delivered the Opinion of the Court.
11 Sanchez petitioned for review of the court of appeals' judgment in People v. Sanchez, No. 07TCA898,
T2 Because, however, the verdict form by which the jury found the defendant "Guilty" of "Sexual Assault on a Child-Pattern of Abuse" never offered the jury an opportunity to find that he committed the elements of sexual assault on a child, and instead reflected at most the jury's factual finding of two different incidents of sexual contact, the trial court erred in entering judgment of conviction for a class 3 felony offense of sexual assault on a child, and the court of
I.
13 In October 2005, Dennis Sanchez was charged in four separate counts with class 4 felony "Sexual Assault on a Child," class 3 felony "Sexual Assault on a Child-Pattern of Abuse," "Criminal Attempt to Commit Sexual Assault on a Child," and "Child Abuse," with regard to acts committed upon his daughters, SAS. and S.E.S. Based on the jury's verdicts, the trial court entered judgment of conviction for one count of sexual assault on a child-pattern of abuse, one count of attempted sexual assault on a child, and one count of misdemeanor child abuse. The defendant was sentenced to an indeterminate term of nine years to life for the sexual assault conviction and concurrent terms of two years and 18 months respectively for attempt and child abuse.
1 4 In the only count of the Complaint and Information designated "Sexual Assault on a Child," it was alleged, in substantially the words of section 18-3-405(1), C.R.S. (2018), the statute defining and proscribing the crime of sexual assault on a child, that over a slightly longer than one-month period in 2005, the defendant "unlawfully, feloniously, and knowingly subjected [S.AS.], not his spouse, to sexual contact and the victim was less than fifteen years of age and the defendant was at least four years older than the victim." In a separate count designated "Sexual Assault on a Child-Pattern of Abuse," it was alleged, in the virtually identical language of the statute, that the defendant subjected S.A.S. to sexual contact over an approximately four-and-one-half-year period, which included the shorter period designated in the charge of "Sexual Assault on a Child," and it was further alleged that the defendant "committed the act as a part of a pattern of sexual abuse," in violation of subsection (2)(d) of the statute, a condition elevating the crime of sexual assault on a child from a class 4 to a class 3 felony. See § 18-3-405(2)(d), C.R.S. (2018). The defendant's daughter S.A.S., who was 11 years old at the time of the trial, testified to six discrete incidents of sexual contact by the defendant, at six different times, one occurring in the family's Thornton home in Adams County, two occurring in the family's Wheat Ridge apartment, and the remaining three occurring at a Denver address. Only the Thornton incident fell within the narrower window of time charged solely as "Sexual Assault on a Child."
15 The jury was instructed on the elements of the crime of sexual assault on a child in the format of an elemental instruetion urged by the Colorado Jury Instrue-tions-Criminal, see COLJI-Crim. 12:09 (1983 & Supp.1998), which enumerated the elements of the offense and concluded with the two recommended parallel paragraphs, allowing for verdicts of either "Not Guilty" or "Guilty." The first concluding paragraph instructed the jury in the words of the model instructions that after considering all the evidence, if it decided the prosecution had proven each of the elements beyond a reasonable doubt, it should find the defendant guilty of "Sexual Assault of a Child"; and the second instructed the jury that after considering all the evidence, if it decided the prosecution had failed to prove any one or more of the elements beyond a reasonable doubt, it should find the defendant not guilty of "Sexual Assault on a Child." This instruction was generic in designation, without reference to any particular count of the charging document or any particular verdiet form.
1 6 In addition, the jury was instructed, in the form of an interrogatory, with the introductory caution that this particular instruction should be disregarded altogether "[If you do not find the defendant guilty of Sexual Assault on a Child ([S.AS.])" This instruction further directed the jury, "If, however, you find the defendant guilty of Sexual Assault on a Child ([S.A.S.] ), then answer the following question: Did the defendant commit Sexual Assault on a Child as part of a pattern of Sexual Abuse?" The instruction then defined "Pattern of Abuse"; notified the jury that it was the prosecution's burden to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that the defendant committed "a pattern of sexual abuse"; and concluded by directing the jury that after considering all of the evidence, it should indicate on the verdict form provided
T7 The jury received four verdict forms, three of which expressly contained a "count" designation: "Count I, Sexual Assault on a Child ([S.A.S.])," "Jury Verdict, Count II, Attempted Sexual Assault on a Child ( [S.E.S.])," and "Jury Verdict, Count III, Child Abuse ([S.A.S.])."
T8 The jury returned verdicts of "Guilty" as to attempt and child abuse but "Not Guilty" as to "Count I, Sexual Assault on a Child ([S.A.S.] )." Notwithstanding finding the defendant not guilty of the only count designated "Sexual Assault on a Child," the jury proceeded to answer the pattern of abuse verdict form, checking two of the boxes, while leaving unmarked the remaining four, including the only touching incident falling within the time frame charged in "Count I, Sexual Assault on a Child ([S.A.S.] )." On the basis of this verdict form, the trial court entered judgment of conviction for a class 8 felony, designated on the mittimus as "Sex Assault/Child-Pattern of Abuse."
1 9 On direct appeal the defendant raised a number of challenges to the sufficiency of the jury's verdict regarding "Sexual Assault on a
H.
10 The crime designated "Sexual assault on a child" is defined at section 18-8-405(1). ("Any actor who knowingly subjects another not his or her spouse to any sexual contact commits sexual assault on a child if the vie-tim is less than fifteen years of age and the actor is at least four years older than the victim."). Sexual assault on a child is classified as a class 4 felony unless the offense is committed in any of four specifically enumerated ways. § 18-8-405(2). As relevant to the proceedings before us, the offense of sexual assault on a child is elevated to a class 3 felony if the actor commits it as part of a pattern of sexual abuse "as described in subsection (1) of this section." § 18-8-405(2)(d). The phrase "pattern of sexual abuse" is itself defined at section 18-3-401(2.5), C.R.S. (2013), to mean "the commission of two or more incidents of sexual contact involving a child when such offenses are committed by an actor upon the same victim"; and the sentence enhancing provision at subsection (2)(d) of section 18-3-405 specifies that the offense charged in the information or indictment shall constitute one of the incidents of sexual contact involving a child necessary to form a pattern of sexual abuse as defined in section 18-3-401(2.5).
111 Acceptable methods of charging the pattern sentence enhancer have previously been the subject of litigation before this court. In People v. Melillo,
12 The sufficiency of a single count of a charging document alleging both the crime of sexual assault on a child and the pattern-of-abuse sentence enhancer, the question with which we were confronted in Melillo, however, is substantially different from the question whether a jury has unambiguously found the defendant guilty of sexual assault on a child and the pattern-of-sexual-abuse sentence enhancer. As we indicated in Melillo, the former is concerned with whether the charging document gives the defendant sufficient notice of the charge against him to both enable him to prepare a defense and plead the resolution of the charge as a bar to subsequent proceedings. See id. at TTS; see also People v. Williams,
113 In Melillo, however, we in no way suggested that the addition of the pat
114 The model jury instructions in this jurisdiction have long provided a format for instructing juries concerning both the elements of a crime and their obligations preliminary to returning a verdict of guilty as to that crime. While the precise format and wording chosen for an elemental instruction and accompanying verdict form have never been mandated as a matter of positive law, the model instructions and verdiet forms were developed for the specific purpose of evidencing not only unanimous jury agreement concerning the elements of the criminal offense in question, as a factual matter, but also a unanimous decision to find the defendant guilty of that particular offense. A failure to present the jury with the opportunity to evidence, in this or some comparable manner, its agreement concerning the defendant's guilt of the criminal offense in question risks, at the very least, ambiguity regarding the nature and extent of the jury's determination. Entering judgment of conviction of a crime as to which the jury instructions fail to produce a verdict of guilty beyond a reasonable doubt amounts to structural error, mandating reversal. Sullivan,
IIL.
115 We need not decide whether the charge in this case designated "Sexual Assault on a Child-Pattern of Abuse" was appropriately narrowed by the court's unanimity instruction, or whether the prosecution in fact elected an act for the crime, as distinguished from the sentence enhancer, of which the defendant was ultimately aequit-ted. It is enough here that the verdict on the basis of which the trial court entered judgment of conviction for Sexual Assault on a Child-Pattern of Abuse simply failed to evidence a unanimous jury determination that the defendant committed all the elements and was guilty of a crime.
{ 16 Although the verdiet form in question offered the jury the choice to find the defendant guilty or not guilty of what it referred to as "Sexual Assault on a Child-Pattern of Abuse," as distinguished from simply answering the question whether "the defendant committed a pattern of sexual abuse," the jury was never given an elemental instruction for an offense of that designation;
117 The prosecution does not dispute the absence of any jury verdict expressly finding the defendant guilty of the crime of sexual assault on a child, but rather would have us infer from the cautionary admonition to disregard both the interrogatory instruction and verdiet form if the jury did not find the defendant guilty of sexual assault on a child that by marking two of the enumerated incidents of "touching" and signing the "Guilty" section of the form, the jury was signaling that it found the defendant guilty of committing all of the elements of sexual assault on a child in each of those two incidents. Quite apart from the fact that the more natural reading of the admonition would bar consideration of the pattern of abuse unless the jury first found the defendant guilty of the only count actually charged as "Sexual Assault on a Child," the constitutional mandate for a unanimous jury verdict beyond a reasonable doubt simply cannot permit the inference advocated by the prose-ecution. Even assuming the prosecution's interpretation of the verdict to be a reasonable one, a judgment of conviction cannot be inferred from a verdict that is also subject to a number of other reasonable interpretations. Sullivan,
{18 The pattern-of-abuse sentence enhancer for sexual assault on a child is con-cededly unusual, if not actually deceptive, in that it is defined in terms of an incident of sexual contact by the defendant on the same victim, in addition to the incident of sexual contact charged in the information or indictment as sexual assault on a child. See §§ 18-8-401(2.5); 18-8-405(2)(d). Unlike the vast majority of criminal acts, "sexual contact" is defined so as to include not only an act, but also a mental state or states. See § 18-38-401(4), C.R.S. (2013) (" Sexual contact' means the knowing touching of the vie-tim's intimate parts by the actor, or the actor's intimate parts by the victim, or knowing touching of clothing covering the immediate area of the victim's or actor's intimate parts if that sexual contact is for the purposes of sexual arousal, gratification, or abuse." (emphasis added)). Nevertheless, "sexual contact" alone does not describe a criminal offense. See id. Notwithstanding overwhelming evidence of the remaining elements of the crime of Sexual Assault on a Child, which largely involve the defendant's knowledge of his relationship with the victim and their respective ages, see § 18-3-405(1), a verdict of guilt may not constitutionally be directed against a defendant, Sullivan,
119 Finally, the prosecution asserts that the defendant has not raised this precise objection before either the trial court or this court. There can be little question that the defendant objected, before the trial court, the court of appeals, and this court, to the lack of specificity of the charge, as well as the insufficiency of the jury verdict to support the judgment of conviction entered in this case. Whether or not he did so in precisely the terms in which we have couched our resolution of the matter, it is the prerogative of appellate courts to address errors appearing of record that are sufficiently integral to the validity of a challenged verdict, even if un-preserved. See C.A.R. 1(d); Roberts v. Am. Family Mut. Ins. Co.,
IV.
20 Because the verdict form by which the jury found the defendant "Guilty" of "Sexual Assault on a Child-Pattern of Abuse" never offered the jury an opportunity to find that he committed the elements of sexual assault on a child, and instead reflected at most the jury's factual finding of two different incidents of sexual contact, the trial court erred in entering judgment of conviction for a class 3 felony offense of sexual assault on a child. The judgment of the court of appeals affirming the defendant's conviction of sexual assault on a child is therefore reversed.
Notes
. The count numbers reflected the order of the verdict forms rather than the order of counts in the Complaint and Information.
. Although the fourth verdict form had no particular count designated, the trial court referred to this form as "Count IV" in its response to jury questions.
. If you find the defendant guilty of Sexual Assault on a Child, you must complete either Section I or II:
Section I. We, the jury, find the Defendant, Dennis Sanchez, NOT GUILTY of Sexual Assault on a Child-Pattern of Abuse.
FOREPERSON
Section II. We, the jury, find the Defendant, Dennis Sanchez, GUILTY of Sexual Assault on a Child-Pattern of Abuse, by unanimously finding that the following specific incidents occurred:
[] Touching in the defendant's bedroom at the 501 S. Navajo St. address in Denver.
[] Touching in [S.A.S]'s bedroom at the 501 S. Navajo St. address in Denver.
[] Touching in the bathroom while [S.A.S.] was brushing her teeth at the 501 S. Navajo St. address in Denver.
[] Touching in [S.A.S.]'s room at the apartment in Wheat Ridge after pushing [S.E.S.] out of the room.
[] Touching in the kitchen at the apartment in Wheat Ridge while she was fixing [her sisters] cereal.
[] Touching in the bedroom at the residence in Thornton 3-4 weeks before the police were contacted.
FOREPERSON
The foreperson should check the above boxes only if the jury has unanimously decided that either all of the incidents of sexual contact have occurred or unanimously agreed which specific incidents of sexual contact occurred.
. Because the jury was not presented with an elemental instruction on "Sexual Assault on a Child-Pattern of Abuse," we do not comment on the adequacy or effect of a guilty verdict based on such an instruction. Cf. Rowe v. People,