*167 SCHNACKENBERG, Circuit Judge,

Samuel Insull, herein called plaintiff, a citizen and resident of Illinois, brought an action for libel in an Illinois state court against the corporate owners and publishers of publications described as Scripps-Howard daily newspapers, and the individual editors thereof. 1 No defendant is a citizen or resident of lili-nois. Charles T. Lucey, the author of the libelous article appearing in the Scripps-Howard newspapers published by the corporate defendants, is a defendant.

Summons was served outside the state of Illinois on each defendant, together with a copy of the complaint, in accordanee with § 16, ch. 110, R.S.Ill.1957.

Defendants procured the removal of the case to the district court and then moved to dismiss the cause on the ground that the court “lacks jurisdiction over the persons” of defendants. The court granted the motion, 172 F.Supp. 615, and from an order to that effect, plaintiff appeals.

Weu r?er7ed °ur rul' mg on a motion by defendants to dismiss the appeal on the ground that the action herein is barred because of these facts:

In the United States District Court for the Western District of Tennessee, since the filing of the ease at bar, plaintiff sued Memphis Publishing Company and the complaint and answer therein raised the same issues as were raised ™ this case-. UP°n a trial> a ^ found * e issues in favor of defendant, and Judgment for defendant was entered, whlch Judgment has become final,

We believe defendants mistakenly urge that this judgment is res judicata as to all the defendants here. The charge of libel against Memphis Publishing Company in the Tennessee suit is entirely distinct from the charge of libel by publication by the other defendants named in the complaint herein. Identity of causes of action is essential to a plea of res judicata. Troxell v. Delaware, L. & W. Ry. Co., 227 U.S. 434, 33 S.Ct. 274, 57 L.Ed. 586; Holland v. Forcum-James C. & L. Co., 154 Tenn. 174, 285 S.W. 569; Sweeting v. Campbell 2 Ill.l2d 491, 496-497, 119 N.E.2d 237

Nor can defendants’ motion be sustained on the doctrine of estoppel by finding or verdict. A former judgment does not operate as an estoppel by verdict in a second action except where it is clear from the record that a specific material and controlling fact common to both cases was litigated and determined in the firgt case. Chicago Theological Seminary v. People, 189 Ill. 439) 443-444 59 N.E. 977; People ex rel. v. Wyanet Elec. Light Co., 306 Ill. 377, 383, 137 N.E. 834; Hoffman v. Hoffman, 330 Ill. 413, 418, 161 N.E. 723; Prudential Ins. Co. of America v. Zorger, 7 Cir., 86 F.2d 446, 108 A.L.R. 498; Harris v. Mason, *168 120 Tenn. 668, 115 S.W. 1146, 25 L.R.A., N.S., 1011. The rule is well stated in the Wyanet Electric Light Co. case, where the court said 306 Ill. at page 383, 137 N.E. at page 836:

“It is absolutely necessary, in order that a former judgment should operate as an estopped [sic] by ver-diet, that there shall have been a finding of a specific fact in such former judgment or record that is material and controlling in that case and also material and controlling m the pend-mg case It must also conclusively appear that the matter of fact was so m issue that it was necessarily determined by the court rendering the judgment interposed as a bar by reason of such estoppel. If there is any uncertainty on this point by reason of the fact that more than one •distinct issue of fact is presented to the court the estoppel will not be applied, and for the reason that the ■court may have decided it upon one of the other issues of fact.

_ . , , „ , . There is nothing properly before this court which shows what fact was found which resulted in the verdict against plaintiff in the Memphis case. Indeed, the verdict of the jury might have been based on a finding that plaintiff had not proven that he had a general reputation in the Memphis area or that he had not proven that his reputation was damaged by the Memphis publication. Ihe jury could have concluded that the article referred to plaintiff but that their verdict should be for defendant because plaintiff did not prove he was damaged by the Memphis article.

We see no impelling reason for dismissing this appeal and the motion of defendants is denied.

2. Plaintiff bases his claim that the district court had jurisdiction of defendants on section 17 of the Illinois Civil Practice Act, § 17, ch. 110, R.S. Ill.1957, which reads:

“(1) Any person, whether or not a citizen or resident of this State, who in person or through an agent does any of the acts hereinafter enumerated, thereby submits said person, and, if an individual, his personal representative, to the jurisdiction of the courts of this State as to aay cause of action arising from the doing of any of said acts:

“(a) The transaction of any business within this State;

“(b) The commission of a tortious act within this State; * * *

«(2) Service of process upon any pers0n who ifl subject to the juris_ diction of the courtg of thig state> ag provided in thig Bection> be made by pergonally serving the sum_ mong upon the defendant outside thig stat ag provided in this Act, with the game force and effect as though summons had been personally gerved witMn thig state_

_ Only causes of action aris*n£ ^roin ac^s enumerated herein may be asserted against a defendant ™ an aeti°n in which jurisdiction over him is based upon this section. # # „

If plaintiff is correct in his claim as to the meaning and application of § 17 to this case, it is undisputed that service of summons on defendants was made in compliance with § 16(1) and (2) of said Act.

Tfae controlHng facts appear in affi_ davitg ffled -n the digtrict court;

The corporate defendants are incorporated and have their principal places of business in states other than Illinois. Their respective newspapers are published in states other than Illinois. No corporate defendant is licensed to do business in Illinois or has a registered agent in Illinois or maintains an office in Illinois or is listed in any Illinois telephone or business directory. No corporate defendant employs an agent who is permanently located in Illinois or maintains assets or has a bank account in Illinois. No individual defendant personally owns or operates any business in Illinois and none resides in Illinois.

*169 Each of the defendant companies sends a number of copies of its respective newspaper into Illinois each day. Some of these copies are mailed directly to subscribers, and others are sold to the lili-nois public through a wholesale distributor and from newsstands. All payments by subscribers, wholesalers and newsstand operators are mailed to the respective principal offices of the several publishing companies outside Illinois. The distributors also circulate newspapers other than those of defendants, the several defendants have no financial interest in or control over the formers’ enterprises, they are independent contractors which purchase newspapers for their own accounts, receive them by mail from outside Illinois, and do not account to defendants for the proceeds of sales. Each corporate defendant publishes a newspaper from without the state of Illinois; all defendants’ printing occurs outside Illinois; each defendant first distributes its particular newspaper without Illinois and within the city of printing; distribution elsewhere than in the city of printing is always made subsequent to distribution in the city of printing; payment to the defendants for papers shipped and any orders that might be receded for papers are all transmitted to defendants principal offices for receipt and acceptance; no collections or subscription activities whatsoever are carried on by any of the corporate defendants within Illinois; the corporate defendants’ newspapers are circulated in Illinois only by independent news vendors, independent wholesalers, and mailings from without the state ; no circulation whatsoever is made within the state by any of the defendants. The extent of the defendants’ newspapers’ circulation in Illinois is sum- . , ,, -i j? i marized thus: average number of de- „ , , , .. . . , tit fendants newspapers mailed daily to Ilh-nois subscribers from without the state: New York World-Telegram and The Sun 37; Memphis Press-Scimitar 35; The Indianapolis Times 25; Cleveland Press 29; Cincinnati Post 23; El Paso Herald-Post 6; Knoxville News-Sentinel 18;

The Pittsburgh Press 29; The Albuquerque Tribune 8.

Average number of defendants’ newspapers mailed daily to independent newsdealers in Illinois from without the state:

New York World-Telegram and The

®un ........./•;......... ^

Memphis Press-Scimitar...... 1

Yke Times........4.5

Cleveland Press..............4

Cincinnati Press..............4

Paso Heraid-Post ^..........1

Knoxville News Sentinel...... 1.3

Yke Pittsburgh Press ........ 8

Yke Albuquerque Tribune .... 1

Average number of defendants’ newspapers mailed daily to an independent wholesaler in Illinois from without the state:

, , ^ew York World-Telegram and The un ........................

None of the corporations employs or has any reporters, advertising solicitors or other persons who are located in Illinois; none of the corporations owns or maintains any assets (either realty or personalty) in Illinois; none of the corporations has a bank account in Illinois,

Upon thc foregoing facts, plaintiff con„ tends ^ defendants_

„ , „ ... are Wltbm tke reach,of «^.trans-f^b“S °f §. „ , °r, an 6 pe’ riod of tmie each has sold its news-PaPers. the*lhnof by subscription or through distributors or newsstands which are themselves subscribers Indeed, it is fair to in-from the ^vita °* the ?ubIlsbmg .companies that there is a continuing relationship between them andlheir re®pe^v® subscrib' ers, which is no doubt based upon / . T * subscription agreements. In any event; ^ seyeral defendantg know and intend that their paperg wil| reach the Illinois public. Thig day_ to-day entrance into the Illinois market produced the circulation of the libelous article in Illinois,- to the substantial injury of plaintiff. The *170 subscribers were those to whom the libel was first published in this state.

“The obvious significance of these contacts cannot be minimized on the theory that none of the defendants or their agents physically entered Illinois.

******

“The statutory requirement is not that defendants be ‘present’ in Illinois or even that they ‘do business’ here in the general sense. It ís sufficient if, by whatever means, they transact ‘any business’ in the gtate.

' “To conclude that the defendants transact no business in this state is to ignore reality. * * * ” •

After citing McGee v. International Life Ins. Co., 355 U.S. 220, 78 S.Ct. 199, 2 L.Ed.2d 223; Travelers Health Ass’n v. Commonwealth of Virginia, 339 U.S. 643, 70 S.Ct. 927, 94 L.Ed. 1154; Wanamaker v. Lewis, D.C., 153 F.Supp. 195; WSAZ, Inc. v. Lyons, 6 Cir., 254 F.2d 242; and French v. Gibbs Corp., 2 Cir., 189 F.2d 787, plaintiff asserts that-

■ '"“defendants in the case at bar transact sufficient business m this state •c. that'it iS not unfair to subject them to suit here. Their physical presence in Illinois is not required as a prerequisite to this result, and even if it is, each, of them is ‘present’ here by virtue of the use of the ■mails as the agency whereby their newspapers are delivered in this .state. Since they have so conducted .this phase of their businesses, they cannot hide behind the fact that deliveries are made by the Post Office. The Post Office may properly be regarded, as it was by Judge Hand, as .the agent of each of the defendants.

The question which arises under § 17 (1) (a) is whether the facts reveal that defendants transacted any business within the state of Illinois. We have already passed on a similar question in Schmidt v. Esquire, Inc., 7 Cir., 210 F.2d 908, cer-tiorari denied Schmidt v. Crowell-Collier Pub. Co., 348 U.S. 819, 75 S.Ct. 31, 99 L.Ed. 646. We said, 210 F.2d at page 916:

« * * * Esquire, Inc., is a corporation foreign to the State of Indiana and is not licensed nor admitted to do business there. It publishes the Esquire and Coronet magazines, which are available in Indiana either through subscription or at the newsstand. These magazines are printed in Chicago and are mailed directly from there to Indiana subscribers. They are placed on newsstands in Indiana by the Curtis Circulation Company, an independent corporation which purchases the magazines from Esquire and effects distribution ■ through independent wholesale organizations. Esquire has no office of any kind in Indiana, and it has no employees or agents there to gather material for publication, nor to solicit advertising, subscriptions or newsstand sales,

^ Under these fact,s> d° “ot Jf? 5 Can Seri0UsIy be contended that Esqmre was amenable to suit in Indiana- * * * 0^s\tha J. ’

We adhere to our ruling in that case.

Our interpretation of § 17(1) (a) is consistent with the holding in Grobark v. Addo Machine Co., Inc., 16 Ill.2d 426, 158 N.E.2d 73.

Among the many cases which are authority for the proposition that a foreign publishing corporation is not transacting business in a state because it ships its periodicals into the state to subscribers or independent contractors for resale, are the following: Street & Smith Publications, Inc. v. Spikes, 5 Cir., 120 F.2d 895, 897-898, certiorari denied 314 U.S. 653, 62 S.Ct. 102, 86 L.Ed. 524; Deighan v. Beverage Retailer Weekly & Trade Newspaper Corp., 16 A.2d 612, 613-614, 18 N.J.Misc. 705; Reed v. Real Detective Pub. Co., 63 Ariz. 294, 162 P.2d 133, 139-140; Whitaker v. MacFadden Publications, Inc., 70 App.D.C. 165, 105 F.2d 44-45; Cannon v. Time, Inc., 4 Cir., *171 115 F.2d 423, 425-426; Putnam v. Triangle Publications, Inc., 245 N.C. 432, 96 S.E.2d 445, 450-454.

Moreover, there is no legal basis for holding the editor defendants personally liable on the theory that they transacted any business in Illinois. Plaintiff does not even suggest a basis for such a holdlng‘

On the other hand, our recent case of National Gas Appliance Corp. v. AB Electrolux, 7 Cir., 270 F.2d 472, affords an example of what amounts to “the transaction of any business within this State.”

. ,, . , [5] 3. Also relying on this language in § 17(1) (b): “The commission of a tortious act within this State”, plaintiff maintains that the—

“several defendants published the libelous article in Illinois by virtue of the sales by them of their respective newspapers to their respective lili-nois subscribers, including the wholesalers and newsstands. We need not be concerned at this time with what those subscribers did with the newspapers after they received them in the mails, since upon receipt in Illinois, the several libels were complete so far as this state is concerned. Therefore, while it is true that not all of the tortious acts complained of occurred in Illinois, since publication of each newspaper also occurred elsewhere, this state is nevertheless the situs of a significant portion and, moreover, is the most significant situs of injury in view of plaintiff s residence here.”

Upon the same facts which we have found inadequate to prove defendants transacted any business within Illinois, plaintiff now asks us to hold that all of the defendants committed a tortious act there. 2 None of the defendants either personally or through an agent was present in Illinois. Cf. Nelson v. Miller, 11 Ill.2d 378, 393, 143 N.E.2d 673, 681.

„ . ... ,. Plaintiff argues that each publication 0f the Lucey article is a separate tort and the subject of a separate cause of action” and also that “it is well settled that the place of wrong, or the place where the last event necessary to make the defendant liable in tort occurs, is ‘where the defamatory statement is eom-municated’, and not the place ‘from which the offending material is sent or where it originates.’ ” He adds that the “several torts were nonetheless committed when the newspapers were received in Illinois after having been mailed by the deferí6«n»

In substance, plaintiff argues that the appearance of defendants’ papers in Illin0^s the “last event necessary to make the defendant liable in tort”. That this *s a mistaken conclusion is established by Illinois law. In Winrod v. Time, Inc., 334 Ill.App. 59, 65-72, 78 N.E.2d 708, 710-714, leave to appeal denied 336 111. App. xiv, it was held that in cases of multi-state circulation of periodicals the cause of action for libel is absolutely compíete at the time of first publication; subsequent appearances or distributions °t the periodicals are of no consequence whatsoever to the creation or existence °t the^ cause of action but are only relevant in computing damages.2 3 *To the same effect was our holding in Winrod v. MacFadden Publications, Inc., 7 Cir., 187 F.2d 180, 182, certiorari denied 342 U.S. 814, 72 S.Ct. 28, 96 L.Ed. 616.

It f0ii0WS that the facts in this record show no tortious act committed within Illinois and hence jurisdiction under § 17 (1) (b) could not attach. Of course, plaintiff would have had a right to sue in the states where the libel was published, a right of which he took advantage when he sued one of the defendants herein in the federal district court at *172 Memphis, Tennessee as hereinbefore referred to.

For the reasons stated, the judgment of the district court is affirmed.

Affii’inpii

. Corporate Defendant Editor Defendant Newspaper

New York World- ’ Th¡~NCT¡T York World-

Telegram Corporation Roy W. Howard Telegram and The Sun

Memphis Publishing The Memphis Press-

Company Edward J. Moeman Scimitar

E. W. Seripps Company Louis B. Seltzer The Cleveland Press

Indianapolis Times The Indianapolis

Publishing Company Walter Leckrone Times

E. W. Seripps Company Dick Thornburg The Cincinnati Post

Herald-Post Publishing The El Paso

Company Edward M. Pooley Herald-Post

Knoxville News-Sentinel The Knoxville News

Publishing Company Loye W. Miller Sentinel

Pittsburgh Press

Company Weldman W. Forster The Pittsburgh Press

New Mexico State The Albuquerque

Tribune Company Dan Burroughs Tribune

. Cf. Putnam v. Triangle Publications, Inc., 245 N.C. 432, 96 S.E.2d 445, 454.

. On oral argument Winrod v. Time, Inc. was said to be limited to the defense of the statute of limitations. An inspeetion of that decision reveals that the rationale of that case is directed .-.t a multiplicity of suits, as well as suits barred by the statute of limitations.