757 F.2d 435 | 1st Cir. | 1985
Lead Opinion
In this Civil Rights action plaintiff, after obtaining a consent decree in which it was expressly provided that attorney’s fees were not to be awarded, sought to reopen to recover fees. The district court denied the relief, and plaintiff appeals. We affirm.
Plaintiff is a tenant in a housing complex owned by defendant Bullocks Point Village Associates (Bullocks). Bullocks charges low rents to qualifying low income renters as a result of subsidies under section 8, 42 ' U.S.C. § 1437f, and section 236, 12 U.S.C. § 1715z-l, of the U.S. Housing Act, from the defendant U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD). Plaintiff
During settlement discussions, plaintiff’s counsel requested the inclusion of attorney’s fees. HUD refused absolutely. Although the Housing Authority indicated some flexibility, the conversations broke down. Plaintiff filed a motion requesting the court to intervene, but defendants objected, and no action was taken. Finally, upon plaintiff’s counsel becoming convinced that the other defendants would not contribute fees if HUD would not, and of HUD’s steadfastness, plaintiff entered into a consent decree, without pursuing the question of fees with the court. The decree stipulated, both that fees would not be paid (presumably waiving a fee claim under 42 U.S.C. § 1988), and that plaintiff would not use the settlement as the basis for a separate claim for fees against HUD under the Equal Access to Justice Act (EAJA), 28 U.S.C. § 2412.
A week after the parties had executed, and the court had approved, this decree, plaintiff moved to reopen to challenge the fees’ waiver, and to obtain the fees. While it appears that plaintiff’s counsel had had this intention all along, he had notified no one of it at the time the decree was entered. He concedes he believed the parties would not have consented to the decree had he insisted on fees.
Counsel would justify his position on the ground of duress. He argues that defendants, by offering to afford his client full relief on the condition that he sacrifice his own interest, left him no ethical choice but to settle under their terms. Hence, duress. To this we put three questions. 1. How ethical is it for counsel to have obtained a commitment from the other parties, believing it could not be obtained without a waiver, while secretly intending subsequently to seek court intervention to obtain more? 2. If there were ethical problems, and perhaps duress, why did counsel not pursue the motion seeking the court’s assistance? 3. How realistic is plaintiff’s counsel in saying that the Housing Authority would have persisted in not paying fees?
We begin with the last question. The Housing Authority’s position is very difficult to justify. Here was a defendant that not only ultimately conceded full liability, but, on the record, had to do so. How likely was it that it would have stood trial, rather than agree in advance to fees, only to incur the time, trouble, and expense of trial, and doubtless a larger statutory fee in the end? It is hard to think what, if plaintiff had proceeded to court at the outset, the Housing Authority could have said in its defense.
While we are critical of plaintiff’s counsel for giving up on this basis, we are even more critical of the Housing Authority. It seems apparent that it was playing on counsel’s difficult dilemma in exactly the manner plaintiff asserts. This was not a bona fide compromise.
We do not consider plaintiff’s counsel’s ethical problem to be the stark one contended. Whatever may be the duty of counsel in ordinary litigation to subordinate his personal interests to those of his client, section 1988 does not segregate these interests. Rather, by entitling a prevailing plaintiff to fees, it in effect makes the fee recovery part of the cause of action. This, like the substantive provisions of the Act, although for the benefit of the individual plaintiff, is for the broader Congressional purpose of compelling constitutional and statutory good conduct by encouraging private enforcement through “private attorneys general” willing and able to undertake action. See King v. Greenblatt, 560 F.2d 1024, 1026 (1st Cir.1977), cert. denied, 438 U.S. 916, 98 S.Ct. 3146, 57 L.Ed.2d 1161; S.Rep. No. 1011, 94th Cong., 2d Sess., reprinted in 1976 U.S.Code Cong. & Ad.News 5908, 5912-13. Of course plaintiff’s counsel may elect to waive, but for a defendant to require him to forgo his fee (the instant case being a classic example, since the so-called settlement provided no available funds, and, by hypothesis, the client was indigent) or to attempt to negotiate an unreasonable fee, by playing upon counsel’s concern for his client, is contrary to the very intendment of the Act. And, correspondingly, present plaintiff’s counsel’s acceptance of the situation, while perhaps viewable as ethical in the particular, was not ethically required under the Act’s broad purpose.
Counsel, apart from his secret plan to rescind, in accepting the restriction was not only absolving the state defendants (assuming Bullocks was also such) of the liability intended,
It is difficult, however, to disagree with the district court that counsel went about this in exactly the wrong way. Indeed, the more counsel was certain that defendants’ wrongful conduct was duress, the more it would have been appropriate to present the issue to the court for resolution rather than, in effect, build upon a misrepresentation. We do not think the account of Laban’s requiring Jacob to work a second seven years for Rachel (Genesis, 29) was voicing approval thereof, however proper the custom Laban gave as excuse. Here, the Housing Authority was entirely wrong, but plaintiff’s counsel had the opportunity to correct it, rather than commit another wrong. This is, therefore, a “special circumstance” in which a prevailing plaintiff should not recover fees. See Burke v. Guiney, 700 F.2d 767, 772-73 (1st Cir.1983).
Plaintiff’s counsel, and the amicii, would have us lay down rules for all cases where parties do, or some do not, wish to negotiate attorney’s fees. See, e.g., Prandini v. National Tea Co., 557 F.2d 1015, 1021 (3rd Cir.1977); Jeff D. v. Evans, 743 F.2d at 651-52. We do not believe this is a proper occasion to say more than we have already.
Affirmed. Costs to HUD; no other costs.
. The district court found that "defense counsel” at no time acted in "an unethical manner.” As to HUD’s counsel, this was obviously so. As to the others, while there may have been no consciously unethical conduct, to object to going to the court, and to object to paying any fee, does
. Substantial relief through a consent decree calls for fee. Maher v. Gagne, 448 U.S. 122, 129, 100 S.Ct. 2570, 2574, 65 L.Ed.2d 653 (1980).
. Our remark in White v. New Hampshire Department of Employment Security, 629 F.2d 697, 705 (1st Cir.1980) rev'd on other gr'ds, 455 U.S. 445, 102 S.Ct. 1162, 71 L.Ed.2d 325 (1982) that "parties may ... decide to waive fees altogether” intended no more than purely voluntary conduct.
Concurrence Opinion
(concurring).
Although I concur with the result reached by the court, I feel compelled to state separate grounds for so concluding.
A defendant in a civil rights case, as in other actions, is entitled to know, at the time of settlement, the full implications of that settlement including the total out of pocket cost.
As stated by the Supreme Court in White v. New Hampshire Dept. of Empl. Sec., 455 U.S. 445, 453 n. 15, 102 S.Ct. 1162, 1167 n. 15, 71 L.Ed.2d 325 (1982), “In considering whether to enter a negotiated settlement, a defendant may have good reason to demand to know his total liability from both damages and fees. Although such situations may raise difficult ethical issues for a plaintiff’s attorney, we are reluctant to hold that no resolution is ever available to ethical counsel.”
A settlement package of a civil rights action may consist of one or more of the following items: (1) monetary damages, (2) equitable relief, (3) costs, and (4) attorney’s fees. In settling a case for his client, a defendant’s counsel does his client a disservice if he settles a case as to one or more of these items, but leaves open the possibility of further recovery or action on any of the remaining ones. Within the bounds of ethics and fair play, an attorney owes a positive duty to his client to reduce his liability and his exposure to recovery, to the limits of the attorney’s ability. This applies to all the items as to which judicial relief can be sought. It cannot be questioned but that, in an appropriate case, plaintiffs, including those in a class action, can accept a settlement without any monetary damages being recovered notwithstanding that the suit initially included such a claim, or that the same result cannot be achieved with respect to equitable relief, or costs. In fact, if constitutional rights can consciously be waived by a defendant in a criminal case,
This court in White v. New Hampshire Dept. of Employment Sec., 629 F.2d 697, 705 (1st Cir.1980), reversed on other grounds, 455 U.S. 445, 102 S.Ct. 1162, 71 L.Ed.2d 325 (1981), stated:
“... We of course do not suggest that an attorney in the course of settlement negotiation need, or in every case properly may, hold out, against his client’s best interest, for a specific award to be included in the correct decree. If agreement as to fees is not easily accomplished, the parties may provide for submission of*440 the entire question of fees to the court; further, they may, of course, decide to waive fees altogether ...”2
With due respect to the opinion of the court in the present case, the fact that attorney’s fees are authorized in appropriate cases by virtue of Congressional enactment of Section 1988 does not prevent conscious waiver of said fees any more than does the conscious waiver of monetary damages or equitable relief, which also exist by virtue of statute (e.g. 42 U.S.C. 1983), and which, after all, are the raison d’etre of the Civil Rights Act, not the attorney’s fees provisions, which are the product of a latter-day vision.
Last, we should point to the overriding public interest in favor of the voluntary settlement of disputes, particularly where class actions are involved.
Because we perceive no principled reason for such a result we feel compelled to clarify our views as herein stated.
. See, e.g., Johnson v. Zerbst, 304 U.S. 458, 58 S.Ct. 1019, 82 L.Ed. 1461 (1938).
. Emphasis supplied.
. Cotton v. Hinton, 559 F.2d 1326 (5th Cir.1977); Airline Stewards and Stewardesses Ass’n, Local 550 v. TWA, Inc., 630 F.2d 1164 (7th Cir.1980), 455 U.S. 385, 102 S.Ct. 1127, 71 L.Ed.2d 234 (1980).
