214 Conn. 23 | Conn. | 1990
The principal issue in this appeal is whether the first amendment to the United States constitution
In the wake of this order, petitioners Wood, Hansen, Veal, Walker and Sanchez each filed, on various dates during the period from September, 1986, through February, 1987, a petition for a writ of habeas corpus, alleging that the respondent had denied them access to radios essentially similar to the radio that had been returned to Wilson. The respondent meanwhile, on September 25, 1986, moved to set aside Judge O’Neill’s order returning Wilson’s radio. In an affidavit supporting the motion, counsel for the respondent asserted that it had “come to respondent’s attention . . . that the radio in question ha[d] a recording capacity.” The respondent claimed that the judgment should be set aside since the issue of a recording device had not been considered at the trial before Judge O’Neill and that “[s]uch a recording capacity [could] well threaten the security of [the] petitioner and other inmates at CCI, Somers.” After considering an objection filed by Wilson, the trial court, Ripley, J., set aside the prior judgment “insofar as it pertains to disposition of the recording device.”
In response to the petitioner Wilson’s motion for a full hearing, motion to show cause, motion for judgment and application for a writ of mandamus, the trial court, Mack, J., held a hearing on March 6, 1987. Wilson stated at this hearing that the purpose of his motions was to “set the verdict [of Judge O’Neill] back
The respondent, on May 9, 1988, moved to quash each of the pending petitions, alleging that they raised issues “which [were] not cognizable in habeas corpus.” Each motion was denied by the trial court, Axelrod, J., on May 11, 1988. The respondent then filed a return in each case, asserting that each petitioner was “not allowed to possess a ‘boom-box’ type radio/recorder at CCI, Somers because the possession of such radios is a threat to the security of inmates, staff and visitors . . . .” The trial court then granted, also on May 11, the respondent’s motion to consolidate all of the pending cases. The trial took place over the course of two days, May 11 and May 13,1988. On the latter date, the trial court canvassed the petitioners and allowed an amendment to each of the petitions “to include a First Amendment violation as part of the claims.”
In its memorandum of decision, the trial court concluded that “access to a radio is a protected First Amendment right,” and, on the basis of Turner v. Safley, 482 U.S. 78, 107 S. Ct. 2254, 96 L. Ed. 2d 64 (1987), Procunier v. Martinez, 416 U.S. 396, 94 S. Ct. 1800, 40 L. Ed. 2d 224 (1974), and Gaines v. Manson, 194 Conn. 510, 481 A.2d 1084 (1984), granted the petitions and ordered that the respondent “forthwith make available for sale at the CCI, Somers commissary regular sound emitting radios that do not require the use of earplugs to be heard.” The respondent has appealed from this judgment claiming that the trial court erred in: (1) concluding that the petitioners had a first amendment right to possess radios with external speakers;
I
In his principal claim of error, the respondent asserts that: (1) the trial court erred in concluding that there was any constitutional difference between regular radios and headphone radios; and (2) even if there were such a difference, the right to possess a regular radio was denied in this case on the basis of a valid penological security interest. We agree with the first of the respondent’s assertions and, therefore, need not address the merits of the second.
The trial court found the following relevant facts. Wilson sought the return of his boom box radio, which included a recording device. Petitioner Sanchez sought to possess a radio similar to Wilson’s, with a recording device. Sanchez claimed that the headphone radio made available to him through the prison commissary “hurt his ears.” Petitioner Walker also claimed that a headphone radio hurt his ears, and sought possession of a regular radio with a recording device, albeit one capable of recording radio broadcasts only, rather than live conversations. Petitioner Veal claimed that use of a headphone radio could prevent him from hearing an “emergency freeze order” while in the open yard at the prison. Veal sought the right to purchase a regular radio, similar to those that previously had been sold in the prison commissary. Petitioner Hansen sought the return of a radio he had purchased at the Whiting Forensic Institute prior to his transfer to Somers. The
The trial court also found that “[t]he Somers prison radio regulation in issue prohibits all inmates from obtaining a [regular radio] after arriving at Somers, while allowing all inmates who had [regular] radios in Somers prior to this regulation being adopted to retain such radios,
We have no occasion either to agree or to disagree with the thoughtful and thorough review undertaken by the trial court, since we conclude that on this record the petitioners have failed to meet their burden of establishing an imposition on their constitutionally protected right to free speech. See Motor Vehicle Manufacturers Assn. of the United States, Inc. v. O’Neill, 203 Conn. 63, 75, 523 A.2d 486 (1987). Assuming, for the purpose of this appeal, that the trial court correctly determined that a prison inmate is constitutionally entitled to access to a radio and that broadcasters are constitutionally entitled to have their transmissions heard by prison inmates, we conclude that the respondent’s radio policy, as applied in this case, simply does not implicate the free speech protections contained in the first amendment to the United States constitution.
Procunier v. Martinez, supra, and Turner v. Safley, supra, both dealt, in relevant part, with prison restrictions placed upon the sending and receipt of mail by inmates. In each case, however, the question before the court was not whether censorship by prison officials infringed upon rights protected by the first amendment, a point that was undisputed. The court in those cases was instead formulating “a standard of review for prisoners’ constitutional claims that [was] responsive both to the ‘policy of judicial restraint regarding prisoner complaints and [to] the need to protect constitutional rights.’ ” Turner v. Safley, supra, 85, quoting Procunier v. Martinez, supra, 406. Here, by contrast, the respondent claims that there is no first amendment distinction between regular radios and headphone radios, and, therefore, no first amendment issue is involved. We agree.
In the case before us, the trial court invoked first amendment values by merely linking the words “radio” and “restrictions,” without first determining whether the petitioners’ access to radio transmissions was truly restricted. While we cannot agree, given the differing standards for possession of radios at Somers, with the respondent’s claim that the petitioners were asserting “petty gripes about a prison policy that in no way involve[d] any constitutional issue,” we do conclude that the evidence presented to the trial court did not establish a constitutionally impermissible restriction on the
II
Although the conclusion we have reached in Part I adequately resolves the merits of the appeal, the respondent has also raised the issue of whether the remedy of habeas corpus should be made available for
In Flaherty v. Warden, 155 Conn. 36, 40, 229 A.2d 362 (1967), in which the petitioner by way of habeas corpus challenged a prison regulation denying the use of a conference room for the purpose of consultations between prisoners and their attorneys, this court declared that “[qjuestions which do not concern the lawfulness of the detention cannot properly be reviewed on habeas corpus.” The Superior Court, in Dukuly v. Warden, 34 Conn. Sup. 88, 377 A.2d 1344 (1977), a habeas corpus action in which the petitioners claimed that the conditions of confinement in administrative segregation at the state prison in Somers constituted cruel and unusual punishment and prevented them from practicing their religious beliefs, took a broader view of the scope of the writ, concluding that it was available to remedy “ ‘any kind of governmental restraint contrary to fundamental law.’ ” Id., 91, quoting Fay v. Noia, 372 U.S. 391, 405, 83 S. Ct. 822, 9 L. Ed. 2d 837 (1963). “If the nonjudgmental aspects of restraint lead to restraint that has unconstitutional qualities and properties, a question is raised as to the legality of the detention.” Dukuly v. Warden, supra, 93. Other judges of the Superior Court have followed the view expressed in Dukuly that a petition for a writ of habeas corpus is not restricted to a challenge of the validity of the judgment under which a prisoner is incarcerated. Ciaramelia v. Brownell, 35 Conn. Sup. 117, 399 A.2d 843 (1978). “Necessarily, however, the only rights with which the court is concerned are those founded in the constitution or thought to be of a substantial character.” Id., 118.
A significant factor underlying the decision in Dukuly was the assumption that habeas corpus was the only
Because the respondent has not, either on appeal or in the trial court, raised the possible availability of § 1983 as an alternative that the petitioners in this case could have pursued, it would be inappropriate for us at this time to resolve the issue of whether a § 1983 action rather than a petition for a writ of habeas corpus should have been the procedural vehicle utilized. Neither party has briefed the question. Accordingly, we await a more suitable' occasion to decide whether the scope of habeas corpus should be broadened to include challenges to conditions of confinement when § 1983 may be a viable alternative for presenting the peti
Ill
In his cross appeal, petitioner Wilson claims that the trial court erred in setting aside the judgment rendered by Judge O’Neill, which ordered the respondent to return to Wilson a radio that also contained a recording device. Acknowledging that the respondent’s motion to set aside the judgment was timely filed; see Practice Book § 326 and General Statutes § 52-212a;
The respondent’s motion to set aside this judgment contained an affidavit, subscribed and sworn to by his counsel, which asserted that it had come to counsel’s attention that the radio included a recording device and that such a device “may well threaten the security of petitioner and other inmates at CCI, Somers.” Wilson claims that, because the radio had been in the possession of the respondent for some five months prior to the trial before Judge O’Neill and because Judge O’Neill specifically referred to the radio as a “radio/stereo/recorder,” it was an abuse of discretion to set aside the prior judgment based upon counsel’s assertion that the recording capability of Wilson’s radio had come to the respondent’s attention only after the conclusion of the trial before Judge O’Neill. While it may be true that the respondent either knew or should have known, at the time of the first trial, that Wilson’s radio contained a recording device, it was the significance of this recording device in relation to the prison policy prohibiting such devices, which was not brought to light before Judge O’Neill, that led to setting aside the earlier judgment.
There is error on the respondent’s appeal, the judgment is set aside and the case is remanded with direction to render judgment for the respondent; there is no error on petitioner Wilson’s cross appeal.
In this opinion the other justices concurred.
The first amendment to the United States constitution provides in relevant part: “Congress shall make no law . . . abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press . . . . ” The protections afforded by this constitutional provision are applicable to state action by virtue of the due process clause of the fourteenth amendment to the United States constitution. See Near v. Minnesota, 283 U.S. 697, 51 S. Ct. 625, 75 L. Ed. 1357 (1931) (press); Fiske v. Kansas, 274 U.S. 380, 47 S. Ct. 655, 71 L. Ed. 1108 (1927) (speech).
Parties to this appeal include the named petitioner and petitioners Steven J. Wood, Gary L. Hansen, Samuel J. Veal, Ronald Walker and Joseph Wilson.
For the sake of clarity and consistency within this opinion, the following terms will be utilized: (1) “regular radio” will refer to any radio capable of transmitting sound to more than one listener by means of an internal sound emitting speaker; (2) “headphone radio” will refer to any radio that can be listened to by only one person, by means of headphones worn by that person; (3) “boom box radio” will refer to any radio, generally more than twelve inches in length, capable of transmitting sound to more than one person by means of separate dual speakers; and (4) “recording device” will refer to any electronic device, generally contained within a radio unit, capable of making cassette tape recordings of either radio broadcasts or conversations in the surrounding environment.
The trial court determined that regular radios had been sold in the Somers commissary “from at least as far back as 1970, [until] December of 1982 or 1983,” when the present policy was instituted allowing only the purchase of headphone radios.
The trial court found that of the various correctional institutions that transferred prisoners to Somers: (1) the Montville facility did not sell radios at its commissary; (2) the Litchfield, Hartford and Bridgeport facilities sold only headphone radios at their commissaries; (3) the Cheshire, New Haven and Carl Robinson facilities sold both headphone and regular radios at their commissaries; and (4) the Manson Youth Institute and the J. B. Gates facility sold only regular radios at their commissaries. None of the facilities transferring prisoners to Somers sold either boom box radios or radios containing recording devices.
Since a discussion of these differing standards of review is unnecessary to our resolution of this issue, we will not engage in a detailed analysis of either. We do note that the trial court, in its memorandum of decision, determined that “[a] prison regulation impinging on First Amendment rights, in order to withstand a constitutional challenge, must be reasonably related to legitimate penological interests to the extent it restricts prisoners’ rights; [Turner v. Safley, 482 U.S. 78, 89, 107 S. Ct. 2254, 96 L. Ed. 2d 224 (1974);] and in addition must meet the least intrusive means available test of [Procunier v. Martinez, 416 U.S. 396, 413-14, 94 S. Ct. 1800, 40 L. Ed. 2d 224 (1974),] to the extent the regulation restricts rights of nonprisoners.” The United States Supreme Court has, however, overruled Martinez to the extent that it suggests a constitutional distinction between mail sent to prisoners by nonprisoners rather than other prisoners. Thornburgh v. Abbot, 490 U.S. , 109 S. Ct. 1874, 1881, 104 L. Ed. 2d 459 (1989).
This portion of the trial court’s decision has not been challenged by any of the petitioners.
Justice O’Connor opined: “If ... a city were to use a nuisance statute as a pretext for closing down a bookstore because it sold indecent books or because of the perceived secondary effects of having a purveyor of such books in the neighborhood, the case would clearly implicate First Amendment concerns and require analysis under the appropriate First Amendment standard of review.” Arcara v. Cloud Books, Inc., 478 U.S. 697, 708, 106 S. Ct. 3172, 92 L. Ed. 2d 568 (1986) (O’Connor, J., concurring).
We also hold that, if radio broadcasters possess a first amendment right to have their transmissions received by prison inmates, that right is not affected by the transmission being heard by the listener through headphones rather than speakers.
Title 42 of the United States Code, § 1983 provides in part: “Every person who, under color of any statute, ordinance, regulation, custom, or usage, of any State or Territory or the District of Columbia, subjects, or causes to be subjected, any citizen of the United States or other person within the jurisdiction thereof to the deprivation of any rights, privileges, or immunities secured by the Constitution and laws, shall be liable to the party injured in an action at law, suit in equity, or other proper proceeding for redress.”
Title 42 of the United States Code, § 1988 provides in part: “In any action or proceeding to enforce a provision of sections 1981, 1982, 1983, 1985, and 1986 of this title . . . the court, in its discretion, may allow the prevailing party, other than the United States, a reasonable attorney’s fee as part of the costs.”
Practice Book § 326 provides in part: “Unless otherwise provided by law and except in such cases in which the court has continuing jurisdiction, any civil judgment or decree rendered in the superior court may not be opened or set aside unless a motion to open or set aside is filed within four months succeeding the date on which it was rendered or passed. The parties may waive the provisions of this paragraph or otherwise submit to the jurisdiction of the court.”
General Statutes § 52-212a is nearly identical in language to Practice Book § 326.