256 Mass. 519 | Mass. | 1926
This is a suit in equity by trustees holding property under an indenture of trust, asking for instructions as to their duty respecting certain excise taxes claimed by the Commonwealth. In 1905, 1906, and 1907, Peter C. Brooks transferred to the plaintiffs or their predecessors property of considerable value upon enumerated trusts in substance as follows, so far as here material: (1) To pay the income to Brooks during his life or to allow it to accumulate at his option. (2) After the death of himself and his wife to pay the income in equal shares to his children, Mrs. Saltonstall and Lawrence Brooks upon spendthrift trust provisions as to each child, (modified by later amendment so as to give to the trustees in addition discretionary power to apply the share of the son for his benefit, or to pay it to guardians, or to accumulate it). (3) After the death of each
At the times of the transfers of property to the trustees in 1905, 1906, and 1907, there was no statute imposing an inheritance tax upon property passing to children. The point to be decided is whether the shares of the children of Brooks under the trust are subject to an excise to be assessed as of the date of his death. The interest which the daughter took under the trust instrument was not an absolute right to the designated share of the income with the power of alienating it in advance, but only the right to receive that share of income, which became her absolute property only upon payment to her, and not before. Broadway National Bank v. Adams, 133 Mass. 170, 173. Boston Safe Deposit & Trust Co. v. Collier, 222 Mass. 390. Haskell v. Haskell, 234 Mass. 442. The interest which the son took was more attenuated because, in addition to the spendthrift trust, discretion was validly vested in the trustees to make expenditures themselves for his benefit and withhold the balance of income and add it to the principal. Foster v. Foster, 133 Mass. 179. Brown v. Lumbert, 221 Mass. 419. Wright v. Blinn, 225 Mass. 146.
The governing statutes are as follows: St. 1916, c. 268, § 1, amending the preexisting general excise tax law on successions, St. 1909, c. 490, Part IV, § 1, so as to read in its parts material to the case at bar, in these words: "All property within the jurisdiction of the Commonwealth, corporeal or incorporeal, and any interest therein, belonging to in
All these statutes are in substance, when not in these exact words, entitled, “Taxation of legacies and successions.” Their words make plain the legislative purpose to impose the excise on whatever rightly may be termed a “succession” coming within the specific statutory description. “Succession,” as that word is used in the statute, has been said in numerous decisions to include the privilege enjoyed by the beneficiary of succeeding to the possession and enjoyment of property. In Attorney General v. Stone, 209 Mass. 186, at 190, occur these words: “This is an excise tax, imposed not only upon the right of the owner of property to transmit it after his death, but also upon the privilege of his beneficiaries to succeed to the property thus dealt with. Minot v. Winthrop, 162 Mass. 113, 124; Crocker v. Shaw, 174 Mass. 266, 267. The privilege is not fully exercised until the property shall have come into the possession of the beneficiary. This rule underlies the reasoning of Minot v. Treasurer & Receiver General, 207 Mass. 588. And see the cases there cited. Until the full exercise of such privilege and while as yet no tax has been assessed and paid, thereon, we see no reason why, by a general rule applicable to all such cases, any pending liability to taxation may not be regulated so as to subject it to a just and uniform method of assessment, even though some change may thereby be made from the method previously adopted.” In Burnham v. Treasurer & Receiver General, 212 Mass. 165, at 167, an excise was upheld “as a tax levied upon the privilege exercised by the
The terms of the trust instrument as to change and termination of the several trusts by Brooks and one trustee include in substance and effect a power of appointment within the meaning of St. 1909, c. 527, § 8. See now G. L. c. 65, § 2. Minot v. Paine, 230 Mass. 514, 521, 522. The partial failure by Mr. Brooks, the one named individual whose affirmative action was essential under the trust instrument, to exercise such reserved power, falls within the descriptive words of said § 8 and contributes to, if it does not cause, the coming into possession and enjoyment of the property by the daughter and son as beneficiaries. This power cannot possibly be exercised after the death of Brooks. Hence the property, subject to such power and thus passing to the possession and enjoyment of the daughter and son as beneficiaries, becomes liable to the excise as of the date of the death of Mr. Brooks. Crocker v. Shaw, 174 Mass. 266. Minot v. Treasurer & Receiver General, supra. Burnham v. Treasurer & Receiver General, supra.
It is the plain import of these statutes in their collective force and effect to subject to the excise tax the interests of
A strong argument in behalf of the beneficiaries has been based on the circumstance that their interests to some extent came into being before the enactment of the first succession tax on interests of lineal descendants, and that upon strict and technical analysis subsequent statutes did not include them. Without pausing to examine this argument in detail, the present statutes cannot be rightly interpreted to exclude their interests, such as they are, from the excise.
It is assumed that an excise cannot be levied upon the mere possession or enjoyment of property. Opinion of the Justices, 208 Mass. 616, 618, 619. Opinion of the Justices, 220 Mass. 613. Perkins v. Westwood, 226 Mass. 268. That is not the aim or effect of the statute here in question. It imposes an excise upon succession to property and upon an interest in property accruing at a stated time as part of succession to property. Such succession comprehends as an essential part possession and enjoyment under the circumstances specified. Since the excise may be levied upon the commodity known as succession, it may validly be imposed so long as any part of that commodity remains in existence. Magee v. Commissioner of Corporations & Taxation, supra. The New York decisions like Matter of Pell, 171 N. Y. 48, in re Lansing, 182 N. Y. 238, and Matter of Chapman, 196 N. Y. 561, as was said in 209 Mass. at page 192, “have not commanded assent in this court.”
It follows from what has been said respecting the meaning of “commodity,” “succession,” “passing” and “accruing,” as used in the Constitution and laws of Massachusetts, according «to their interpretation by decisions of this court, that there is no violation of the Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution of the United States in the excise here in question. This point seems to us to be settled by several decisions of the United States Supreme Court. Carpenter v. Pennsyl
We are unable to perceive anything in Schlesinger v. Wisconsin, 270 U. S. 230, inconsistent with the result we feel obliged to reach. The facts were different and the succession or gift there sought to be taxed was held to have come to a complete end before the imposition of the tax. The same may be said of Frew v. Bowers, recently decided by the Circuit Court of Appeals of the Second Circuit, 12 Fed. Rep. (2d) 625.
There is nothing in Welch v. Treasurer & Receiver General, 217 Mass. 348, at variance with this conclusion because the controlling statute there was different from the present statutes. By intervening enactments the Legislature has manifested a purpose to extend the sweep of the succession excise.
The nature of the excise here in question being an excise upon that part of the commodity of succession which consists of the vesting of the property in possession and enjoyment in the daughter and son, upon the death of Mr. Brooks, a vesting which arose from his failure or omission to participate in the exercise of the right of appointment reserved to him in the trust instrument to change its beneficiaries, renders inapplicable the argument in behalf of the daughter and son to the effect that the excise is in contravention of the Fourteenth Amendment as a taking of property without due process of law. The same is true of their argument that the excise impairs the obligation of any contract involved in the trust instrument.
The commodity upon which this excise is laid is within the jurisdiction of this Commonwealth. Brooks, Mrs. Brooks, their daughter and son all were residents of Massachusetts. All the cash and securities of the trust have been kept in Massachusetts and the trust always has been managed here. The legal title to all the property is in the trustees. It is the finding of the single justice that it is the
Decree is to be entered instructing the trustees that the respective interests of the daughter and son of Brooks as of January 27, 1920, are subject to an excise under the Massachusetts law on their respective values on that date. The details are to be fixed by a single justice.
Ordered accordingly.