnson
v.
Hanover Ins. Co.,
The Santoses argue that because the insurance policy was a “contract of adhesion,” the subrogation provision should be declared null and void. It is true that in a situation of this type, where an individual consumer enters into a standardized contract with an insurance company, there is most often an inequality of bargaining power. See
Cardin
v.
Royal Ins. Co.,
In this case, we do not think that enforcement of the subrogation provision leads to an unconscionable result or violates public policy. The policy did not purport to provide coverage for damages caused by nonmotorist uninsured or underinsured tortfeasors. It stated: “We will pay only if the injured person is legally entitled to recover from the owner or operator of the uninsured, underinsured or hit and run auto” (emphasis supplied). We would be hard-pressed to declare as violative of public policy a provision which, at least with respect to mandatory underinsurance, has been explicitly sanctioned by the Legislature. See G. L. c. 175, § 113L (4). We do not think the result is so unconscionable as to require invalidation of the provision. See Lechmere Tire & Sales Co. v. Burwick, supra at 721.
5. Summary. We summarize our answers to the reported questions.
1. The $100,000 “per person,” $300,000 “per accident,” limitation in Gregory A. Santos’ policy may be “stacked” with the $100,000 “per person” limitations of Renee Santos’ policy.
2. Under Gregory Santos’ policy, there are three separate injured “persons”: (1) the estate, for funeral and burial expenses and conscious pain and suffering of the deceased; (2) Gregory A. Santos, for his “consortium-likе” claims; and (3) Renee Santos for her “consortium-like” claims. Under Renee Santos’ policy, there is one injured “person.”
*87 3. Punitive damages may not be recovered under the underinsurance provisions of either policy.
4. Lumbermens, with respect to any sums which the Santoses may recover from nonmotorist tortfeasors, has subrogation rights regarding payments which Lumbermens may make to the Santoses under the mandatory or optional underinsurance provisions of the policies.
The case is remanded to the Superior Court for the entry of a declaration of rights of thе parties consistent with this opinion.
Notes
We shall refer to relevant operative language of each policy in the appropriate sections of this opinion.
“Stacking is where a claimant adds all available policies together to create a greater pool in order to satisfy his actual damages.”
Cardin
v.
Royal Ins. Co.,
The $125,000 figure is reached as follows. At least $100,000 is available under one of the policies. Pursuant to G. L. c. 175, § 113L, as amended by St. 1980,'c. 532, § 1, each policy issued in the Commonwealth must provide coverage of at least $10,000 per person per accident. See
Cardin
v.
Royal Ins. Co., supra
at 456;
LeCuyer
v.
Metropolitan Property & Liab. Ins. Co.,
Lumbermens does not claim that any other language in the policy prevents the plaintiffs from stacking their liability limits.
It is undisputed that the Santoses’ child, Gregory A. Santos, II, was a member of the Santos household and thus covered under the policies and that Anna A. Durling is an “underinsured motorist” under G. L. c. 175, § 113L (2). Manning v. Fireman’s Fund Am. Ins. Cos., supra at 42 n.4.
General Laws c. 175, § 113L, was amended by St. 1988, c. 273, § 47, to provide that “in no event shall the limit of liability for two or more vehicles or two or more policies be added together, combined, or stacked to determine the limits of insurance coverage available to injured persons.” That amendment became effective on January 1, 1989, and is applicable to policies or contracts issued or renewed on or after January 1, 1989. See St. 1988, c. 273, § 77. It does not affect the resolution of this case. See
Lumbermens Mut. Casualty Co.
v.
DeCenzo,
Thе above stacking analysis equally applies to the “per accident” limitation of each policy.
The policy also provided: “We will pay damages to or for: (1) You, or any household member. ... (3) Anyone else for damages he or she is entitled to recover because of injury to a person covered under this Part.”
Under the wrongful death statute, Gregory A. Santos and Renee Santos are each considered to be the “next of kin” of Gregory A. Santos, II, for the purposes of determining the consortium-like damages listed in the statute. See
Schultz
v.
Grogean,
But see section three of this opinion, infra.
We reject the Sаntoses’ contention that each claim of the estate should be treated as if it were an injury to an additional separate person.
We do not think that
Hallett
v.
Wrentham,
We say “in part” because that case did not involve any claim for conscious pain and suffering. Id. at 336.
The wrongful death act, G. L. c. 229, § 2, provides for the recovery from the tortfeasor of “punitive damages in an amount of not less than five thousand dollars in such case as the decedent’s death was caused by the malicious, willful, wanton or reckless conduct of the defendant or by the gross negligence of the defendant.”
The Santoses claim that they may recover punitive damages from Lumbermens resulting from the recklessness or gross negligence of the undеrinsured tortfeasor.
There is no clear trend among the several States which have considered the question whether punitive damages may be recovered under uninsured motorist policies. The courts of eight States have denied coverage. See
State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co.
v.
Wilson,
We note that we do not deal here with the issue whether a tortfeasor’s insurer may be obliged to pay for punitive damages.