Case Information
*2 Before EDMONDSON, Chief Judge, DUBINA and FAY, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM:
Plaintiffs in this class action securities fraud suit appeal the dismissal of their case for failure to state a claim, Fed.R.Civ.P. 12(b)(6). We affirm the district court’s dismissal on Defendant SunTrust Banks, Inc. (“SunTrust”); but we vacate and remand for additional proceedings on Defendant Luis M. Cornide.
Plaintiffs, a group of investors, originally named SunTrust as a defendant in their first amended complaint, filed on 22 June 2005. A second amended complaint alleged a massive fraud perpetuated by Pension Fund of America (“PFA”) that the financial institution Defendants knew of and participated in by allowing PFA to continue using Defendants’ names, logos, and corporate reputations. According to Plaintiffs, SunTrust’s role in the fraud included approval of solicitation materials, knowledge that PFA was “diverting investor funds *3 contrary to promises made to investors,” knowledge of inconsistencies between SunTrust’s master agreement with PFA and its trust agreements with individual investors, and sending “false and misleading information to investors” about the safety of PFA’s investments. Plaintiffs alleged that SunTrust’s acts violated Section 10(b) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, 15 U.S.C. § 78j, and SEC Rule 10b-5. The second amended complaint also noted that on 28 February 2003, 14 PFA investors had filed a lawsuit in state court against PFA, SunTrust, and Lehman Brothers for breach of fiduciary duty.
SunTrust attached a copy of the February 2003 state complaint to their motion to dismiss, which revealed that one of the plaintiffs -- Marcos Mustieles -- was a class plaintiff in the instant case. The district court granted the motion to dismiss, concluding that Plaintiffs’ claims were barred by the two-year statute of limitations. The court determined that Plaintiffs had actual notice of their claims against SunTrust on 28 February 2003 and had inquiry notice before the February 2003 lawsuit.
On appeal, Plaintiffs argue that the district court erred in dismissing their suit against SunTrust based on the statute of limitations. They contend that (1) the February 2003 state lawsuit was directed only at PFA, (2) SunTrust was not added as a defendant until an amended complaint filed within the limitations period on 16 *4 June 2003, and (3) even if Plaintiffs did sue SunTrust in February 2003, they were not on inquiry notice that SunTrust had violated federal securities laws when the state complaint alleged only breach of contract against PFA.
We review de novo a district court’s grant of a motion to dismiss under Rule
12(b)(6) for failure to state a claim; we accept the allegations in the complaint as
true and construe them in the light most favorable to Plaintiffs. Hill v. White, 321
F.3d 1334, 1335 (11th Cir. 2003). And we review “the district court’s
interpretation and application of statutes of limitations de novo.” Tello v. Dean
Witter Reynolds, Inc.,
A private claim of securities fraud must be brought by the earlier of (1) two
years after “the discovery of the facts constituting the violation,” or (2) five years
after the violation. 28 U.S.C. § 1658(b). “[D]iscovery of facts evidencing
securities misconduct occurs” -- and the statute of limitations begins to run --
“when a potential plaintiff has inquiry or actual notice of a violation.” Tello, 410
F.3d at 1283 (internal quotations omitted). Inquiry notice means “knowledge of
facts that would lead a reasonable person to begin investigating the possibility that
his legal rights had been infringed”; and such notice is triggered by evidence of the
*5
possibility of fraud. Id.; Theoharous v. Fong,
The district court based its statute of limitations ruling on the statements in the second amended complaint about the February 2003 state lawsuit against PFA, SunTrust, and Lehman Brothers. These statements indicate that Mustieles had knowledge in February 2003 of facts underlying a fraudulent scheme perpetuated by PFA and of which several financial institutions were a part. This knowledge created a duty for Mustieles to investigate the extent of the fraud and the identities and roles of the other parties. Therefore, the two-year limitations period began to run -- at the latest -- on 28 February 2003 and expired on 28 February 2005, two months before the original federal complaint was filed and almost four months before SunTrust was added as a defendant in the first amended complaint on 22 June 2005. It was apparent from the face of the complaint, with reference to the named plaintiff in the February 2003 lawsuit, that the instant suit was time-barred.
Plaintiffs’ argument that they did not have inquiry notice until SunTrust was *6 formally named in the state lawsuit in an amended complaint filed in June 2003 is unavailing: the duty to investigate arose when Mustieles knew of PFA’s fraud and the involvement of financial institutions. And the district court’s statute of limitations ruling applied to all financial institution Defendants, not just SunTrust; and not all of these financial institution Defendants were named in the February 2003 or amended June 2003 complaints. [4]
Plaintiffs argue that knowledge of PFA’s fraud does not equate knowledge
of SunTrust’s federal securities fraud, under inquiry notice. The limitations period,
however, may begin to run before the extent of the fraud is known. And the
Plaintiffs were on notice of PFA’s fraud and the relationship between PFA and
SunTrust in connection with PFA’s investment plans more than two years before
the instant suit was filed. Plaintiffs also argue that any notice would apply only to
Mustieles’s claim, not the claims of other class members. But in class actions,
“[i]nquiry notice for determining statute-of-limitations compliance is gauged by
the knowledge of the alleged securities fraud by the class representative.” Tello II,
About Cornide, Plaintiffs alleged that he violated section 10(b) and Rule *7 10b-5 as a control person of PFA. He was first named as a defendant in the second amended complaint filed on 13 February 2006. Cornide filed no motion to dismiss. Plaintiffs argue that the case should be remanded for additional proceedings on the claims against Cornide.
We have reviewed de novo sua sponte dismissals under Rule 12(b)(6). Am.
United Life Ins. Co. v. Martinez,
The district court considered several motions to dismiss by financial institution Defendants and dismissed the entire case against all Defendants. But Cornide did not file a motion to dismiss; nor did the court discuss the claims against Cornide or whether the statute of limitations defense applied equally to him. In addition, nothing indicates in the record that the district court gave notice to Plaintiffs that it would consider dismissing their claims against Cornide. See id. (explaining that a court can exercise its inherent power to dismiss a suit that lacks merit only when the party who brought the case has been given notice and an opportunity to respond). Therefore, we vacate the order of dismissal on the claims *8 against Cornide and remand for additional proceedings.
AFFIRMED IN PART, VACATED AND REMANDED IN PART.
Notes
[1] Plaintiffs’ suit involved several financial institutions as Defendants. But after filing their notice of appeal, Plaintiffs moved to dismiss the appeal on the remaining financial- institution Defendants. So, the present appeal concerns the district court’s dismissal of the second amended complaint only for SunTrust and Cornide.
[2] “Dismissal under [Rule] 12(b)(6) on statute of limitations grounds is appropriate only if
it is apparent from the face of the complaint that the claim is time-barred.” Tello,
[3] Inquiry notice, a fact question, generally is inappropriate for resolution on a Rule
12(b)(6) motion. Tello,
[4] And the February 2003 complaint names SunTrust in the case caption.
[5] We decline to address Plaintiffs’ argument about the date the instant suit commenced
because it was raised for the first time in a reply brief. See Asociacion de Empleados del Area
Canalera (ASEDAC) v. Panama Canal Comm’n,