MEMORANDUM OPINION ON PLAINTIFFS’ MOTION FOR PARTIAL SUMMARY JUDGMENT AND DEFENDANT’S MOTION FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT
I. Introduction
The American bankruptcy system is often described as having two primary objectives: first, ensuring the equitable and timely repayment of creditors with valid claims; and second, affording debtors a fresh start once they emerge from bankruptcy.
In re Ortiz,
No. 05-39982,
In the case at bar, Ameriquest Mortgage Company (the Defendant) had a security interest in the homestead owned by Chapter 13 debtors Lino and Mary Sanchez (the Plaintiffs), and charged them thousands of dollars in post-petition attorney’s fees, costs, and property inspection fees without disclosing these charges to either the Plaintiffs or the Court. The Plaintiffs contend that such charges must be disclosed to the Court, and that the charges must be reasonable. The Defendant asserts that.neither the security instrument signed by the Plaintiffs nor the Bankruptcy Code requires it to disclose these charges to the Plaintiffs or seek this Court’s approval.
The chief question presented on the Motions for Summary Judgment filed by both parties, then, is this: may a creditor holding a lien on a debtor’s homestead assess post-petition charges, without giving notice to the debtor and without seeking court approval, if those charges are specifically allowed under a pre-petition contract?
On April 3, 2007, this Court held a hearing on the Plaintiffs’ Motion for Partial Summary Judgment and the Defendant’s Motion for Summary Judgment. Counsel for both parties made oral arguments, and this Court took the matter under advisement. The Court now makes the following Findings of Fact and Conclusions of Law under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 52 as incorporated into Federal Rule of Bankruptcy Procedure 7052. To the extent that any Finding of Fact is construed to be a Conclusion of Law, it is adopted as such. To the extent that any Conclusion of Law is construed to be a Finding of Fact, it is adopted as such. The Court reserves the right to make any additional Findings and Conclusions as may be necessary or as requested by any party.
II. Findings of Fact
The principal facts of this case are not in dispute. The parties disagree on both the applicable law and its application, however. The facts, as stipulated to or admitted by the parties, or as admitted in the briefs and filings, are as follows:
1. On May 23, 2001, the Plaintiffs executed a Texas Home Equity Adjustable Rate Note (the Note) payable to the Defendant in the principal amount of $116,000.00.
2. Concurrently, the Plaintiffs executed a Texas Home Equity Security Instrument (the Security Instrument) (collectively with the Note, the Loan Documents) granting the Defendant a security interest in the Plaintiffs’ homestead located at 1745 Wakefield Dr., Houston, TX 77018 (the Sanchez Homestead) to secure thePlaintiffs’ obligations pursuant to the Note.
3. The Plaintiffs’ monthly mortgage payment, which did not include any escrow amounts for taxes or insurance, was $1,184.27. 1
4. On December 30, 2002, the Plaintiffs filed a voluntary Chapter 13 petition. 2
5. The Plaintiffs did not make their January 2003 or February 2003 mortgage payments.
6. On February 21, 2003, the Defendant filed its proof of claim in the amount of $117,871.41. 3 This claim included $2,417.35 in arrearages, calculated as follows:
a. $3,552.81 in delinquent pre-petition monthly (principal and interest) payments, reflecting unpaid mortgage payments from October, November, and December 2002;
b. $21.00 in property inspection fees;
c. $75.00 in insufficient funds (NSF) fees; and
d. a credit of $1,231.46 in Suspense Balance (a prepaid amount held by the Defendant).
The Defendant’s proof of claim did not include any attorney fees or costs.
7. On March 11, 2003, the Defendant filed a motion for relief from stay. This motion alleged that the Plaintiffs owed the Defendant $115,454.06 in unpaid principal, plus $625.00 in attorney’s fees and costs. [Docket No. 10.] 4
8. On April 2, 2003, U.S. Bankruptcy Judge Karen Brown signed an Agreed Order between the Plaintiffs and the Defendant (the Agreed Order). [Docket No. 12.] 5 The Agreed Order stated that on March 31, 2003, the Plaintiffs had paid the Defendant $1,200.00, which sum was to be applied to the mortgage payment for March 2003. Among other things, the Agreed Order required the Plaintiffs to:
a. amend their Chapter 13 Plan to include post-petition arrearages of $2,368.54, reflecting the unpaid monthly payments from January and February of 2003;
b. pay the Defendant $646.00, reflecting $625.00 in post-petition attorney’s fees and costs and $21.00 in post-petition property inspection fees; 6 and
c. remain current in paying post-petition property taxes unless funds for such insurance and taxes were collected by the Defendant through Plaintiffs’ escrow account. 7
9. On May 5, 2003, the Plaintiffs filed their First Amended Chapter 13 Plan (the Amended Plan). [Docket No. 16.]
10. Between March 5, 2003 and November 25, 2003 — i.e., pre-confir-mation — the Defendant charged the Plaintiffs for $1,675.00 in legal fees, $441.25 in legal costs, and $86.00 in property inspection fees. [Adversary Docket Nos. 13, 23.] 8 The Defendant did not disclose any of these charges to the Plaintiffs or the Court.
11. On November 25, 2003, Judge Brown confirmed the Amended Plan. Section U of the Amended Plan set forth that “All property of Debtor’s Estate shall vest in Debt- or upon Debtor receiving a discharge under 11 U.S.C. Sec. 1328 or Debtor’s Case being dismissed.” [Docket No. 41.]
12. Between November 25, 2003 and December 23, 2004 — post-confirmation — the Defendant charged the Plaintiffs $130.00 in property inspection fees. [Adversary Docket Nos. 13, 23.] The Defendant did not disclose any of these fees to the Plaintiffs or the Court.
13. Between April 2003 and December 2004, the Plaintiffs made a series of payments to the Defendant which, taken as a whole, were more than equal to the amounts of the monthly mortgage payments owed during this time. [Adversary Docket Nos. 13, 23.]
14. On December 30, 2004, the Defendant filed a Certificate of Default with the Court, alleging that the Plaintiffs had defaulted by not making the monthly payments duepursuant to the terms of the Agreed Order. [Docket No. 46.]
15. On January 18, 2005, the Defendant returned the Plaintiffs’ December 2004 mortgage payment check, along with a letter stating: “We are returning your check No. 1472 in the amount of $1,200.00 as your loan is in default, and this amount will not bring your loan current.” The Defendant did not send a copy of this letter to the Plaintiffs’ counsel or the Court. [Adversary Docket Nos. 13, 23.]
16. In a letter dated January 27, 2005, the Defendant returned the Plaintiffs’ January 2005 mortgage payment. [Adversary Docket Nos. 13, 23.]
17. On January 28, 2005, the Defendant mailed the Plaintiffs a letter offering them a “Forbearance Plan Agreement” (the Forbearance Agreement). The Defendant did not send a copy of this letter to the Plaintiffs’ counsel or the Court. [Adversary Docket Nos. 13, 23.] 9
18. On February 3, 2005, without having consulted their counsel, the Plaintiffs signed the Forbearance Agreement and, pursuant to its terms, sent $4,000.00 to the Defendant. The Defendant applied these monies as follows: $1,200.00 to “Additional Bankruptcy Fees,” $516.25 to “Additional Bankruptcy Costs,” $217.00 to “Property Inspections,” and $2,270.47 to “Accrued Interest.” [Adversary Docket Nos. 13, 23.]
19. In March 2005, the Defendant paid delinquent property taxes on the Sanchez Property. [Adversary Docket Nos. 13, 23.] Specifically, in a letter dated May 9, 2005, the Plaintiffs were informed that with reference to the Sanchez Property, the Defendant had paid taxes of $9,540.32 (relating to Harris County) and $10,812.65 (relating to Houston ISD), and that both tax claims were from tax year 2001. The Defendant then added the amount of these taxes to the Plaintiffs’ account, thereby increasing the claim held by the Defendant. The Defendant did not disclose its actions to the Court nor did the Defendant file a Transfer of Claim.
20. In February, March, and April 2005, the Defendant returned the payments it received from the Chapter 13 Trustee. [Adversary Docket Nos. 13, 23.]
21. In June 2005, the Defendant sent the Plaintiffs an “Escrow Account Projection for the Coming Year,” reflecting an escrow shortage of $23,230.54 and an increased monthly payment of $3,479.85. [Adversary Docket Nos. 13, 23.]
22. The Defendant did not provide the Plaintiffs with a transaction history except upon request.
23. On March 23, 2006, the Defendant filed a motion in state court to foreclose on the Plaintiffs’ homestead. This motion was denied on November 16, 2006. [Adversary Docket Nos. 13, 23.]
24. On November 22, 2006, the Plaintiffs initiated this Adversary Proceeding by filing a Complaint against the Defendant with several causes of action [Adversary Docket
No. 1]: 10
a. Violation of the automatic stay pursuant to 11 U.S.C. § 362(a); 11
b. Failure to seek approval for fees, costs, and charges pursuant to § 506(b) and Bankruptcy Rule 2016(a);
c. Willful violation of the Court’s confirmation order;
d. Failure to obtain the Court’s approval of the Forbearance Agreement;
e. Invalid purchase and transfer of tax claims pursuant to Rule 3001(e); and
f. Objection to claim pursuant to § 502(b), or in the alternative, reconsideration for cause pursuant to § 502®.
25. On December 28, 2006, the Defendant filed its Answer to the Plaintiffs’ Complaint. [Adversary Docket No. 5.]
26. On February 23, 2007, the Defendant filed a Motion for Summary Judgment, and the Plaintiffs filed a Motion for Partial Summary Judgment and a Request for Hearing. [Adversary Docket Nos. 10, 11.] Responses and Replies from the parties followed in due course. [Adversary Docket Nos. 14, 15, 18, 19.]
27. Meanwhile, on March 15, 2007, the Plaintiffs filed an Amended Complaint [Adversary Docket No. 13]; the Defendant filed its Answer to the Amended Complaint on March 26, 2007 [Adversary Docket No. 16] and its Amended Answer to the Amended Complaint on April 9, 2007 [Adversary Docket No. 23].
28.On April 3, 2007, this Court held a hearing on the respective Motions for Summary Judgment, and after listening to oral arguments, took the matter under advisement.
III. Conclusions of Law
A. Jurisdiction and Venue
The Court has jurisdiction over this contested matter pursuant to 28 U.S.C. §§ 1334(b), 157(a) and (b)(1). This dispute is a core proceeding under 28 U.S.C. § 157(b)(2)(A), (C), (K), and (O). Venue is proper pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1409.
The Fifth Circuit has adopted a “more exacting theory of post-confirmation bankruptcy jurisdiction” which limits the jurisdiction of bankruptcy courts, once a debtor’s estate ceases to exist, to those matters pertaining to the implementation or execution of the plan.
Bank of Louisiana v. Craig’s Stores of Tex., Inc. (In re Craig’s Stores of Texas, Inc.),
In the case at bar, the Plaintiffs’ Chapter 13 estate has continued to exist after confirmation due to express language in the Amended Plan. The Amended Plan sets forth that “[a]ll property of Debtor’s Estate shall vest in Debtor upon Debtor receiving a discharge under 11 U.S.C. Sec. 1328 or Debtor’s Case being dismissed.” [Finding of Fact No. 11.] The Plaintiffs have not received a discharge under 11 U.S.C. § 1328, nor has the Plaintiffs’ case been dismissed; therefore, property of the Plaintiffs’ Chapter 13 estate has not yet vested in the Plaintiffs. In other words, the Plaintiffs’ estate still exists. Thus, the Court continues to maintain jurisdiction over the Plaintiffs’ estate, and over controversies regarding post-confirmation (and, of course, pre-confirmation) charges to the estate.
The Defendant has sought — and obtained — satisfaction of pre-confirmation and post-confirmation charges from property of the Plaintiffs’ estate. The Defendant assessed the Plaintiffs pre-confirmation and post-confirmation charges, but did not disclose these charges to the Plaintiffs, the Trustee, or the Court. These charges were then paid from monies delivered by the Trustee — that is, from property of the estate' — -that were intended to satisfy the mortgage payment. Any amounts charged by the Defendant “correspondingly enlarge the debt of the estate, make reorganization more difficult for the debtor, and adversely impact upon the claims of the remaining creditors.”
Jones v. Wells Fargo (In re Jones),
In the alternative, even if the Plaintiffs’ estate had ceased to exist upon confirmation, the Court would continue to have jurisdiction over this controversy under the Fifth Circuit’s “more exacting theory,” because the controversy concerns matters pertaining to the implementation or execution of the Amended Plan. The Plaintiffs allege that the Defendant, without notifying or seeking permission from the Court, violated the confirmed Amended Plan and improperly modified the Amended Plan. As noted above, by assessing undisclosed charges, the Defendant has enlarged the debt of the estate, made reorganization more difficult for the Plaintiffs, and negatively affected the claims of the remaining creditors. The Defendant also entered into the Forbearance Agreement with the Plaintiffs, thereby modifying both parties’ rights under the Amended Plan. Without deciding, for the moment, whether the Defendant’s actions violated or improperly modified the Amended Plan, the Court concludes that the Defendant’s actions have affected the implementation and execution of the Amended Plan. Accordingly, this Court holds that it has jurisdiction over this controversy, even under the Fifth Circuit’s more exacting theory of post-confirmation jurisdiction.
B. Summary Judgment Standard
A court may grant summary judgment only if there is “no genuine issue as to any material fact and ... the movant is enti-
The burden rests initially on the movant to show that there is no genuine issue concerning any material fact and that the non-movant cannot prevail.
Celotex,
C. Post-petition, pre-confirmation charges
i. Applicability of § 506(b)
At the outset, it is important to distinguish between the Defendant’s post-petition, pre-confirmation charges and its post-confirmation charges. The Defendant’s post-petition, pre-confirmation charges are subject to § 506(b), which states:
To the extent that an allowed secured claim is secured by property the value of which, after any recovery under subsection (c) of this section, is greater than the amount of such claim, there shall be allowed to the holder of such claim, interest on such claim, and any reasonable fees, costs, or charges provided for under the agreement under which such claim arose.
11 U.S.C. § 506(b) (2004);
U.S. v. Ron Pair Enterprises, Inc.,
ii. Are Defendant’s post-petition, pre-confirmation charges allowable under § 506(b)?
Only oversecured creditors may assess post-petition, pre-confirmation charges pursuant to § 506(b). Moreover, by the plain language of the statute, any charges assessed pursuant to § 506(b) must be reasonable and provided for in the agreement under which the claim arose. 11 U.S.C. § 506(b);
Ron Pair,
Section 506(b) works in tandem with Rule 2016, which lays out the process for requesting payment of attorney’s fees, costs, and other charges. This rule applies to any person or entity seeking compensation for services rendered or reimbursement of expenses from the estate.
Tate v. NationsBanc Mortgage Corp. (In re Tate),
An entity seeking interim or final compensation for services, or reimbursement of necessary expenses, from the estate shall file an application setting forth a detailed statement of (1) the services rendered, time expended and expenses incurred, and (2) the amounts requested. An application for compensation shall include a statement as to what payments have theretofore been made or promised to the applicant for services rendered or to be rendered in any capacity whatsoever in connection with the case, the source of the compensation so paid or promised, whether any compensation previously received has been shared.... The requirements of this subdivision shall apply to an application for compensation for services rendered by an attorney or accountant even though the application is filed by a creditor or other entity....
Fed R. Bankr.P. 2016(a).
In short, any entity seeking to charge a Chapter 13 debtor’s estate must provide documentation of these charges, so that the court, the debtor, and other parties-in-interest can review and analyze each application for compensation. Courts rely on such applications to gauge the reasonableness of requests under § 506(b).
In re Jones,
Section 506(b) and Rule 2016 are in place to protect both creditors and debtors: they allow creditors to charge professional fees pursuant to a contract, while assuring the debtor — and other creditors — that such fees will be reasonable. The purpose of the reasonableness requirement is to ensure that creditors are not given a “blank check” to incur fees that will be charged against the estate.
In re 900 Corp.,
The Plaintiffs concede that the Defendant is an oversecured creditor and, as such, is entitled to charge “reasonable fees, costs, or charges” under the terms of § 506(b). But, the Plaintiffs contend, because the Defendant failed to disclose the charges as required by Rule 2016, no basis exists for determining whether such charges were reasonable. The Defendant responds that disclosure is irrelevant because neither § 506(b) nor Rule 2016 applies — the fees are specifically allowed under the signed contract between the Plaintiffs and the Defendant, and § 1322(b)(2) is the controlling statute.
The Court agrees with the Plaintiffs. The Defendant, as the entity seeking reimbursement for expenses from
In failing to make the proper disclosures, the Defendant has acted in a manner antithetical to the spirit of the Bankruptcy Code. The three most important words in the bankruptcy system are: disclose, disclose, disclose. No one involved in this case disputes the Defendant’s right to charge reasonable attorney’s fees, costs, and property inspection fees as allowed under the Loan Documents and § 506(b). But by failing to disclose these charges to either the Plaintiffs or the Court, the Defendant made it impossible to determine the charges’ reasonableness. Not only did the Defendant deny the Plaintiffs and this Court the opportunity to review the charges, it also collected these charges at the expense of the estate’s other creditors. Every dollar that the Defendant charges translates into one less dollar for the estate. This, the Court will not allow. Accordingly, the Court concludes that the pre-confirmation attorney’s fees, costs, and property inspection fees charged by the Defendant are unreasonable.
iii. Applicability of § 1322(b)(2)
Section 1322(b)(2) protects creditors with claims secured only by a lien on the debtor’s home, providing that a debt- or’s plan may “modify the rights of holders of secured claims,
other than a claim secured only by a security interest in real property that is the debtor’s principal residence,
or of holders of unsecured claims, or leave unaffected the rights of holders of any class of claims” 11 U.S.C. § 1322(b)(2) (emphasis added);
Nobelman v. American Savings Bank,
The Defendant argues, correctly, that because its claim is secured only by the Plaintiffs’ principal residence, § 1322(b)(2) applies. This point is uncontroversial and uncontroverted. The Defendant further contends, however, that because the Loan Documents give it the contractual right to assess attorney’s fees, charges, and property inspection fees, § 1322(b)(2) renders the contractual language sacrosanct, and neither § 506(b) nor Rule 2016 may be given effect. To support its contention, the Defendant cites to
Nobelman
and
Campbell v. Countrywide Home Loans, Inc. (In re Campbell),
The Court is unswayed by the Defendant’s argument. Section 1322(b)(2) gives the holders of secured homestead interests considerable protection, but it does not give them carte blanche to charge any fees that follow the letter of the contract.
A longstanding canon of construction holds that if two statutes conflict, a more specific statute will take precedence over a more general statute.
See Bulova Watch Co. v. U.S.,
D. Post-confirmation charges
The Defendant’s post-confirmation charges are not subject to § 506(b).
Rake v. Wade,
That being said, the Court still has jurisdiction over a Chapter 13 case after confirmation,
Jones,
The reasonableness of attorney’s fees is a question of fact and must be supported by competent evidence.
Id.
(citing
Manon v. Tejas Toyota, Inc.,
If the Defendant had disclosed its attorney’s fees, costs, and property inspection fees to the Plaintiffs and the Court, this Court would have been able to apply the above factors to determine whether these charges are allowable under Texas law. As discussed above, the Defendant has the right to charge the Plaintiffs reasonable attorney’s fees and costs and property inspection fees as allowed pursuant to the Loan Documents. But, by failing to disclose these charges to either the Plaintiffs or the Court, the Defendant made it impossible to determine the charges’ reasonableness. Not only did the Defendant deny the Plaintiffs and this Court the opportunity to review the charges, it also attempted to collect these charges at the expense of all the estate’s other creditors. Just as with the pre-confirmation charges, every dollar that the Defendant charges post-confirmation translates into one less dollar for the estate. Accordingly, just as with the pre-confirmation charges, the Court concludes that the post-confirmation attorney’s fees, costs, and property inspection fees charged by the Defendant are per se unreasonable.
E. Effect and Applicability of Res Judicata
The Defendant argues, in the alternative, that to the extent the Plaintiffs’ complaint is based on pre-confirmation charges, it should be barred by res judica-ta. Preclusion of a claim under the res judicata doctrine requires four elements: (1) the parties must be identical in the two actions; (2) the prior judgment must have been rendered by a court of competent jurisdiction; (3) there must be a final judgment on the merits; and (4) the same claim or cause of action must be involved in both cases.
In re Ark-La-Tex Timber Co., Inc.,
The confirmation of a plan is treated as res judicata as to all justiciable issues which were or could have been decided at the confirmation hearing.
Sanders v. City of Brady (In re Brady),
Moreover, while the confirmation of a Chapter 13 plan is indeed final in many respects, it by no means disposes of a Chapter 13 case. Even after confirmation, a Chapter 13 debtor may convert or dismiss the Chapter 13 case (if it has not been previously converted), pursuant to §§ 1307(a) and (b), or modify the plan
The Defendant observes, correctly, that its claim was confirmed as part of the Amended Plan and that prior to confirmation, the Plaintiffs did not object to this claim or raise any issues related to the fees charged by the Defendant. The Defendant further notes that the Loan Documents authorize it to charge fees, and that it assessed most of the complained-of fees prior to the confirmation of the Amended Plan. Therefore, the Defendant argues, the Plaintiffs had “sufficient opportunity to raise any issues related to the fees assessed post-petition prior to their plan confirmation” [Adversary Docket No. 10], and because the Plaintiffs did not object, res judicata bars them from now objecting to the pre-confirmation charges.
The Defendant’s argument leaves out a key piece of information: the Defendant never informed the Plaintiffs that it was assessing the complained-of charges, nor did it include these charges in its proof of claim. [Finding of Fact Nos. 10, 12.] The Defendant contends that it had no duty to inform the Plaintiffs that it was assessing attorney’s fees, costs, and property inspection fees, and that if the Plaintiffs wanted to know what they were being charged, all they had to do was ask.
The Defendant’s reliance on res judicata is misplaced. Res judicata cannot bar objections to charges that debtors did not know existed. Just as debtors cannot be expected to make preconfirmation objections to claims that have yet to be filed,
In re 50-Off Stores, Inc.,
The Plaintiffs’ knowledge that the Loan Documents allowed the Defendant to charge attorney’s fees, costs, and property inspection fees does not constitute notice that the Defendant was in fact charging these fees. In failing to disclose the attorney’s fees, costs, and property inspection fees to the Plaintiffs, the Defendant did not afford the Plaintiffs an opportunity to object to these charges, and thereby failed to give the Plaintiffs due process. In failing to disclose the attorney’s fees, costs, and property inspection fees to the Court, as required by Rule 2016, the Defendant failed to give the Court the opportunity to determine the reasonableness of these charges as required by § 506(b), and therefore, the Court did not adjudicate the allowance of the Defendant’s charges on the merits. Therefore, the Defendant’s claim is not a final judgment.
This Court will not ratify the Defendant’s failure to disclose. Res judicata does not bar the Plaintiffs’ objections to pre-confirmation attorney’s fees, costs, and property inspection fees.
This Court has already held that the Defendant failed to meet its obligations of disclosure pursuant to § 506(b) and Rule 2016. It is worth noting that the Defendant kept an ongoing, detailed record of
F. The Plaintiffs’ Private Right of Action and the Court’s Authority to Act
The Defendant argues that neither § 506(b), Rule 2016 nor § 105(a) can give rise to an independent cause of action. The Plaintiffs, by contrast, contend that a private right of action exists under all three.
The Court does not need to address whether the Plaintiffs have a private right of action under § 506 or Rule 2016. Instead, the Court may use its equitable powers under § 105(a) to enforce the provisions of § 506 and Rule 2016. The Court may also enforce the provisions of § 362 on three separate bases: (1) the Plaintiffs have a private right of action under § 362(h) for the Defendant’s violation of the automatic stay; (2) the Court may use its powers under § 105(a) to enforce a specific provision of the Code, namely § 362; and (3) the Court may invoke its civil contempt powers pursuant to § 105(a) because the automatic stay was imposed pursuant to a court order. Finally, the Court may also invoke its civil contempt powers pursuant to § 105(a) with regard to the Defendant’s alleged violation and improper modification of the Amended Plan, because the Amended Plan was imposed through a court order.
1. The Court’s Authority Under § 105(a)
Section 105(a) provides, in relevant part:
The court may issue any order, process, or judgment that is necessary or appropriate to carry out the provisions of this title. No provision of this title providing for the raising of an issue by a party in interest shall be construed to preclude the court from, sua sponte, taking any action or making any determination necessary or appropriate to enforce or implement court orders or rules, or to prevent an abuse of process.
As the Supreme Court recently held, § 105(a) grants bankruptcy judges “broad authority ... to take any action that is necessary or appropriate ‘to prevent an abuse of process.’ ”
Marrama v. Citizens Bank of Mass.,
— U.S. -,
District Judge Lee Rosenthal, in a recent opinion, further distinguished between the Supreme Court’s
Ahlers
and
Marrama
decisions.
Perez v. Peake (In re Perez),
Accordingly, a bankruptcy court is well within its authority if it exercises its equitable powers under § 105(a) to achieve a result the Code clearly requires.
In re Sadkin,
a. The Court’s powers under § 105(a) to enforce a specific provision of the Code, namely § 362
A bankruptcy court has the authority under § 105(a) to enter orders and judgments for violations of the automatic stay pursuant to § 362(h).
12
In re San Angelo Pro Hockey Club, Inc.,
b. The Court’s civil contempt powers under § 105(a)
The Court also has the power, under § 105(a), to issue sanctions under its civil contempt power or pursuant to its equitable powers.
Placid Ref. Co. v. Terrebonne Fuel & Lube, Inc. (In re Terrebonne Fuel & Lube, Inc.),
As the Fifth Circuit has observed, “Judicial sanctions in civil contempt proceedings may, in a proper case, be employed for either or both of two purposes: to coerce the defendant into compliance
with the court’s order,
and to compensate the complainant for ■ losses sustained.”
In addition to charging the Plaintiffs post-petition fees without notification and paying itself out of estate funds, the Defendant also modified its rights under the Amended Plan by entering into the Forbearance Agreement with the Plaintiffs — also without notice to the Court, the Trustee, or the Plaintiffs’ counsel. The Plaintiffs have alleged that the Defendant’s actions render it liable for civil contempt. In that the Court issued orders imposing the automatic stay and confirming the Amended Plan, the Court holds that it has the authority to determine if these orders have been violated, and if so, to impose sanctions for civil contempt pursuant to its authority under § 105(a).
c. The Court’s equitable powers under § 105(a) to enforce the provisions of § 506 and Rule 2016
The Defendant insists that the provisions of the Code do not expressly create a legal remedy for the Plaintiffs either under § 506(b) or pursuant to Rule 2016, and, under the four-factor analysis for implying private causes of action laid out in
Cort v. Ash,
The Defendant’s argument is unpersuasive. The Court does not need to find a private right of action under § 506(b) or Rule 2016 to conclude that “§ 506(b) and Rule 2016 create rights
and
duties for creditors in bankruptcy cases. A creditor may be entitled to payment of professional fees under its contract with a debtor, but before those funds will be paid from the bankruptcy estate, the creditor must affirmatively demonstrate the reasonableness of the fees to the court after notice. If a creditor elects to ignore the law to obtain such fees, it is well within the
In filing its initial claim and obtaining payments under the Amended Plan, the Defendant has already reaped the benefits of § 506(b). Now, in contending that the Court does not have the authority to order the disgorgement of monies improperly collected from the Plaintiffs’ estate, the Defendant suggests that the same statutory scheme which previously protected its interest no longer applies. The Bankruptcy Code is not so fickle. Just as this Court had the authority to order the Defendant to be paid its reasonable fees pursuant to § 506(b), this Court also has the authority to sanction the Defendant for its failure to comply with § 506(b) and Rule 2016.
2. The Plaintiffs’ Private Right of Action Under § 362(h)
Section 362(h) provides: “An individual injured by an willful violation of a stay provided by this section shall recover actual damages, including costs and attorneys’ fees, and, in appropriate circumstances, may recover punitive damages.”
The Fifth Circuit has held that § 362(h) “creates a private remedy for one injured by a willful violation of an automatic stay----To hold that 11 U.S.C. § 362(h) does not create a private right of action would require us to ignore its plain and express language.”
Pettitt v. Baker,
The Defendant charged the Plaintiffs post-petition fees, failed to notify the Plaintiffs, the Trustee, or the Court, and paid itself out of estate funds delivered to it for the payment of other debt. The Plaintiffs allege that the Defendant’s willful failure to disclose these fees render them an illegal collection of fees from estate property, which violates the automatic stay pursuant to § 362(h). The Plaintiffs also allege that the Defendant’s actions have caused them actual damages. Hence, the Plaintiffs have a private right of action for the Defendant’s allegedly willful violation of the stay pursuant to § 362(h).
G. The Defendant’s violation of the automatic stay
1. Did the Defendant Violate the Automatic Stay?
Section 1306 defines property of the Chapter 13 debtor’s estate as follows:
(a) Property of the estate includes, in addition to the property specified in section 541 of this title—
(1) all property of the kind specified in such section that the debtor acquires after the commencement of the case but before the case is closed, dismissed, or converted to a case under chapter 7, 11, or 12 of this title, whichever occurs first; and
(2) earnings from services performed by the debtor after the commencement of the case but before the case is closed, dismissed, or converted to a case under chapter 7, 11, or 12 of this title, whichever occurs first.
(b) Except as provided in a confirmed plan or order confirming a plan, the debtor shall remain in possession of all property of the estate.
Section 362(a) of the Bankruptcy Code provides that, with certain exceptions, the filing of a bankruptcy petition operates as a stay, applicable to all entities, of:
(3) any act to obtain possession of property of the estate or of property from the estate or to exercise control over property of the estate;
(5) any act to create, perfect, or enforce against property of the debtor any lien to the extent that such lien secures a claim that arose before the commencement of the case under this title;
(6) any act to collect, assess, or recover a claim against the debtor that arose before the commencement of the case under this title ... 15
In deciding a recent case with strikingly similar facts to the case at bar, Bankruptcy Judge Elizabeth W. Magner noted that when a bank “applies any portion of Debt- or’s earnings to undisclosed fees and charges, rather than the installments owed under the note and payable under the plan, it reduces Debtor’s ability to pay either the reasonable and necessary costs of his support or the amounts due under his plan.”
In re Jones,
In the instant case, the Defendant has violated § 362(a)(3) by taking property of the estate without this Court’s approval. The Defendant assessed the Plaintiffs post-petition charges comprising attorney’s fees, costs, and property inspection fees. The Defendant then satisfied these charges with the mortgage payment it received from the Chapter 13 Trustee' — monies which came from the Plaintiffs’ post-petition earnings. Thus, the Defendant satisfied post-petition charges with the Plaintiffs’ post-petition earnings, which constituted a taking of property of the estate and severely impaired the Plaintiffs’ ability to comply with the terms of the Amended Plan.
2. If the Defendant has violated the automatic stay, may the Plaintiffs recover damages?
Section 362(h) provides: “An individual injured by any willful violation of a stay provided by this section shall recover actual damages, including costs and attorneys’ fees, and, in appropriate circumstances, may recover punitive damages.” The Fifth Circuit has identified three elements that must be present for an individual to recover for a willful violation of an automatic stay: “(1) the defendant must have known of the existence of the stay; (2) the defendant’s acts must have been intentional; and (3) these acts must have violated the stay.”
In re Chesnut,
a. The Defendant must have known of the existence of the stay.
The Defendant is a large and sophisticated mortgage company, with years of experience dealing with loans in default, customers who file for bankruptcy, and attendant automatic stays. In the instant case, the Defendant filed a motion for relief from stay on March 11, 2003, which necessarily required that the Defendant knew of the existence of the automatic stay. Further, the Defendant was a party
b. The Defendant’s acts must have been intentional.
To satisfy the second element, the Court does not need to find that the Defendant had a specific intent to violate the automatic stay, but only that the Defendant’s actions violating the automatic stay were intentional.
In re Chesnut,
c. These acts must have violated the stay.
The Defendant assessed the Plaintiffs’ account with post-petition charges, failed to notify the Plaintiffs, the Trustee, or the Court of these charges, failed to seek the Court’s approval for these charges, and then paid itself for these charges out of estate funds.
The Defendant argues that because its charges are allowed under the Loan Documents and protected by § 1322(b)(2), collecting them cannot constitute a violation of the automatic stay. This Court agrees that, under the terms of the Loan Documents and § 1322(b)(2), the Defendant is entitled to charge the Plaintiffs reasonable attorney’s fees, costs, and property inspection fees. If the Defendant had disclosed these charges to the Plaintiffs, filed a Rule 2016 fee application with the Court, and obtained this Court’s approval for these charges, then its actions would not have violated the automatic stay. But the Defendant did none of these things. Instead, it unilaterally assessed additional charges and then paid itself from payments specifically earmarked, under the terms of the Amended Plan, for the pre-petition arrear-age contained in the Defendant’s proof of claim (and subsequently modified by the Agreed Order). The Defendant had no right to violate the terms of the Amended Plan and divert these payments for its own purposes without the Court’s approval.
As Judge Magner aptly stated in In re Jones:
The filing of a bankruptcy is supposed to be a respite for a debtor, allowing time for reorganization. It stops the accrual of unnecessary fees and costs as well as additional interest and charges on past due amounts in an effort to allow debtors a fresh start. The automatic stay prohibits the collection of any amounts owed by a debtor during the administration of the case in order to effect these goals.
In re Jones,
The Defendant’s failure to disclose its additional charges and request permission of the Court to obtain payment from estate property resulted in an illegal collection of charges from estate property.
Id.
(creditor violated automatic stay by charging debtor fees without notice, and paying itself those fees firom the estate);
see also In re Chesnut,
Having shown that all three elements are satisfied, the Plaintiffs may recover damages under § 362(h).
3. Calculation of damages for the Defendant’s violation of the automatic stay
a. Actual damages
Under the plain language of § 362(h), the Plaintiffs “shall recover actual damages, including costs and attorneys’ fees,” for the Defendant’s violation of the automatic stay. The amounts of these damages will need to be determined at trial. Specifically, the Plaintiffs shall recover all of the attorney’s fees, costs, and property inspection fees that the Defendant charged them but did not disclose, as well as all of the reasonable attorney’s fees and costs that the Plaintiffs have incurred contesting these charges, including but not limited to all such fees related to the prosecution of this adversary proceeding.
b. Punitive damages
Section 362(h) also provides for the recovery of punitive damages “in appropriate circumstances,” for a violation of the automatic stay. Courts have interpreted “appropriate circumstances” as meaning that the defendant acted in “bad faith,”
Nissan Motor Acceptance Corp. v. Baker,
The Supreme Court has ruled that for punitive awards to satisfy the Fourteenth Amendment’s due process clause, a court’s constitutional analysis must address reasonableness and adequate guidance concerns.
Pacific Mutual Life Ins. Co. v. Haslip,
The Supreme Court characterized the first
Haslip
prong, reasonableness of the amount of the award, as being supported by two factors: (1) the reprehensible nature of the conduct, and (2) a significant societal interest in preventing similar conduct.
The Court does not have sufficient information at present to render judgment on punitive damages. In particular, the Court does not know enough about the Defendant’s motive in violating the automatic stay. Did the Defendant willfully violate the automatic stay? Did it act with reckless disregard of whether it was willfully violating the automatic stay? Were its actions taken in bad faith? The Court needs to hear more evidence before deciding this issue.
In sum, before ruling on the nature and amount of damages, the Court will need to hear evidence on (1) the full extent of attorney’s fees, costs, and property inspection fees the Defendant charged the Plaintiffs during their bankruptcy but did not disclose; (2) the amount of attorney’s fees and costs that the Plaintiffs have incurred in contesting these charges, including but not limited to the prosecution of this adversary proceeding; and (3) the Defendant’s motive in violating the automatic stay.
H. Contempt for violation of court orders
This Court has the power, under § 105(a), to issue sanctions in enforcement of its civil contempt power.
Terrebonne,
1. Violation of the order imposing the automatic stay
As discussed at length above, the Defendant has violated the automatic stay. For the reasons stated therein, the Defendant has also violated the Court’s order imposing the automatic stay. For the sake of brevity, the Court will not reiterate its analysis.
2. Violation of the order confirming the Amended Plan
Section 1329 of the Bankruptcy Code provides, in relevant part:
(a) At any time after confirmation of the plan but .before the completion of payments under such plan, the plan may be modified, upon request of the debtor, the trustee, or the holder of an allowed unsecured claim, to—
(1) increase or reduce the amount of payments on claims of a particular class provided for by the plan;
(2) extend or reduce the time for such payments; or
(3) alter the amount of the distribution to a creditor whose claim is provided for by the plan to the extent necessary to take account of any payment of such claim other than under the plan ...
(b)
(1) Sections 1322(a), 1322(b), and 1323(c) of this title and the requirements of section 1325(a) of this title apply to any modification under subsection (a) of this section.
(2) The plan as modified becomes the plan unless, after notice and a hearing, such modification is disapproved.
11 U.S.C. § 1329 (2004).
Any modified chapter 13 plan must meet all the requirements for confirmation. 11 U.S.C. § 1329(b)(1);
In re Rodriguez,
369
Even if a plan is modified in accordance with the statutory limitations of 11 U.S.C. § 1329, “the court may, after notice and a hearing, still disapprove that modification.”
In re Klus,
On January 28, 2005, the Defendant mailed the Plaintiffs a letter offering them a Forbearance Plan Agreement, but did not send a copy of this letter to the Plaintiffs’ counsel or the Court. On February 3, 2005, without having consulted their counsel or receiving approval from the Court, the Plaintiffs signed the Forbearance Agreement. Although the Court has not yet seen a copy of the Forbearance Agreement, the parties agree that its terms modify the terms of the Amended Plan.
In modifying the Amended Plan, the Defendant did not comply with any of the provisions of § 1329. It did not notify the Court. It did not notify the Plaintiffs’ attorney. It neither sought, nor received the Court’s approval. It did not file a motion to modify the Amended Plan, the modified plan itself, a new plan analysis, or a current budget. Moreover, as a secured creditor, the Defendant does not even have standing, pursuant to § 1329(a), to file a modified plan.
Weber v. Heitkamp (In re Hopson),
The Court concludes that the Forbearance Agreement is an illegal modification of the Amended Plan and is invalid. At present, the Court does not have sufficient evidence to determine the amount and nature of damages, or whether further sanctions should be imposed. At trial, the Court needs to hear evidence about (1) the monetary damages the Plaintiffs suffered as a result of entering into the Forbearance Agreement; (2) the attorney’s fees and costs the Plaintiffs incurred in contesting the Forbearance Agreement; (3) the contents of the Forbearance Agreement; and (4) how and why the Forbearance Agreement was negotiated, including but not limited to why the Defendant sent it to the Plaintiffs without informing the Plaintiffs’ counsel or the Court. With regard to
I. The Defendant’s purchase of the Plaintiffs’ tax claims without this Court’s approval
Bankruptcy Rule 3001(e)(2) states, in relevant part:
(2) Transfer of a Claim Other Than for Security After Proof Filed
If a claim other than one based on a publicly traded note, bond, or debenture has been transferred other than for security after the proof of claim has been filed, evidence of the transfer shall be filed by the transferee. The clerk shall immediately notify the alleged transferor by mail of the filing of the evidence of transfer and that objection thereto, if any, must be filed within 20 days of the mailing of the notice or within any additional time allowed by the court. If the alleged transferor files a timely objection and the court finds, after notice and a hearing, that the claim has been transferred other than for security, it shall enter an order substituting the transferee for the transferor. If a timely objection is not filed by the alleged transferor, the transferee shall be substituted for the transferor.
Fed. R. BankrP. 3001(e)(2) (2004) (emphasis added)
A creditor wishing to purchase another creditor’s claims must do so in accordance with Bankruptcy Rule 3001(e).
In re Kreisler,
“The use of the word ‘shall’ in Rule 3001(e)(2) indicates that Congress considered the filing of such notice to be mandatory.”
Kreisler,
In March 2005, the Defendant paid delinquent property taxes on the Sanchez Property, without filing evidence of the payment and transfer with the Court. The Plaintiffs allege that the Defendant purchased pre-petition bankruptcy claims of taxing jurisdictions and, pursuant to Rule 3001(e)(2), was required to file notice of this transfer with the Clerk of Court. The Defendant contends that, pursuant to § 1322(b)(2), the Loan Documents give it the right to purchase tax claims on the Sanchez Property to protect its interest, and because § 1322(b)(2) controls, it is not required to file notice with the Court.
The Court does not need to reach whether § 1322(b)(2) gives the Defendant the right to protect its interest in the Sanchez Property by purchasing pre-petition tax claims. Even if the Defendant is so entitled, § 1322(b)(2) does not trump all other provisions of the Bankruptcy Code.
The Defendant does not deny that it purchased the taxing authorities’ claims without filing notice and, therefore, concedes it did not comply with Rule 3001(e)(2). Such failure to comply is a fatal defect. The Defendant’s purchase of the tax claim is therefore invalid as to this Chapter 13 case.
The Court notes, additionally, that the facts in the record so far regarding the tax claims on the Sanchez Property are inconclusive and in some ways contradictory. The proofs of claim from Harris County/City of Houston and Houston ISD were for $4,003.60 and $4,575.20, respectively, and were for tax years 2001 and 2002. But in a letter dated May 9, 2005, AMC Mortgage Services 17 informed the Plaintiffs that with reference to the Sanchez Property, it had paid taxes of $9,540.32 (relating to Harris County) and $10,812.65 (relating to Houston ISD), and that both tax claims were from tax year 2001.
At trial, the Court would like to hear evidence on the specifics of the tax claims purchased by the Defendant, including the exact amounts, the tax years they relate to, and when they were purchased.
J. Injunction against the Defendant
The Fifth Circuit has recognized that § 105(a) grants bankruptcy courts the authority to grant injunctive relief.
Mirant Corp. v. Potomac Elec. Power Co. (In re Mirant Corp.),
In their complaint, the Plaintiffs request an injunction against the Defendant to prevent the Defendant from assessing and collecting fees without disclosing them or receiving the Court’s approval. The Defendant’s unreasonable charges and the attorney’s fees the Plaintiffs have incurred are legally measurable damages, and not suitable for injunctive relief. However, the Defendant’s actions also subject it to civil contempt, for which the Court may use its equitable powers under § 105(a) to issue sanctions. These sanctions are equitable and, by definition, not legally measurable. The Defendant repeatedly and intentionally acted in violation of this Court’s orders and the automatic stay, and injunctive relief is necessary. The Court hereby grants the Plaintiffs’ injunction.
Section 502(b) of the Bankruptcy Code states that, discounting exceptions not relevant to the instant case:
Except as provided in subsections (e)(2), (f), (g), (h) and (i) of this section, if such objection to a claim is made, the court, after notice and a hearing, shall determine the amount of such claim in lawful currency of the United States as of the date of the filing of the petition, and shall allow such claim in such amount
Section 502(j) states:
A claim that has been allowed or disallowed may be reconsidered for cause. A reconsidered claim may be allowed or disallowed according to the equities of the case. Reconsideration of a claim under this subsection does not affect the validity of any payment or transfer from the estate made to a holder of an allowed claim on account of such allowed claim that is not reconsidered, but if a reconsidered claim is allowed and is of the same class as such holder’s claim, such holder may not receive any additional payment or transfer from the estate on account of such holder’s allowed claim until the holder of such reconsidered and allowed claim receives payment on account of such claim proportionate in value to that already received by such other holder. This subsection does not alter or modify the trustee’s right to recover from a creditor any excess payment or transfer made to such creditor.
The Plaintiffs allege that the Defendant’s proof of claim was overstated in that it failed to take into account monies held in a so-called “Suspense Account” that were later used to pay for pre-petition arrearag-es. The Plaintiffs further allege that they could not have objected to the Defendant’s claim before confirmation of the Amended Plan because they did not know about the Defendant’s use of Suspense Accounts.
The Defendant seems to contend that whether or not it used Suspense Accounts, the plain language of § 1327(a) and res judicata prevent the Plaintiffs from objecting to its proof of claim. As previously discussed in this opinion, res judicata will not have a preclusive effect on a confirmed plan if predicate steps required by the Code or Bankruptcy Rules were not followed,
see In re National Gypsum Co.,
In the instant case, the Court does not have enough evidence about the use and purpose of the Defendant’s Suspense Accounts to determine whether the Defendant has violated §§ 502(b) and/or (j). At trial, the Court would like to hear evidence on (1) the Defendant’s use of Suspense Accounts; (2) how the Defendant employed a Suspense Account with regard to the Plaintiffs; (3) whether the Defendant’s proof of claim was overstated by failing to offset the arrearage by the amount of the Suspense Account; and (4) whether this accounting practice is unique to the Plaintiffs or common to all similarly situated borrowers.
L. Additional matters to be addressed at trial
As the Plaintiffs may recover all of the unreasonable charges assessed by the Defendant, the Court needs to see a complete and accurate accounting of all charges assessed or collected by the Defendant with respect to the Plaintiffs, with particular emphasis on the undisclosed attorney’s fees, costs, and property inspection fees. Additionally, since the Defendant must re
IV. Conclusion
Congress created Chapter 13 of the Bankruptcy Code to “address consumer credit loss during the Great Depression by providing a completely voluntary proceeding for consumers to amortize their debts out of future earnings.”
In re Meza,
In the instant case, the Defendant has acted in a way antithetical to both the letter and spirit of the Bankruptcy Code. The Court would like to be very clear: a creditor holding a lien on a debtor’s homestead may not assess a debtor post-petition charges without giving notice to the debtor and without seeking court approval, whether or not those charges are specifically allowed under a pre-petition contract. Nor may such a creditor purchase another creditor’s claim without notifying the Court, or modify a confirmed plan. 18 To hold otherwise would be to prefer one creditor over others, and deny Chapter 13 debtors the chance for a fresh start— thereby upending the twin pillars of the bankruptcy system. 19
For the reasons set forth above, this Court grants the Plaintiffs’ Motion for Partial Summary Judgment and denies the Defendant’s Motion for Summary Judgment.
A separate order consistent with this Memorandum Opinion will be entered on the docket simultaneously with the entry on the docket of this Memorandum Opinion.
Notes
. Section 4 of the Security Instrument, titled "Charges; Liens," states that "Borrower shall pay all taxes ... attributable to the Property which can attain priority over this Security Instrument.” [Security Instrument § 4.]
. As the main case was filed prior to the enactment of the Bankruptcy Abuse Prevention and Consumer Protection Act of 2005 (BAPCPA), the pre-BAPCPA version of the Bankruptcy Code applies.
. The Defendant set forth in its proof of claim that it is a secured creditor, and the Plaintiffs agree that the Defendant is not only a secured creditor, but an oversecured creditor.
. In this Memorandum Opinion, unless otherwise noted, all references to docket numbers relate to the docket sheet in Case No. 02-45416, and all references to adversary docket numbers relate to the docket sheet in Adversary No. 06-3671.
. Judge Brown was originally assigned to the Sanchez proceedings. However, after the undersigned judge took the bench, Judge Brown transferred several cases, including the case at bar, from her docket to this Court.
. The post-petition arrearages of $646.00 were not incorporated into the Plaintiffs' Chapter 13 Plan; rather, under the terms of the Agreed Order, the Plaintiffs were ordered to pay five monthly installments of $129.20 directly to the Defendant, starting in April 2003 and ending in August 2003.
. As noted in Finding of Fact No. 3, the Plaintiffs' mortgage payments did not include monies to pay insurance and taxes.
. Section 9 of the Security Instrument, titled "Protection of Lender's Interest in the Property and Rights Under this Security Instrument,” states:
If (a) Borrower fails to perform the covenants and agreements contained in this Security Agreement, (b) there is a legal proceeding that might significantly affect Lender’s interest in the property and/or rights under this Security Instrument (such as a proceeding in bankruptcy, probate, for condemnation or forfeiture, for enforcement of a lien which may attain priority over this Security Instrument or to enforce laws or regulations), or (c) Borrower has abandoned the Property, then Lender may do and pay for whatever is reasonable or appropriate to protect Lender’s interest in the Property and rights under this Security Instrument, including protecting and/or assessing the value of the Property, and securing and/or repairing the Property. Lender's actions can include, but are not limited to: (a) paying any sums secured by a lien which has priority over this Security Instrument, (b) appearing in court; and (c) paying reasonable attorneys’ fees to protect its interest in the Property and/or rights under this Security Instrument, including its secured position in a bankruptcy proceeding. ... Any amounts disbursed by Lender under this Section 9 shall become additional debt of Borrower secured by this Security Instrument.
[Security Instrument, § 9.]
The Defendant charged the Plaintiffs$460.00 in attorney’s fees and costs and $8.50 in property inspection fees on March 5 and 6, 2003, prior to filing its Motion for Relief of Stay on March 11, 2003. [Adversary Docket Nos. 13, 17.] However, the record is unclear as to whether these charges were included in the $625.00 in attorney’s fees and costs and $21.00 in property inspection fees listed in the March 11 Motion.
. Unfortunately, • neither party submitted a copy of the Forbearance Agreement to the Court, so its exact terms cannot be described or analyzed.
. The complaint lists seven causes of action, but some of them are duplicative or request a different or additional form of relief.
. Hereinafter, unless otherwise noted, all section references shall refer to 11 U.S.C., all references to "the Code” shall refer to the United States Bankruptcy Code in effect when the main case was initiated in 2002 (i.e., prior to the BAPCPA amendments), and all references to a “Rule” or "Bankruptcy Rule” shall refer to the Federal Rules of Bankruptcy Procedure from 2004.
. Section 362(h) provides: "An individual injured by an willful violation of a stay provided by this section shall recover actual damages, including costs and attorneys' fees, and, in appropriate circumstances, may recover punitive damages.” 11 U.S.C. § 362(h) (2004)
. For the sake of clarity, the Court wishes to distinguish its two bases for issuing sanctions under § 105(a) for violations of the automatic stay. First, the Court may use § 105(a) to enforce the provisions of § 362(h), i.e., for a party's violation of the automatic stay. Second, the Court may use § 105(a) as part of its contempt powers, i.e., for a party’s violation of the Court's order imposing the automatic stay.
. The
Cort
factors for determining whether a court can imply a private cause of action from a federal statute are whether: (1) the plaintiff is a member of the class for whose benefit the statute was enacted; (2) there is any explicit or implicit indication of congressional intent to provide a private remedy; (3) whether a private remedy would be consistent with the underlying purpose of the statutory scheme; and (4) whether the cause of action is typically left to state law.
. The Plaintiffs, in their Amended Complaint, cite §§ 362(a)(5) and (6) as supporting their allegation that the Defendant violated the automatic stay. The Court believes subsections (5) and (6) do apply, in that the Defendant’s claim — its secured interest in the Sanchez Homestead, as evidenced by the Loan Documents — arose prior to the commencement of the Plaintiffs’ bankruptcy case. That being said, the Court believes a more compelling argument for the Defendant violating the automatic stay can be made under § 362(a)(3).
. Although a modified plan becomes effective upon filing of a motion for modification pursuant to § 1329(b)(2), if the bankruptcy court, after hearing and notice, disapproves the modification, the plan reverts back to its
ex ante
terms, with all modifications nullified.
Meza v. Truman (In re Meza),
. AMC Mortgage Services, a former subsidiary of the Defendant, services loans for the Defendant.
. As an oversecured creditor, the Defendant does not even have standing to file a motion for modification of the Amended Plan. 11 U.S.C. § 1329.
. ''[T]he laws and jurisprudence of bankruptcy note often that there are two competing goals of bankruptcy and reorganization. One is the satisfaction of valid claims against the estate. The other is to allow the debtor a 'fresh start’ in the marketplace.”
In re Ortiz,