Santolini v. State

6 Wyo. 110 | Wyo. | 1895

Groesbeck, Chief Justice.

The plaintiff in error was convicted pf the crime of forgery in the district court for Sweetwater County, and on October 12, 1894, was sentenced thereunder to be imprisoned in the penitentiary for the term of four years. The uttering of forged paper knowing it to be forged with intent to defraud is denominated forgery by our statute, and is included in the statutory definition of the crime. The information, after laying the venue and alleging the time and place of the commission of the offense, charges that the defendant below “did feloniously pass, as true and genuine, a certain forged bank check purporting to be the check of G. W. Edwards, payable to the order of William Colbers, for the sum of forty-five dollars, he, the said Felice Santolini, at the time he passed said check, well knowing said check to be forged, with intent to defraud the said . John Slaviero.” A demurrer was filed to this information on the ground that the facts stated therein do not constitute an offense punishable by the laws of this State,, and this demurrer was overruled. Forgery by our statute in general terms is the false making or altering of certain written instruments therein set out at length, including checks, drafts, bills of exchange, and promissory notes, with intent to damage or defraud some person, either natural or artificial, and also the uttering, publishing, or passing any of the said false instruments, knowing the same to be false, forged, or counterfeited, with the like intent to defraud. Rev. Stat., Sec. 924. Our criminal code is very liberal in its provisions relating to the construction of indictments, the rules of which apply by express statutory provisions to informations. An indictment or information is not invalidated by any defect or imperfection therein which does not tend to the prejudice of the substantial rights of the defendant, or by want of any allegation or averment of any matter not necessary to be proved, nor by any surplusage or repugnant allegation when there is sufficient matter alleged to indicate the crime or person charged. Rev. Stat., Sec. 3244; Sec. 13, Ch. 59, Sess. Laws 1890-91; Sec. 13, Ch. 123, Sess. Laws 1895. “In any indictment (or information) for falsely making, altering, forging, printing, photographing, uttering, disposing of, or putting off any instrument, it shall be sufficient to set forth the purport and value thereof.” Rev. Stat., Sec. 3247. Under the rules of the common law, indictments for forgery must contain the tenor of the instrument, that is, the instrument verbatim is required to be set forth, except where it has been destroyed by the defendant or is maintained in his possession, and perhaps in other cases where the instrument can not be produced and where there is no laches on the part of the prosecution, but in every case where the instrument is not set out in full, the reason for the omission is to be given. An exact copy is required under this rule in order that the court might be able to determine on the face of the indictment whether the instrument is one the false making of which can constitute forgery. Clark’s Crim. Proc., 206; 2 Bish. Crim. Proc., 403. But in a recent case the allegations of an indictment similar to those of this information, omitting the name of the bank on which the check was drawn and setting out the purport of the instrument only, were held good at the common law, as the instrument was designated as a ‘ ‘check’ ’ and stated the name of the drawer and payee, and the sum for which it was drawn; and the court held that it appeared to be drawn on some bank or banker as certainly as though the name thereof was given, for without a drawer the instrument could not be a check. State v. Curtis, 37 Minn., 357. The dissenting members of the court said that it was the universal rule at common law in such an indictment to set out the writing “either” by its tenor or purport, so that it would appear, if true, to be of some legal efficacy, and in order that the court might see whether it falls within the act or law on which the prosecution is founded. The instrument was called a “check” in the indictment, but it was not alleged to have been drawn on anybody, and so the dissenting judges thought it had no legal efficacy and could not be subject to an indictment for forgery. They further state that it would be wise policy for the legislature to change the law as had been done in England, by providing that the instrument be described simply by the name by which it is usually known, as a note, bill of exchange, or check, without further description. At the common law, the indictment generally set forth the purport clause,. which was followed by the tenor clause wherein the instrument or writing was set forth in haec verba; and the pleader was cautioned to allege nothing more in the purport clause than the legal effect or designation of the instrument, in order to avoid a possible variance or repug-nancy between the clauses. Our statute requires that the purport and value of the false writing to be set out, and this latter term is held not to be used in this connection in the sense of the worth of the instrument in money, but in the sense of the effect the instrument is intended to accomplish, and hence as the synonym of “effect” or “import.” Chidester v. State, 25 O. St., 438. The rigid rules of the common law pleading in criminal matters have been relaxed by Lord Campbell’s Act and kindred legislation in Great Britain, and our statute follows in the wake of British legislation on the subject.

The information is not bad for the reason that the name of the bank drawee is not stated. This point was not raised by counsel for plaintiff in error as his contention was upon the other ground, that the check described in the information was not of legal efficacy, without an indorsement, and could not be passed without such an indorsement. In forgery it was never necessary to set forth the indorsement of the forged paper in the indictment as the indorsement' is no part of the instrument. Clark’s Crim. Proc., 209, and eases cited; Wharton’s Cr. Pl. and Pr., 180; Wharton’s Crim. Law, 733. The early cases in Massachusetts, cited, clearly support this view. Com. v. Ward, 2 Mass., 397; Com. v. Adams, 7 Metcalf, 50. In the last-cited case the defendant was indicted for uttering and publishing as true a certain forged promissory note, with intent to defraud the persons to whom it was passed, knowing the same to be forged. The defendant objected to the sufficiency of the note produced to support the indictment, and objected to its being given in evidence to the jury, on the ground of variance. The objection was overruled, and the note was permitted to go to the jury, who found the defendant guilty. The court said in review of the case : “In an indictment for forgery it is necessary, undoubtedly, to set out truly the instrument alleged to be forged. And so it was done in the present indictment, unless the indorsement of the payee is considered as part of the note; and we are clearly of the opinion that it is not. The indorsement is evidence of the transfer of the note to the defendant, which was a new contract. This was matter of evidence in support of the allegation that the note was uttered/ with an intention to defraud the persons named in the indictment; but it is not necessary to set forth the manner in which a party was intended to be defrauded.” The uttering of a forged instrument is complete when offered, and it makes no difference whether it was then indorsed by the payee or not. Smith v. State, 20 Neb., 288. A promissory note which is forged may be uttered and published with knowledge of its character, and with intent to defraud, even where the name of the payee is left blank. Harding v. State, 54 Ind., 359; Contra Williams v. State, 51 Ga., 535. An instrument falsely made with the intent to defraud is a forgery, although if it had been genuine, other steps must he taken before the instrument would be perfect. Com. v. Costello, 120 Mass., 358. The accusation must show that the instrument is one having some legal effect, but it is. not necessary that it should be shown to be a perfect instrument. Garmire v. State, 104 Ind., 444, citing 2 Bish. Crim. law, Sec. 536, and Reed v. State, 28 Ind., 396.

No matter how defective may have been the forgery, it is enough if there be a possibility of fraud. Even though a bill could only be negotiated by the indorsement of two payees, the false mating of the indorsement of one .of them is a forgery. 1 Wharton Crim. Law, 695, 742. The fact that no person is at the time legally in a situation to be defrauded is no defense if there is a possibility of fraud. Id., 714. The false writing must be such that it *‘ might ” injure another. People v. Monroe, 100 Cal., 664. According to Mr. Bishop : “Forgery is the making of a false writing, which, if genuine, would apparently be of some legal-efficacy. ” It does not seem from the authorities that it is necessary either in any indictment for forgery, or for uttering forged paper, or for passing the same, to set out any indorsements thereon, to show the instrument to be of apparent legal efficacy; it is sufficient to charge that it is a forged writing, was uttered or was passed with knowledge of the forgery, and with intent to defraud. The demurrer to the information and the motion in arrest of judgment were properly overruled.

2. The proof shows that the check was made payable to the order of William Colbers or to him, and purported to be indorsed by William Casber. The indorsement was not that of Casber, as his employer, C. W. Edwards, testifies. Colbers does not appear to be known. It is asserted that these facts make the instrument defective and of no legal efficacy, the payee of the check purporting to be one person and the indorser another; so that notwithstanding the fact that the instrument was transferred by delivery, it could not be legally effective, and could deceive no person, but this seems to be the narrow view. A forgery might be so planned by an ingenious swindler as to bear all the appearance of genuineness, be correct in form, and yet be made intentionally so lacking in indorse-ments and strict legal validity as to be well calculated to deceive. It.is sufficient if the instrument bears such a resemblance to the document it is intended to represent as to effectually deceive. Garmire v. State, 104 Ind., 144; State v. Ferguson, 33 La. Ann., 1042. The instrument being a forgery, it matters not that it was not properly indorsed as to pass title, with the parting of its possession. It was represented to be the check of Edwards, and it was not. The defendant must have known this, and the jury so found. It is fair to presume that the payee was a fictitious person, as he seems to be unknown, and as the indorsement was made in the name of another person. A negotiable instrument made payable to the order of a person obviously fictitious is payable to bearer. Ch. 70, Sess. Laws 1888, Art 2, Ch. 1, Sec. 15. If so, .this instrument would have been of real as well as of apparent legal efficacy if genuine, without any indorsement.

Even without the indorsement, the writing would have been held by Slaviero, to whom it was passed, for the money he advanced upon it, as against all but the true owner, if it were genuine. The indorsement may be proved to show the fraudulent intent, and if that exists, without proof of the proper indorsement, this is sufficient.

3. The cheek offered in evidence against the objection of the plaintiff in error appears to be signed “ G. W. Ewareeds ’ ’ instead of G. W. Edwards. It is claimed that this is a fatal variance, as the information does not allege any extrinsic facts showing that the ihstrument, although signed differently, was represented to be the check of Edwards.

The evidence, which was that of the prosecution alone, the defendant offering none in his behalf, shows that the plaintiff in error asserted that the check was that of Edwards, with whom he claimed to have had dealings, passed it to Slaviero as such, and obtained thereon the sum of sixteen dollars, with the understanding that the residue would be called for the next day. Edwards testified that the check was not his, that the signature appended to it was not his signature, and that his name was misspelled. On cross-examination, he stated that the name signed to' the check was not his name. The payee of the check, William Colbers, was not known to him, but William Casber was his sheep foreman, and the indorsement of the name of the latter on the check was not the signature of Casber. The check was not presented for payment to the bank on which it was drawn, for the reason that Slaviero, to whom it was passed and who advanced money on it, ascertained some hours after he had taken it that it. was not good. We do not think that the court should have excluded the check from the evidence. Edwards treated it as an attempted forgery of his name, until requested to spell the signature to the check, and Slaviero-testifies that the name looked like that of Edwards. Had the court been requested to instruct the jury that, if the name were not idem, soncms with Edwards, they should acquit, it would have been error not to give such an instruction. State v. Warren (Mo.), 19 S. W., 191. It would have been proper for the court to so charge the jury without any request, but the plaintiff in error can not complain of the omission of such an instruction when he did not request it. It was, under the circumstances, a matter for the jury to pass upon, and as they did so under general instructions as to evidence, it can not be said that there was error in the verdict. The question is raised only upon the introduction of the check in evidence. The-difference between the names is not so .clear and marked as to render it a palpable variance as a matter of law to be determined by the court. It seems that the court may decide the matter of variance when the names are so nearly alike as to be clearly idem soncmtes, and may also-pass upon the question when there is an unmistakable variance and in the latter case exclude the instrument from the jury or direct an acquittal. Clark’s Crim. Proc., 343; 1 Bishop’s Hew Crim. Proc., 688. The name to the-check may have been written so obscurely as to deceive any person of ordinary prudence and observation, and the-resemblance between the names may have been so close as to lead the jury to believe that the variance could not have been detected only upon the closest scrutiny. In the case of Abbott v. State, 59 Ind., 70, a forged order was signed Elirere Lowtrheiser, and this signature was charged by apt averments in the indictment to have been represented to be the name of Ezra Loutzenheiser. The judgment was reversed on the ground that parol evidence could not be introduced to show that the signature was that of the latter person, because the characters could not be construed to constitute the name with which the defendant was charged as forging, and further because the writing did not purport to be signed by the latter and ■did not contain either his Christian name or his surname. Here the initials of the names are the same. There are a great number of decisions bearing upon this question, some of which are cited in late works on criminal procedure. Clark Crim. Proc., 341; 1 Bish. New Crim. Proc., 688; People v. Fick (Cal.), 26 Pac., 759; Peete v. State, 2 Lea (Tenn.), 513; State v. Potts, 9 N. J. L., 41; Langdon v. People, 133 Ill., 382; Parker v. People, 97 id., 32; Com. v. Warren, 143 Mass., 568; Com. v. Gill, 14 Gray, 400; State v. Gryder, 44 La. Ann., 962. In many of these cases a variance like the one presented here would not be deemed to be fatal. Such a variance must be material to the merits of the case or prejudicial to the defendant under the terms of our statute. Rev. Stat., 3245. We have merely a typewritten copy of the instrument before us, and can not tell therefore what might have been determined by its inspection, whether the signature was so close a resemblance to the one attempted or not as would deceive a person of ordinary observation. Hess v. State, 5 Ohio, 8; Turpin v. State, 19 O. St., 540. As the matter was properly submitted to the jury, and no instruction asked upon the point of variance, there appears to be no prejudicial error. The check before us does not appear to be payable to the order of any one, but is made payable to William Col-bers, omitting the words “ or order;” but we assume that this is a clerical error in the typewritten copy in the record, as counsel for plaintiff in error treats the writing as payable to the order of the person named, and raises no objection upon this point. We have therefore disregarded it, and express no opinion upon that matter. We have examined the case very carefully owing to the fact that counsel for plaintiff in error has presented the case upon a very full brief, and, as the record shows, gratuitously. But we think that, although the information might have been framed so as to exclude any controversy, and the evidence presented in better shape, there was no prejudicial error. The judgment of the district court for Sweetwater County is therefore affirmed.

Affirmed.

Conaway and Potter, JJ., concur.