{1} Defendant Baker Hughes Oilfield Operations, Inc. appeals following an unfavorable $2.2 million verdict in this negligence action. Defendant asserts error in denying its motion for a new trial or a remittitur, claiming that (1) insofar as the verdict was based on future damages, the verdict was not supported by substantial evidence, and (2) the evidence did not justify the amount of the award and was excessive because of Plaintiffs counsel’s improper closing argument that tainted the verdict by “passion, prejudice, partiality, sympathy, undue influence, or a mistaken measure of damages.” In this opinion, we reduce this string of descriptive nouns to “passion or prejudice.” Defendant also claims that the court erred in awarding post-judgment interest at a rate of 15%.
{2} We affirm the verdict and judgment. We hold that the court did not abuse its discretion or otherwise err in any regard. The evidence justified the amount awarded and was not grossly out of proportion to the evidence and substantial evidence supported the verdict. Defendant’s passion or prejudice argument is unavailing because Defendant failed to preserve the underlying improper-closing-argument ground and the circumstances do not require us to overlook the preservation failure.
BACKGROUND
{3} Plaintiff Jose Sandoval worked for Key Energy and was injured in mid-December 2005 while assisting an employee of Defendant in setting a packer tool in an oil well owned by Látigo Petroleum. The tool was owned and operated by Defendant. Defendant and its employee, Johnny Taylor, were on site supervising operations related to setting the packer tool. Precision Wireline (Precision) was the operator that ran a wire, which was connected to the tool, from its truck. Precision experienced engine trouble that caused the process of powering and running the tool into and out of the well to be delayed several hours.
{4} After the packer tool was finally set and brought to the surface, Mr. Taylor attempted to release the pressure from the tool, but he experienced a problem with the tool’s primary bleed-off port and unsuccessfully tried various customary ways to accomplish the release. Mr. Taylor and others then attempted to unscrew the tool, at which time the tool blew apart, and the handle of the chain tongs that were attached to the tool struck Plaintiff and fractured his right femur.
{5} Plaintiff sued only Defendant and only in negligence, claiming that Defendant failed to provide a safe place to work and safe equipment, failed to keep a proper lookout, failed to adequately supervise the work being performed in a safe manner, and directed work to be performed in an unsafe manner. The jury found Defendant to be 100% at fault and awarded Plaintiff damages in the sum of $2.2 million.
{6} Defendant filed a motion for a new trial or, alternatively, for remittitur, asserting that the verdict was grossly out of proportion to the injury and shocked the conscience. One ground was that the award of damages “for future loss of earnings and/or pain and suffering” was not supported by the evidence. Another was that Plaintiffs counsel’s closing argument inflamed the jury’s passion or prejudice which led to an exorbitant and improper verdict. The district court denied Defendant’s motion.
{7} Defendant appealed from the court’s final judgment that awarded Plaintiff $2.2 million plus pre-judgment and post-judgment interest. Defendant also appealed from the court’s order and amended order that denied Defendant’s motion for a new trial or, alternatively, for remittitur.
{8} In its brief in chief, Defendant contends in its first point that the evidence is not sufficient to support the amount awarded. Defendant points to undisputed evidence that Plaintiffs special damages relate to his medical bills and lost wages totaling approximately $100,000; that Plaintiffs leg is fully healed; that Plaintiff is capable of returning to his old job; that Plaintiff did not sustain permanent muscle damage or bone deformation to his leg; and that Plaintiffs future pain and suffering would be limited to a dull ache during wet or cold weather, treatable
{9} Defendant contends in its second point that the verdict amount is excessive and shocks the conscience. Defendant essentially argues that the jury’s factually unsupported, excessive award was reached based on Plaintiffs counsel’s improper closing argument and on passion or prejudice, and thus the jury’s deliberations and verdict were tainted by passion or prejudice.
{10} In oral argument, Defendant restructured the foregoing two points. Defendant maintained that, under its first point, the amount of the verdict shocked the conscience and that in measuring what shocks the conscience, this Court examines other instructive cases in which courts have determined whether an award was excessive. Defendant argued that its substantial evidence contention in the first point was to be decided primarily, if not solely, on the basis of whether the verdict shocked this Court’s conscience. Defendant maintained that its second point, which was that Plaintiffs counsel’s closing argument remarks were improper and caused the jury’s verdict to be tainted, was completely independent of its first point, and thus not affected were we to determine that the amount of the verdict was supported by substantial evidence. We address Defendant’s arguments as they are presented in its briefs. However, we assimilate Defendant’s various arguments into what we believe constitutes its essential contentions. We believe we cover all of Defendant’s arguments. No tack Defendant has taken persuades us that the district court erred or that the verdict should be overturned.
{11} Defendant contends in its third and final point that the district court erred in awarding a 15% instead of an 8.75% post-judgment interest rate. We are unpersuaded.
DISCUSSION
I. The Excessive-Verdict Issues
A. Standards of Review
Substantial Evidence
{12} The generally applicable substantial evidence standard is that we review the sufficiency of the evidence to support the verdict by examining whether the verdict is supported by “such relevant evidence that a reasonable mind would find adequate to support a conclusion.” Weststar Mortgage Corp. v. Jackson,
Abuse of Discretion
{13} The applicable standard in reviewing the denial of a motion for a new trial or remittitur is abuse of discretion. See State v. Mann,
{14} “An abuse of discretion occurs when a ruling is clearly contrary to the logical conclusions demanded by the facts and circumstances of the case.” Sims v. Sims,
{15} It is reasonable to conclude that a damages award that is clearly out of proportion to an injury or that shocks the conscience or that is not supported by the evidence would be one against the logic and effect of the facts and circumstances before the court, or against the reasonable, probable, and actual deductions to be drawn from the facts and circumstances of the case. Cf. State v. Hargrove,
B. Guidelines for Considering the Excessive-Verdict Issue
{16} “The question of excessiveness is determined by (1) whether the evidence, viewed in the light most favorable to plaintiff, substantially supports the award and (2) whether there is an indication of passion, prejudice, partiality, sympathy, undue influence or a mistaken measure of damages on the part of the fact finder.” Chavez v. Atchison, Topеka & Santa Fe Ry.,
{17} We are given a further guideline by our Supreme Court:
[T]he findings of the jury should not be disturbed as excessive, except in extreme cases, as where it results from passion, prejudice, partiality, sympathy, undue influence, or some corrupt cause or motive where palpable error is committed by the jury, or where the jury has mistaken the measure of damages. However, the mere fact that a jury’s award is possibly larger than the court would have given is not sufficient to disturb a verdict.
Richardson v. Rutherford,
{18} “The amount of awards necessarily rests with the good sense and deliberate judgment of the tribunal assigned by law to ascertain what is just compensation, and[ ] in the final analysis, each case must be decided on its own facts and circumstances.” Sandoval,
{19} On appellate review, we will not weigh the evidence; therefore, an appellant’s argument that a verdict is excessive based on evidence that conflicts with evidence that supports the verdict will not aid the appellant. See Chavez,
{20} “In the absence of an unmistakable indication of passion or prejudice, a reviewing court will not set aside a jury’s award of damages unless the amount of the verdict in light of the evidence indicates the jury was influenced by prejudice, passion, or other improper considerations.” Baxter v. Gannaway,
C. Our Approach to Review of the Excessive-Verdict Issue
{21} Defendant’s contentions attacking the verdict as excessive ultimately boil down to a contention that the evidence does not justify the amount of the award. Stated differently, the contention is that the amount awarded is grossly out of proportion to the evidence of Plaintiffs pain and suffering and work limitations that prevent him from returning to his pre-injury employment position. Defendant seeks to verify the conclusion stated in the foregoing contention with three arguments: the award shocks the conscience; other, similar decisions confirm that the award is excessive; and the award is “so unrelated to the injury and actual damages prove[d] as to plainly manifest passion and prejudice” from Plaintiffs counsel’s closing argument. See Nava,
{22} The proper approach is to examine Plaintiffs evidence related to damages and determine whether that evidence could justify the amount of the verdict, or determine whether the verdict amount was grossly out of proportion to the evidence of Plaintiffs pain and suffering and work limitations that prevented him from returning to his preinjury employment position. Our case law appears to instruct us to determine whether the disproportionality shocks our conscience.
1
See Lujan,
{23} We first address Defendant’s sufficiency of evidence and exeessive-verdict/disproportionality
II. Defendant’s Contentions Relating to Evidentiary Support for the Verdict
{24} Showing that Plaintiffs special damages of medical expenses and lost wages totaled no more than approximately $100,000, Defendant contends in its first point on appeal that the remaining $2.1 million of the verdict was “purportedly intended to compensate Plaintiff for pain and suffering and loss of future earnings.” Defendant asserts that thе highest possible lost future earnings estimate was no more than $600,000, leaving an approximate $1.5 million award for Plaintiffs pain and suffering. Defendant argues that Plaintiff did not prove future damages “based upon evidence adduced at trial” or within the “reasonable certainty” that is required in New Mexico law. See Sanchez v. Martinez,
{25} A party seeking to recover damages has the burden of proving the existence of injuries and resulting damage with reasonable certainty. Rael v. F & S Co.,
A. The Evidence
Surgery and Hospitalization
{26} Plaintiff suffered severe pain following the injury and was given pain medication. The injury was a comminuted fracture of the right femoral shaft with foreshortened muscle tissue. The surgeon, Dr. Harmston, had to cut open the leg to reduce and set the fracture; he described the fracture as unlike anything he had seen in complexity and difficulty in twenty years of treating similar injuries. In his deposition testimony, the surgeon described the surgery in part as follows:
It was at the point of struggling because of his large size, he’s a large man to begin with in terms of his thigh and his muscle, and this complicated by the amount of swelling and foreshortening caused by the fracture ... that I actually, after numerous attempts to reduce the fracture with this small reaming rod or guide rod, ... actually physically reduced his fracture, and that was not an easy task by itself. It was very difficult.
The broken femur required the placement of a metal rod and screws, and Plaintiff also had muscle and soft tissue damage, resulting in Plaintiffs complaints of pain and fatigue over time.
{27} Following surgery, which was the day after the injury occurred, Plaintiff continued to experience pain while in the hospital. He was in the hospital approximately eight days. By March 2006 Plaintiff was released to clerical duty, one-half day work.
Timothy Ryan, Physical Therapist
{28} Physical therapy was concluded in September 2006. A functional capacity evaluation (FCE) of Plaintiff, overseen by physical therapist Timothy Ryan, was performed on September 21, 2006. The FCE showed that, under the Department of Labor Physical Demand Classification, Plaintiff was physically capable of returning to “very heavy
{29} Mr. Ryan was asked whether the results of the FCE indicated whether Plaintiff could go back to work as a floorhand, derriekman, or operator. He responded that at the time of the test Plaintiff would have had marked difficulty doing that work because of the climbing and squatting, and Plaintiff was not at the level of what was required of everybody else. He was asked by the jury whether, once Plaintiff had the screws removed in his second surgery, he could make a full recovery and be able to perform the same line of work, or would he continue to hаve a slight disability. He answered:
It’s rare with a screw removal or a pin removal for me to ever see those patients again. It’s a pretty rare situation where they would come back for further rehabilitation. You know, if nothing else has changed from where he was when I did the [FCE] testing, I wouldn’t have — unless I could actually quantify what he did in terms of lifting again, I don’t know that he would make any further recovery than he already has.
Concerning Mr. Ryan’s experience with the recovery of patients who had an intermedillary rod placed in their femur, he testified that Plaintiff would be in “the top five percentile of recovery of those people.”
Dr. Harmston, Surgeon
{30} In his August 2007 deposition, which was read at trial, Dr. Harmston was asked whether Plaintiffs fatigue and pain at the end of the day was caused by the rod and screws in his leg or whether that was “more ... muscle and scar related.” Dr. Harmston responded that it was most likely the soft tissue and muscle around the fracture that caused fatigue and limited his normal endurance. In regard to Plaintiffs discomfort with the rod and screws in his leg, Dr. Harmston stated that intramedillary rods “can be uncomfortable during the winter[,] ... can ... cause the bone sometimes to feel colder and make the limb feel colder[; symptoms that] sometimes ... don’t disappear until the metal is actually harvested from the limb.” Dr. Harmston also said that “some of the discomfort that [Plaintiff] felt when he did deep repetitive squatting and kneeling might” result from “the presence of the rod and the screws up near the hip where the rod entered.” That may have caused “scarring and irritation in the muscle of his thigh” caused by “the fracture ... that would not be altered by the metal removal.”
{31} In regard to removing the screws and the continuing discomfort afterward, Dr. Harmston stated that “some of the discomfort that [Plaintiff] felt when he did deep repetitive squatting and kneeling might be secondary to the presence of the rod and the screws up near the hip where the rod entered.” However, Dr. Harmston stated that “[s]ome of that limitation ... is probably from scarring and irritation in the muscle of his thigh [which] ... was initially injured from the fracture, and that would not be altered by the metal removal.”
{33} Testifying from physical therapy notes, Dr. Harmston indicated that Plaintiff showed “difficulty in maintaining single leg stance” and also “show[ed] a slight antalgic gait during his single limb stance.” Dr. Harmston testified that, beyond Plaintiffs lifting restrictions, having to engage in repetitive squatting, kneeling, and bending down, which stretch and aggravate muscle, kept Plaintiff from being able to return to work as a floorhand.
{34} In reference to the FCE, Dr. Harmston stated that, given an eight-hour work day, Mr. Ryan was “saying that essentially [Plaintiff] can stand, walk, sit essentially normal amounts. These are normal amounts as far as I’m concerned a person would be able to do.” That would be “[s]even hours is what he can stand,” and he was “able to squat, crawl and climb, only occasionally.” Further, Dr. Harmston stated that he did not disagree with the assessments by Mr. Ryan at all.
{35} Concerning the FCE’s recommendation, Dr. Harmston testified that he, “in no way, ever interprets] functional capacities as being finite, that it typically is an end-all to where a person’s function will be forever.” In Dr. Harmston’s view, FCEs “are time dependent and typically are time dependent as a person recovers and more time passes between injury, intervention and the current time that we see continued progress.” In that regard, Dr. Harmston also stated, “We see continued improvement in terms of strength and balance, and so forth, and that’s just a matter of muscle slowly, even if not specifically exercise[d] through therapy, continues to get stronger and to recover in time, in a young person.” Dr. Harmston thought that
a person in good general health prior to an injury who has ... an isolated injury has the ability in this day and age to recover nearly fully ... with very little restriction or problems that would persist that would be looked at as an impairment or problem which would negate [him] from being able to return to [his] normal activity level.
Plaintiff
{36} At trial, approximately one year and ten months after the accident, Plaintiff testified about his life and condition. He postponed his wedding two years. He had difficulty engaging in activities he enjoyed with his flaneé, friends, and family, including dancing, horseback riding, and volleyball. In addition, his right leg fatigued easily, and he was no longer able to go hiking, hunting, fishing, or snowboarding with his friends and family. He was unable to enjoy his former active, outdoor lifestyle and had become a “couch potato.”
{37} Plaintiff testified that he worked as a floorhand, from “8 to 18” hours a day, depending apparently on the circumstances. In that job, he was required to stand the whole time and move around. He was required to squat, climb, and engage in “a lot of heavy lifting and moving.” When asked if he had ever tried to go back to a floorhand position, Plaintiff indicated that he did not intend to look elsewhere for that position, stating “I’m not going to leave my job where I have benefits and stuff to go to an unsafe pulling unit where I can actually — if I get hurt I get kicked out for good[.]” In Plaintiffs view, based on the FCE results, he was not allowed by Key Energy to return to work as a floorhand. Based on how he felt, Plaintiff did not believe he could perform the work required of a floorhand. Plaintiff testified at trial that he asked Key Energy if he could go back to work as a floorhand and that the company “ha[d] a strict policy that if you don’t pass [the FCE], [they] can’t put you out on a rig.” Plaintiff conceded that the FCE showed that he was “very strong” and that lifting was not the problem, but stated that “[t]he problem is the moving around, the
{38} But for the accident, Plaintiff was looking toward moving to the position of derrickman and then to the position of operator at Key Energy. He thought that he had a good shot at the operator position, given his ability to speak English, his knowledge of the job operations, and his experience. Operators at Key Energy were making $21.00 an hour. At the time of trial, Plaintiff was working in Key Energy’s office, forty-hours per week, making $14.50 an hour with no overtime, receiving about $30,000 a year, whereas floorhands with his experience were making $16.50 an hour, had forty hours per week, and were regularly given a significant amount of overtime hours. His income declined from $50,000 to $60,000 annually to approximately $30,000 annually.
Judith Beard, Occupational Therapist
{39} Plaintiff relied on testimony of Judith Beard, Defendant’s vocational rehabilitation counselor expert witness, who testified that Plaintiffs employment interests included being a tool pusher, a rig operator, a welding inspector, and a welder. She testified to hourly wages for workers in those positions and gave opinions as to Plaintiffs current and future employability. Her opinion was that Plaintiff had “a wide range of opportunities and he could take a job [from] some of these like rig operator.” Ms. Beard understood that the usual progression in oil and gas work is from floorhand to derrickman to relief operator and then rig operator.
Dr. Barry Diskant, Mfedical Expert
{40} As part of its argument on appeal, Defendant discusses the deposition testimony of its medical expert, Dr. Barry Diskant, who examined Plaintiff just before trial, in mid-September 2007. Based on the examination, Dr. Diskant saw no permanent muscular injury, thought Plaintiffs femur was as strong as his other, uninjured femur, opined that Plaintiff was “presently able to do very heavy work, but probably not inclined to do so because of the pain,” and further opined that “there was a zero percent impairment of [Plaintiffs] right lower extremity” because of the excellent reduction of the fracture. The doctor thought that Plaintiff would feel a dull ache in his leg when days were cold or wet, but that this could be handled with over-the-counter pain relief. Dr. Diskant testified that Plaintiff had no current impairment and that he was fully capable of returning to his old job.
{41} We see no basis on which tо consider facts and opinions presented by Dr. Diskant to support Defendant’s lack of substantial evidence argument. The jury is free to reject an expert’s opinion. Sanchez v. Molycorp, Inc.,
B. The Proceedings
{42} Defendant moved for a directed verdict at the close of Plaintiff’s case, arguing that Plaintiff had “not proved any future damages,” and there was “no evidence before
{43} The jury received instructions which permitted them to find that Plaintiff was entitled to damages arising in the future. The jury was also permitted to determine whether the damages arising in the future were “of a continuing nature” and, if so, “consider how long they will continue.” The jury was further permitted when looking at loss of future earning ability to consider that some persons work all their lives and that a person’s earnings may remain the same or may increase in the future. The jury was given a mortality table showing “the life expectancy of persons aged 26 ... is 48.9 additional years.” The sufficiency of the evidence is measured against the jury instructions, because they become the law of the case. State v. Smith,
C. Defendant’s Sufficiency of Evidence Argument and Our Holding
{44} As we have indicated, Defendant argues that there was no evidence presented at trial that Plaintiff would suffer permanеnt pain, aside from a dull ache in his leg during cold or wet weather. Defendant also argues that there was no evidence at trial showing that Plaintiffs residual pain was permanent. Nor, Defendant argues, was there evidence that the limitations in Plaintiffs pre-injury work-related activities were of such permanency that they would prevent Plaintiff from returning to his pre-injury position. Further, Defendant argues, that there was no evidence that Plaintiffs recreational activities were permanently limited. Defendant also argues that Plaintiff left the hospital in a week’s time, started light duty work in three months, and was capable of performing heavy work by the end of a year’s time. In addition, Defendant argues that future damages were not proved with reasonable certainty.
{45} We do not see in the record and Defendant does not point out in its briefs that Defendant objected to the future-earnings instructions on the ground that there was no evidence presented at trial to support a permanent injury or to entitle Plaintiff to instructions allowing a determination of damages based on life expectancy. Defendant had a duty to object to these instructions in order to preserve its apparent position that there was no evidence to support future damages, whether or not it raised the issue in a motion for a directed verdict. See Rule 1-051(1) NMRA (requiring, for preservation of error, an objeсtion to be made to any instruction given); Curtis v. Schwartzman Packing Co.,
D. Defendant’s Lack of Justification-Excessive Award Arguments and Our Holding
{46} Defendant acknowledges that “the valuation of pain and suffering is a difficult, inexact undertaking at best” and also that “there can be no standard fixed by law for measuring the value of ... pain and suffering.” Sandoval,
{47} To support its argument as to the pain-and-suffering award, Defendant cites cases from other jurisdictions in which the injuries appear to have been worse than those of Plaintiff and in which the jury awards were considered excessive. See Thompson v. Amerada Hess Corp., No. CIV. A.96-3265,
{48} Defendant also acknowledges that damages for lost future earnings can be difficult to precisely measure. See Smith v. FDC Corp.,
{49} In regard to loss of future earnings, Defendant asserts that Plaintiffs economic expert, Dr. Thomas David McKinnon, testified to two different values for lost earning
{50} Plaintiff submits that inferences can be drawn from the evidence presented and argues that Dr. Harmston’s testimony shows that he has suffered “permanent muscle damage,” “severely impaired” strength in his right leg, and will continue to experience pain and discomfort in his leg “when it rains or is cold outside ... [for] the rest of his life.” Based on a reasonable inference that the results of his FCE were final and conclusive at the time the FCE was completed, Plaintiff further argues that the extent of his recovery at the time of the FCE was the full extent of his recovery and that he would not make any further recovery. Plaintiff also argues that the jury was permitted to find that he could have reached the position of rig operator earning $85,000 a year, which was greater than Dr. McKinnon’s figure of $61,000, and that Plaintiffs earnings in that position would be substantially greater than that proposed by Dr. McKinnon, thus substantially increasing Plaintiffs future loss of earnings beyond Dr. McKinnon’s $600,000 figure. According to Plaintiff, the loss could increase his total loss to $955,634 if he worked to age sixty-five. Furthermore, Plaintiff argues, the jury could have figured in Plaintiffs loss of his own services over his life expectancy. Plaintiff suggests that the jury could have found, for example, “just five hours of loss of services per week” over Plaintiffs life expectancy, with a value of $20 per hour, and have arrived at a loss of $127,000 subject to reduction to present value; or, the jury could even have found twice that amount. In its reply brief, Defendant does not address those arguments. Plaintiff also argues in his brief, emphasized in his oral argument before this Court, that he presented evidence of substantial limitations on his former, active outdoor lifestyle.
{51} We have considered Defendant’s arguments that Plaintiffs future pain and suffering was minimal and that the longevity of Plaintiffs work limitations that would prevent him from returning to work as a floor-hand was questionable, if not speculative. We see no need and choose not to engage in comparisons with the circumstances in other cases cited by Defendant. To do so, invites unhelpful if not inappropriate reweighing and comparing of evidence. Following the rules by which we are to examine whether the amount of a jury verdict is justified by the evidence, we hold that the evidence was sufficient to justify the amount of the verdict and was not grossly out of рroportion to the evidence. This is not an extreme case. And, to the extent a shocks-the-conseience analysis may be required, nothing about the verdict shocks our conscience. Furthermore, we hold that the court did not abuse its discretion in denying Defendant’s motion for a new trial or remittitur on the issue of sufficiency of the evidence. The district court was not, as Defendant argues, required to determine that the evidence did not justify the amount of the verdict or that the verdict amount was out of proportion to the evidence or to Plaintiffs injury.
III. Defendant’s Contention That the Verdict Was Based on Passion or Prejudice
{52} Defendant asserts that the damages award was excessive to a point not only that
{53} Under its passion-or-prejudice contention, in arguing abuse of discretiоn, Defendant relies on its brief in chief arguments in support of its first point on appeal that the verdict was not supported by substantial evidence. The purpose for this reliance is to show that the award could only have resulted from passion or prejudice generated by Plaintiffs counsel’s closing argument. Because we have determined that the evidence justifies the amount of the verdict and that the verdict amount is not disproportionate to the evidence or injury and does not shock our conscience, we fail to see how Defendant can successfully maintain any argument grounded in passion or prejudice as a result of improper closing argument statements. For this reason, we reject as unfounded Defendant’s second point in its brief in chief based on passion or prejudice.
{54} Nevertheless, in oral argument, Defendant argued that its passion-or-prejudice point was not dependent upon a determination of whether the evidence was sufficient to support or justify the amount of the verdict, referring to this Court’s statement in Gonzales,
{55} Defendant claims that the improper comments (1) referred to matters in violation of a motion in limine granted by the district court restricting comment, (2) implored the jury to “send a message” to Defendant, (3) improperly implied that Plaintiff could not sue anyone other than Defendant, and (4) improperly misrepresented facts adduced at trial. Defendant contends that these improper arguments provide an explanation for the jury having gone outside the evidence to arrive at a verdict tainted by passion or prejudice. As to each of these issues, while it may be arguable that one or more of Plaintiffs counsel’s statements were improper, Defendant did not adequately preserve the issue.
{56} Generally, a motion for a new trial cannot be used to preserve issues not otherwise raised during the proceedings. See Goodloe v. Bookout,
{57} In cases involving improper closing argumеnt, as when counsel “go outside the record ... we reserve the right in a proper case to reverse the judgment and award a new trial even if objection be not made.” Griego v. Conwell,
{58} We determine here, as in Griego, that this case is not one that requires us to hold that the district court аbused its discretion in denying Defendant’s motion for a new trial that asserted the award was tainted by passion or prejudice. See Kestenbaum,
{59} It is important to note that on the question of jury deliberations, we presume jurors abide by the court’s instructions. State v. Benally,
[Instruction No. 2:] The law of this case is contained in these instructions and it is your duty to follow them. You must consider these instructions as a whole, not picking out one instruction, or parts thereof, and disregarding others.
[Instruction No. 14:]---- Whether the evidencе has proved any of these elementsof damages is for you to determine. Your verdict must be based upon proof and not upon speculation, guess or conjecture.
Further, sympathy or prejudice for or against a party should not affect your verdict and is not a proper basis for determining damages.
[Instruction No. 31:] You are the sole judges of all disputed questions of fact in this case. It is your duty to determine the true facts from the evidence produced here in open court. Your verdict should not be based on speculation, guess or conjecture.
You are to apply the law, as stated in these instructions, to the facts as you find them and, in this way, decide the ease. Neither sympathy nor prejudice should influence your verdict.
With these instructions in his argument tool kit, defense counsel could have woven Plaintiffs counsel’s improper comments not only into emphasis on any curative instruction, but also into emphasis on the foregoing instructions in an effort to persuade the jurors to reject Plaintiffs counsel’s closing argument. We turn to Defendant’s specific complaints about Plaintiffs counsel’s closing argument.
A. Comments That Allegedly Violated an Order on a Motion in Limine
{60} Defendant’s motion in limine sought to exclude, among other things, evidence of its policies, manuals, or protocols regarding the appropriate method of bleeding-off pressure from the tool at issue, and evidence of other accidents involving Defendant or any other company producing or employing pressure-setting devices. Defendant asserts that Plaintiffs counsel intentionally introduced prejudicial evidence through his closing argument in violation of an order and an agreement to disallow certain evidence. Defendant complains, too, that the comments had the practical effect of misleading and confusing the jury because they were not based on the evidence adduced during trial. Defendant also argues that because the comments occurred in closing argument, it had no opportunity to present evidence or witnesses to counter or rebut them.
{61} We first discuss the hearing on the motion in limine. Defendant contends in its brief in chief in one place that the district court granted that part of the motion relating to policies, manuals, and protocols, and that Plaintiff independently agreed with Defendant as to that part of the motion relating to accidents. Yet in another place in its brief in chief Defendant contends that the court granted the motion as to both issues. Plaintiff counters that the parties mutually agreed to certain matters of evidence, but that there was no court ruling on the motion and no order entered. According to Plaintiff, all he “agreed to do was not mention that [Defendant] had failed to produce documents concerning its policies, manuals and protocols, mention that [Defendant] had failed to produce the ... tool for inspection, or mention similar accidents involving [Defendant] or anyone else.” In its reply brief, Defendant acknowledges that the court did not expressly state that it was granting its motion and relies instead on what “the practical import of the discussions between the parties and [the] court indicated.” Defendant concedes that the transcript of the pretrial conference “is not a model of clarity,” but asserts that it was nevertheless “apparent from the discussions between the parties and the court that [Defendant’s] motion to exclude evidence of its policies, manuals, or protocols regarding appropriate methods to bleed pressure from the tool at issue was granted[] or, at a minimum, acquiesced to by Plaintiff.” After setting out the discussions, Defendant ends by stating that, based on the “practical import of the discussions,” its motion “was implicitly granted by the court,” and Defendant asserts that Plaintiff violated “the agreed-upon motion.”
{62} Defendant contends on appeal that during closing argument Plaintiffs counsel improperly stated that Defendant lacked a safety policy or procedure for operating the tool and that Defendant’s failure to have such a policy was reprehensible. Defendant further contends that Plaintiffs counsel improperly argued that the jury should consider the numerous times the tool must have failed in other locations in determining fault and the appropriate measure of damages. However, as to this latter contention, it is unclear what
{63} We will not attempt to unscramble the ambiguous and confusing circumstances or to pick out the statements as to which Defendant complains but does not set out with particularity. In our view, Defendant has not presented on appeal a clear and developed record that permits us to hold that Plaintiffs counsel’s closing argument was improper. As well, Defendant does not explain why its counsel could not have rebutted any statements that might leave a false impression with the jury, or why its counsel did not raise an objection with the court and seek an effective admonition or curative instruction. Defendant does not indicate that it objected during the closing argument to the statements about which it complains. We see no objections in the record. We think this is an instance in which Defendant should have preserved the issue in order to raise it on appeal. We therefore do not address it further.
B. Asking the Jury to “Send a Message”
{64} In his closing argument, Plaintiffs counsel stated:
You have the power to decide cases, that’s the way our country works. You have the power to send a message. You have the power to change things. You can do more by your verdict than just settling the dispute between a man and a service company. You can actually make things safer in the oilfield.
Defendant argues that these statements were improper and prejudicial because they urged the jury to reach a verdict for reasons other than the evidence presented at trial. See State v. Cooper,
{65} Defendant appears to have made some sort of objection to the statements in question, but the record does not reflect what the objection was or any discussion among court and counsel about the objection or the statement. Neither the briefs nor the record reflect a сourt ruling or any request by Defendant for a curative instruction. We do not know what Defendant argued. We do not know whether the court agreed with whatever Defendant’s objection was and whether the parties and court discussed a curative instruction. It is the duty of the appellant to provide a record adequate to review the issues on appeal. Williams v. Bd. of County Comm’rs,
{66} We choose not to review this issue. See Rule 12-216(A); Varela,
C. Implication that Plaintiff Could Not Sue Anyone Else
{67} As Plaintiffs counsel was arguing comparative fault among Defendant, Key Energy, and Precision, he asked the jury to hold Defendant solely at fault. The full context of the argument was as follows:
As far as Mr. Brittenham and [Defendant’s] blaming every single person out there for this, I hope that I did not make a mistake by not suing everybody else that was out there. I hope that I was correct in filing the lawsuit against the company that evidence appeared to be solely at fault because if I had done otherwise, if I hаd thrown a net over everybody else that was out there, we would not only have [Defendant] sitting there but we would have maybe three more defendants and three more lawyers sitting over there and we’d end up with more lawyers in this courtroom than jurors. We just should not sue everybody in sight because something bad happened. Somebody should not be brought to court and should not be put on trial unless there’s evidence and substantial evidence against them. When this happened, everybody out there knew who was at fault. Everybody out there knew who was responsible. They knew [whose] tool it was, who was running it and then we get the lawyers and all our experts, and we hired experts too and things get more and more complicated. This ease should end up the way it started out. Like what everybody knew when it started out. That this was [Defendant’s] fault.
{68} Defendant complains in particular about the statement, “I hope that I did not make a mistake by not suing everybody else that was out there.” Defendant argues that “[i]n making this plea, counsel implied, falsely, that the statute of limitations barred him from suing other parties.” Defendant also argues that the statement was an improper exhortation “to not find that Plaintiff had made a costly mistake by only suing [Defendant] — the clear implication from this statement being that Plaintiff had to recover in this lawsuit, or not at all.” The impropriety here, Defendant argues, is that Plaintiff was asking the jury to find in Plaintiffs favor for reаsons other than the evidence presented at trial.
{69} We again choose not to address the issue. Defendant does not indicate where it preserved this issue in the district court by objecting and invoking a court ruling and, if called for, by seeking a curative instruction or other relief. See Rule 12 — 216(A); Varela,
D. Misrepresentation of Facts
{70} Plaintiffs counsel stated in argument that Plaintiff would have a deep ache in his leg every time it rains, plus muscle pain because of the extensive muscle damage and scarring. In addition, counsel argued that Plaintiff had “flunked the FCE and they wouldn’t let him go back.” Thus, Defendant contends that counsel misrepresented facts by arguing that Dr. Harmston and Mr. Ryan found that Plaintiff had current, permanent muscle and/or tissue damage to his leg and that Plaintiff had reached full, maximum capacity when the FCE was performed. Defendant argues that Plaintiff improperly “insinuated that his condition was static and would not improve.”
{71} To show the misrepresentation, Defendant asserts that, while Dr. Harmston noted that Plaintiff suffered some muscle and/or tissue damage at the time of the injury, he did not testify that such damage was permanent. Defendant further points out that Mr. Ryan stated that he did not do any analysis to determine whether Plaintiff suffered any type of permanent muscle injuries and that he would defer to a physician to make that determination. Defendant also argues that the testimony of Dr. Harmston and Mr. Ryan indicated that, in their view, Plaintiff may not have reаched full, maximum capacity when the FCE was performed.
{72} Once again, Defendant does not indicate where it preserved this issue below by objecting and obtaining a ruling and, if called for, by seeking a curative instruction or other relief, and we choose not to address the issue. See Rule 12-216(A); Varela,
IV. The Issue of Post-Judgment Interest
{73} The district court awarded Plaintiff post-judgment interest at the rate of 15%. The controlling statute on post-judgment interest, NMSA 1978, § 56-8-4(A)(2) (2004), states that post-judgment interest is awarded from the date of entry of the judgment at the rate of 8.75%, unless “the judgment is based on tortious conduct, bad faith or intentional or willful acts, in which case interest shall be computed at the rate of fifteen percent.” Defendant contends that it was error to award the higher rate of interest because there was no evidence of intentional or willful acts, and tortious conduct can refer only to deliberate tortious conduct and not to mere negligence. This interpretation, Defendant argues, is reinforced by the text of Section 56-8^4(A)(2), which places “tortious conduct” in the same category and breath as “bad faith,” “intentional,” or “willful acts.” Citing William L. Prosser, Handbook on the Law of Torts § 6, at 29-30 (4th ed.1971), Defendant notes that under English common law, “torts” did not include mere negligence, but instead involved forcible, direct, and willful injuries. Defendant argues that the legislative purpose underlying the 15% rate was to provide for a penalty when a defendаnt acts culpably. See Pub. Serv. Co. of N.M. v. Diamond D Constr. Co.,
{74} We review the award of post-judgment interest for abuse of discretion. Pub. Serv. Co. of N.M.,
{75} While Defendant makes an arguable point, we must look to the plain meaning of the term. “Tortious” stems from “tort,” and negligence is considered a tort in American jurisprudence. Note, for example, our statement in Public Service Co. of New Mexico,
“Tortious conduct” has been defined as an act or omission that subjects an individual to liability under the principles of tort law. In tort law, conduct may be actionable whether the actor intends harm or not. Nonethelеss, the most common of the tort causes of action require a finding that a defendant acted negligently, recklessly, or intentionally.
(Citations omitted.)
{76} Our long-arm statute, NMSA 1978, § 38-l-16(A)(3) (1971), states that a person submits himself to the jurisdiction of the court as to “any cause of action arising from ... the commission of a tortious act within this state.” There is no question that a cause of action arising from commission of a negligent act constitutes the commission of a tortious act under this statute. See, e.g., Roberts v. Piper Aircraft Coip.,
The word “tortious” ... is appropriate to describe not only an act which is intended to cause an invasion of an interest legally protected against intentional invasion or conduct which is negligent as creating an unreasonable risk of invasion of such an interest, but also conduct which is carried on at the risk that the actor shall be subject to liability for harm caused thereby, although no such harm is intended and the harm cannot be prevented by any precautions or care which it is practicable to require.
Id,., cmt. a. We note that Restatement (Second) of Torts § 6 (2008) repeats what was stated in the prior Restatement.
{77} Dictionary definitions also indicate that “tortious” includes negligent conduct. Webster’s defines “tortious” as “implying or involving” a tort and defines “tort” as “a wrongful act other than a breach of contract for which relief may be obtained in the form of damages or an injunction.” Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary 1245, 1246 (10th ed.1996). Black’s defines “tortious” as “[cjonstituting a tort; wrongful” and defines “tort” as “[a] civil wrong.” Black’s Law Dictionary 1526, 1527 (8th ed.2004). Under “tort,” Black’s lists several types of tort, including “negligent tort.” Id. Black’s defines “negligence” as a “tort” grounded in “[t]he failure to exercise the standard of care that a reasonably prudent person would have exercised in a similar situation.” Id. at 1061. These definitions do not indicate that either “tort” or “tortious” means only intentional or willful conduct or implies bad faith.
{78} Defendant’s arguments make sense given the placement of Section 56-8-4(A)(2) in Chapter 56 entitled “Commercial Instruments and Transactions” and Article 8 entitled “Money, Interest and Usury,” and also given the inclusion of “tortious conduct,” along with “bad faith” and “intentional or willful acts.” Nevertheless, we cannot escape the fact that the Lеgislature’s use of the word “tortious” in the interest statute must be considered in plain and customary usage to mean an act that constitutes a tort. Negligence comes within that meaning, as it is considered a tort. We therefore are not prepared to interpret the statute as Defendant asks us to do. We think that it is up to the Legislature to revisit whether it intends to penalize negligence with the 15% post-judgment rate. We must presume that in amending Section 56-8-4(A) in 1983 with a 15% interest rate, the Legislature was aware of the use of the word “tortious” as including the word “negligence.” Compare 1980 N.M. Laws, ch. 68, § 2, with 1983 N.M. Laws, ch. 254, § 2. We hold that the district court did not err in awarding interest at 15%.
CONCLUSION
{79} We hold that the district court did not abuse its discretion in denying Defendant’s motion for a new trial or remittitur. We affirm the verdict. We further hold that the district court did not err in awarding post-judgment interest at 15%.
{80} IT IS SO ORDERED.
Notes
. We cannot pass up mentioning one court's view on how to determine excessiveness, as stated in Smith v. Botsford General Hospital,