114 Mo. App. 229 | Mo. Ct. App. | 1905
1. This case was instituted in the circuit court of the city of St. Louis and was assigned for trial to division No. 1, presided over by Judge Warwick Hough. Before filing an answer, Charles Dixon, one of the three defendants, presented an application for a change of venue, alleging that he could not have a fair and impartial trial before the judge of that division, on account of the judge’s prejudice, and alleging, further, that he could not have a fair and impartial trial in any of the other divisions of the circuit court of St. Louis, on account of the prejudice of the judges of said court against him. The application was, in fact, one for a change of venue to some court outside of the city of St. Louis. Judge Hough of division No. 1, granted the change from his division, but refused to send the case outside the city and ordered it transferred to division No. 5 of the circuit court of the city, presided over by Judge Fisher. An exception was saved to the refusal to award a change to some outside court and this ruling is assigned for error and demands first attention. The application for the change was made on the 4th day of November, 1901, when the provisions in regard to changes of venue, contained in the Revised Statutes of 1899, were in force. The article on change of venue contained in those statutes is declared applicable to the city of St. Louis, and it is provided that the word “county” used in the article shall be construed to embrace that city, and that changes of venue be awarded to and from the courts of that city as if it was a county. It is further provided that if a change is granted from any court of record in the city, the cause shall be sent to some other court of record therein, “unless the application is based upon grounds applicable to all the judges thereof, or to
In State ex rel. v. Woodson, 86 Mo. App. 253, the relator in a cause pending in the circuit of Buchanan county applied for a change of venue. That court consisted of two divisions presided over by different judges. The application sought to disqualify, on account of undue influence, not only the judge to whose division the cause was assigned, but the judge of the other division too. Nevertheless the case was transferred to the other division and it was held the ruling was right. The contention on appeal was that the cause
“First. The front building line of any building erected on said realty shall not be less than twenty feet from the north line of Cates avenue, whereon said property now fronts, and the frontage of said lot shall continue to be on the north side of said Cates avenue. No building or fence constructed of lumber more than two feet in height, shall be erected between said building line and said avenue.
“Second. No dwelling shall be erected on said realty whereof the main part is less than two stories in*241 height,, nor shall there be- erected more than one dwelling on each lot.
“Third. No stable, shed, or other building shall be erected within ten feet of the rear line of said lot.
“Fourth. No dairy, nor manufactory, nor trade, nor business, nor nuisance shall be conducted on or permitted to exist on said premises.”
Shortly after purchasing the lot, that is to -say in 1901, Charles Dixon and Montrose P. Hynson, for whom Dixon is charged to have held the property in trust, set about erecting flats on it for the use of four families; The defendant Hunter did the carpenter work on the structure. Plaintiff Sanders owned lot 54 adjoining lot 55, and the other plaintiffs owned lots in the vicinity. Sanders notified Dixon and Hynson that he and other property-owners similarly affected, would oppose the erection of- the proposed flats as an infringement of the restrictive covenants under which the lots in the addition were sold. Hynson replied that such covenants were not good; that he had built flats in other additions where there were similar covenants. A temporary restraining order was granted which stopped the work for a while; but, as the court refused to continue this order-without a bond from the plaintiffs and as they failed to furnish a bond, the temporary order was dissolved and the defendants proceeded with the erection of the flats, which were completed in due season. Subsequently the cause was tried and a decree entered perpetually enjoining the three defendants, from allowing the building to remain on lot 55, and commanding them to remove it in ninety days,' or in default of their beginning to remove it in sixty days, that the sheriff remove it at their expense.
It appears from the evidence that the edifice contained four flats of six rooms each, two below and two above. The structure is two stories and a short attic in height, with a basement beneath. The outside walls stand on a continuous foundation and' the building is
The principal controversy is as to whether the edifice we have described constitutes a breach of the covenant against the erection of more than one dwelling on a lot; but before taking up this question it is necessary to deal with some minor ones.
Prior to the filing of their answer, the defendants filed a plea in abatement in Avhich a defect of parties defendant Avas pleaded, in that one Gray, the holder of a promissory note secured by a deed of trust on the premises, was a necessary party. It is also further urged by the defendants on this appeal that the circuit court erred in decreeing that Hynson and Hunter, who owned no interest in the premises, as well as Dixon, should remove the flats from the lot.
(a) The evidence clearly ¿hows that Hunter was simply a contractor doing work on the building, and we think it was erroneous to impose on him the expense of removing the building. A mechanic working on a house, or even a contractor, ought not to be held bound to proceed at his peril because, on grounds like those in this cause, an injunction suit has been begun to stop the Avork, but no temporary writ is in force. It is enough to require, in the final decree, that the real parties in in
(b) Whether Hynson was interested in the title to the lot cannot be determined positively from the record; and it may be stated that there is uncertainty about who owns the premises. Dixon took the title by conveyance from T. A. Davidson, but swore he (Dixon) was a straw-man in the transaction and did not know who the real owner was. It is certain that Hynson was concerned about the building of the flats, was on the premises while they were in process of erection, was notified by Sanders not to proceed with the work and declared he intended to disregard the restrictions: that he assumed to act as owner by refusing, as too little, an offer for the lot; and in other ways took a hand in making the improvement. We think is sufficiently appears he was an active party in the work to prevent us from interfering with the decree of the lower court against him. Besides, some of the deeds in evidence may have shown he was the true owner, as the petition alleges.
(c) We hold that llray was no necessary party. In fact, he acquired the note secured by the deed of trust, just before this case was tried in the circuit court and long after the filing of the notice of suit in the office of the recorder of deeds. The suit was instituted February 18, 1901. On January 22d of that year Dixon gave a note for $10,000 secured by a deed, of trust on the premises : Charles Nicholls was the party of the second part in the deed and Geo. A. Duff the third party. The instrument was recorded February 7, 1901; hence, before the institution of the suit or the filing of notice. But the evidence conclusively shows no money was furnished on the note until afterwards. Dixon appears to have acted in the interest of Nicholls and Ritter, who were engaged in the real estate business in St. Louis. He received no money and had no personal-interest in the matter. The money was used in paying, in installments, the cost of the improvement as the work progressed.
(a) That plaintiffs’ properties would be depreciated by Dixon’t flats was shown. But the essential fact in a suit to enforce negative covenants regarding the use of land is, that the covenants inured to the benefit of the complainant and were broken in a substantial way by the defendant; not that damage resulted from the breach. [Hall v. Wesster, 7 Mo. App. 56; Bank v. Kennett Est., 101 Mo. App. 370, 389, 74 S. W. 474.] These restrictions were imposed to attract to Clemens Place a class of people possessing the means to build and maintain a certain grade of homes and who would constitute a congenial community, as well as to keep up the value of the property.
(b) The stipulation of the parties that Dixon and plaintiffs derived their titles from a common source and
(c) The word “dwelling” is one of multiple meanings ; but the particular meaning intended to be expressed by it when used in a given instance, may be rendered obvious by the context or attendant circumstances; and usually resort must be had to those aids to interpretation to ascertain what is meant. In its broadest significance the word denotes a building used as a settled human abode; and, in common parlance, when not qualified, conveys the notion of a home; though a suite of rooms occupied by one man may be his dwelling-house (Evans and Finch’s case, 1 Cro. Car. 473). This is so in the sense intended by a statute permitting one who has had a dwelling-house or place of business in England for a year to petition to be declared a bankrupt. [In re Hequard, 24 Q. B. L. R. 71.] The word has been held to include, for certain purposes, the curtilage and outbuildings appurtenant to a home. [Rogers v. Troth, 36 N. J. L. 422; State v. Langford, 12 N. C. 253.] For other purposes the curtilage is excluded. [Swift v. Railroad, 13 W. N. C. 91.] A set of apartments in a tenement house opening into a common hall, were ruled to be a dwelling house within the statute defining burglary.
The case of Sonn v. Heilberg, 56 N. Y. Supp. 341, cited by the defendants, is not in point in the present controversy. The covenant considered therein provided that the buildings erected on the restricted land should be in every way adapted for use as a family residence, and the contention was that an apartment house was not a family residence. The court held that the only purpose of the covenant was to exclude business houses from the territory and make it a residence district; not to exclude the use of a building for more than one family. Of similar import is McMurtry v. Inv. Co., 103 Ky. 308, in which it was held that a covenant in a deed that the lot should be used for residence purposes only did not prohibit the erection of flats.
In Gillis v. Bailey, 21 N. H. 149, the covenant regarding the property was that only one single dwelling-house with sheds, barn and other outbuildings required for the use of the same, should, in twenty years of the date of the conveyance, be placed on the lot. The purchaser built a house two stories in height, designed to accommodate three families; but fitted up for and actually occupied by six families. There were doors connecting the whole building, but those between the separate tenants were kept fastened. The question for decision was the meaning of the phrase “a single dwelling-house.” It was decided in effect to mean a dwelling in
In Skillman v. Smathehurst, 57 N. J. Eq. 1, the covenant was that there should not be erected on the land sold a building other than for use as a private dwelling. This covenant was held to be broken by the erection of a flat containing three sets of apartments, on the ground that a flat was a community house, designed for the accommodation of more than one family, and not a private dwelling. The case is not very apposite, as the decision turned mainly on the meaning of the word “private.”
In Harris v. Roraback, 100 N. W. (Mich.) 391, the eovenantwas that the vendee would not occupythe premises “except for one dwelling-house to each lot.” The building said to conflict with the covenant consisted of a two-story building designed for two dwellings; one on the ground floor and one on the second floor, each with separate entrances and separate cellars; a single flat, in short. It was held that the words “one dwelling-house” could not be construed to mean a building planned and designed for two or more dwellings, but clearly meant a house designed for one family; thus holding, in effect, that each story was a dwelling. The opinion approved the case of Gillis v. Bailey and distinguished Hutchinson v. Ulrich on the theory that, in the latter case, the decision rested on the fact that flats had long been used near the property in .controversy. That distinction was pertinent to the matter the Supreme Court of Michigan had before it; wherein, as well as in the Hutchinson case, the different dwelling places were superimposed in different stories, one above the other, and the inquiry was whether the stories were separate dwellings or dwelling-
In Rodgers v. Hosegood, 69 L. J. Ch. Div. 59, there was a covenant that no more than one messuage or dwelling-house, and a suitable stable and outhouses, should be erected on the property conveyed. A large apartment-house or block of flats was built and it was held to infringe the covenant. That restriction, however, was much more definite than the one here involved, as the word “messuage,” as well as the permission for suitable outhouses and stables, showed the intention of the covenantor to restrict the property to use as a homestead.
In Ilford Park Est. v. Jacobs, 72 L. J. Ch. Div. 699,. the stipulation in the deed was that not more than one house should be erected on the lot. The structure complained of was a two-story flat designed for two families. There was a common-entrance archway, containing two front doors, but no internal communication between the apartments. This edifice was held to be two houses within the meaning of the covenant, and to be unlawful. The case is supported by Grant v. Langston, 69 L. J. (Priv. Coun.) 66, but seems to be opposed to Kimber v. Admans, 69 L. J. Ch. Div. 296, in which it was held that a covenant that not more than one house should be built on each lot of a tract of land, was not broken by the construction of a block of flats, two storys high, with apartments on the first and second floors, but only one building standing on each- lot. Of similar effect is Att’y Gen. v. Mutual Tontine Assn., 44 L. J. Exch. (N. S.) 146. The foregoing are all the authorities we have found which are relevant to the immediate question. In our opinion the New Hampshire case is the most apposite and the best reasoned. The covenant dealt with in it is quite like the one in hand and the doctrine of the opinion is moderate. In holding’ that a single two-story flat with
Defendants’ counsel lay much stress on the division wall of Dixon’s flats being a fire Avail put in to comply with certain municipal regulations, and not a party