| NY | Oct 3, 1899
Benjamin Slade, deceased, the father of Benjamin J. Slade, the defendant, the ancestor in title of the parties, died in 1875, seized of two farms located in the county of Saratoga, and leaving him surviving a widow and seven children, three sons and four daughters. He left a last will and testament, which was admitted to probate; its material portions read as follows:
First. (Provides for payment of debts.)
"Second. I give and bequeath unto my beloved wife Angeline *284 all my household furniture of every name and kind, together with the use and occupation of the house in which I now reside with the lot of land adjoining" (describing it) "for and during her natural life, or so long as she remains my widow, afterwards to be divided among my children as hereinafter provided.
"Third. I give, devise and bequeath unto my children, Sarah A., Benjamin J., Jane F., Catharine A., John D., Anna M. and Fayette, all the rest, residue and remainder of my estate, real and personal, to be divided equally between them, share and share alike, to have and to hold to them, their heirs and assigns forever, except that the shares to my daughters, Sarah A., Jane F., Catharine A. and Anna M., aforesaid, shall remain and be held by my said executors hereinafter named in trust for them during the natural life of each of them, the use, income and interest arising therefrom to be paid semi-annually to each of them, and upon the decease of either the share belonging to the one so dying to be paid to her children, and except further that the balance of the home farm on which I now reside, the use and occupation of which has not been given to my said wife, shall not be sold or divided up during her natural life, or so long as she remains my widow, but shall be held by and remain in charge of my executors and be by them managed for the best interest of my estate, and out of the rents, profits and income of the same I order and direct them to pay unto my said wife, so long as she remains my widow, an annuity of two hundred dollars in quarterly payments from my decease.
"Lastly. I do hereby nominate, constitute and appoint my son, Benjamin J. Slade, and my son-in-law, Nathan P. Gates, Executors of this, my last Will and Testament, hereby revoking all former wills by me made."
The widow survived but three years, dying in 1878. In 1879 an action for partition of the premises involved was brought by the defendant herein, Benjamin J. Slade, to which all of the seven children of his father, Benjamin Slade, deceased, were made parties and also Nathan P. Gates, who *285 with the defendant, Benjamin J. Slade, were testamentary trustees under the will of Benjamin Slade.
That action duly proceeded to final judgment and sale, and the defendant herein, Benjamin J. Slade, became the purchaser in January, 1880. The sons of Benjamin Slade and their grantees received their share of the proceeds of the sale in money.
The shares of the daughters were held in trust by the trustees, and the daughters have received, and the surviving three are receiving, the income of their respective shares.
For fourteen years this judgment in partition had stood at the time this action was begun, and none of the three sons, four daughters, or husbands of the latter had ever challenged its correctness, or the sale under it.
The plaintiff in the present action is the son of Jane F., one of the daughters of Benjamin Slade, who died December 24th, 1893. This action was begun May 1st, 1894, the plaintiff then being thirty-three years of age and he having for more than ten years after attaining his majority refrained from attacking the judgment in the original partition suit.
After the death of his mother, who for years had received the benefits of the original judgment, the plaintiff began this action, claiming that he and his three brothers were remaindermen of the one-seventh of Benjamin Slade's estate, subject to the devise in trust to the executors for the life of his mother; that the trust ceased at her death and that his share of the estate, one-twenty-eighth, vested in him in fee and possession under the will, as he had not been made a party to the original partition suit in 1879 and was not bound by the judgment entered therein.
The court below has sustained this position of the plaintiff and certified to us the single question: "Whether at the time of the commencement of this action the plaintiff had any estate in the lands described in the complaint?"
The respondents' counsel admits in his brief that this question involves only a construction of the will of Benjamin Slade, but, nevertheless, insists that the answer of the appealing *286 defendant admits plaintiff's title, and that this court will not consider the abstract question growing out of the provisions of the will which is the common source of title. The respondents' counsel further states in his brief that while the Appellate Division decided the case in favor of the respondents without going into the question as to the sufficiency of the pleadings, yet that question was raised by the briefs of counsel in the court below and was properly before it, and would have been sufficient to authorize an affirmance of the judgment had it not chosen to decide the question upon the merits.
As the question certified lies at the foundation of this action, was alone considered by the Appellate Division in its opinion, and is submitted to us, we are called upon to answer it.
We are asked to determine the status of plaintiff "at the time of the commencement of this action," and our sole duty is to construe the will of Benjamin Slade.
That instrument is not lengthy, and the principles controlling its construction are well settled. A careful examination of the provisions of the will is necessary to ascertain the intention of the testator and the testamentary scheme he had in mind.
In the second subdivision thereof he devises to the widow the use and occupation of the house in which he resided and the lot of land adjoining, for and during her natural life, or so long as she remained his widow, and "afterwards" this real estate was to be divided "among my children as hereinafter provided." The third subdivision of the will supplements these provisions for the widow by providing that the real estate devoted to her use "shall not be sold or divided up during her natural life, or so long as she remains my widow, but shall be held by and remain in charge of my executors and be by them managed for the best interest of my estate, and out of the rents, profits and income of the same I order and direct them to pay unto my said wife, so long as she remains my widow, an annuity of two hundred dollars in quarterly payments from my decease."
The remainder of the third subdivision, being the first part *287 thereof, discloses the balance of testator's scheme, and it reads as follows: "I give, devise and bequeath unto my children" (naming three sons and four daughters), "all the rest, residue and remainder of my estate, real and personal, to be divided equally between them, share and share alike, to have and to hold to them, their heirs and assigns forever, except that the shares to my daughters" (naming the four) "aforesaid, shall remain and be held by my said executors hereinafter named in trust for them, during the natural life of each of them, the use, income and interest arising therefrom to be paid semi-annually to each of them, and upon the decease of either, the share belonging to the one so dying to be paid to her children * * *." Then follow the provisions, already quoted, forbidding the sale of the real estate devoted to the use of the widow.
This is the entire will, and the first question we have to consider is, what was the intention of the testator, the scheme he had in mind?
The next question is to determine whether the scheme so disclosed is legal?
The central idea of the testator is that to his three sons he will give each one-seventh of his estate absolutely, with immediate possession and enjoyment of their portion, but the shares of the four daughters were to be held in trust during their respective lives, they receiving "the use, income and interest," and as each life estate fell in that share was "to be paid to her children." Passing for a moment the real estate devoted to the use of the widow, we have an estate consisting largely of realty, which must be divided into seven shares, three of which are to be paid over to the sons at once and four of which pass into as many distinct trusts for life, that will in all human probability continue for many years, and the principal of each will be payable at different times. We then have the restriction imposed upon the executors and trustees that they must not sell "or divide up" the real estate devoted to the use of the widow during her life or widowhood. It seems too clear to require argument that the provisions for the *288 children raise of necessity an implied trust to sell, and that the restriction as to selling and "dividing up" the real estate to be used by the widow during her life or widowhood, show that the testator meant that it should be sold and "divided up" after the period named, as the rest of his estate had been. It was impossible for the executors and trustees to carry out the provisions of this will without selling the property.
Furthermore, as already pointed out, the principal of the daughters' trusts might be payable to their children, respectively, at periods many years apart. We have here real property consisting of two farms that is found to be incapable of actual partition.
We pass then from the intention of the testator to the question whether his scheme, so clearly disclosed on the face of his will, is legal.
The validity of the trusts in favor of the daughters cannot be successfully attacked. We have here valid express trusts "to receive the rents and profits and apply them to the use of" the testator's daughters, and "to sell the lands for the benefit of legatees." (1 R.S. 728, § 55, subd. 2 and 3.)
As already suggested, the language and general scheme of this will raise an implied and imperative power of sale in order to carry out its provisions. This being so, there was an equitable conversion of the real estate into personalty. (Delafield v.Barlow,
The foregoing cases deal either with an express or implied power to sell and the doctrine of equitable conversion.
It has been remarked that "precedents are not very valuable where the decision must be based on the peculiar phraseology of the entire will" (
Chancellor KENT laid down the rule as follows: "No formal set of words is requisite to create or reserve a power. It is sufficient that the intention be clearly declared." (4 Kent's Com. 352, marg. p. 319.)
The statute provides: "Every trust power, unless its execution or non-execution is made expressly to depend on the will of the grantee, is imperative, and imposes a duty on the grantee, the performance of which may be compelled in equity, for the benefit of the parties interested." (1 R.S. 734, § 96.)
The language of ANDREWS, Ch. J., in Lent v. Howard (
This general principle is clearly established by the authorities, that the power of sale need not be express, but may be implied when it is evident from an examination of the entire will that otherwise the testamentary scheme would be defeated.
Having examined the scheme of the will, the intention of the testator and the legal principles that work out an imperative power of sale and an equitable conversion, it remains to consider whether these were estates in remainder in the real estate under the daughters' trusts which vested at the testator's death, thereby making this plaintiff a necessary party to the original partition suit?
It is difficult to lay down a hard and fast rule in cases of this kind. We have on the one hand the general principle that where the gift is absolute, and the time of payment only postponed, time, not being of the substance of the gift, but relating only to the payment, does not suspend the gift, but *290 merely defers the payment. On the other hand, we have a class of cases, which is illustrated by the case at bar, where the entirecorpus of the estate is not bequeathed and devised to remaindermen, subject to life estates in trust, whose beneficiaries receive the income and rents, but on the contrary the corpus of the estate is to be divided into seven shares, three of which are disposed of absolutely and at once and four of which may be held in four distinct trusts for many years, subject to life estates falling in at different times.
This court held in a recent case (Matter of Brown,
That case was squarely within the statutory definition of vested estates, viz.: "They are vested, when there is a person in being, who would have an immediate right to the possession of the lands, upon the ceasing of the intermediate or precedent estate." (1 R.S. 723, § 13.) In the case at bar the remaindermen were not entitled to the possession of the land upon the ceasing of the intermediate or precedent estate.
At the moment of testator's death, in legal contemplation, the land became personalty, and when actual sale was made the three sons took a seventh each of the proceeds absolutely, and each of the four daughters was a beneficiary under a trust for life having for its principal one-seventh of the said proceeds, and the remaindermen under each of these four trusts were respectively vested with the right to receive the principal of the trust on the falling in of the life estate. The naked fee of the land, as it could not remain in suspension, was vested in the trustee and testator's three sons for the purpose of carrying out in fact that conversion which the law already regarded as equitably accomplished. The real estate, as such, could not be dealt with for any other purpose.
The statute provides as to the trustee's title that "every express trust, valid, as such, in its creation, * * * shall vest the whole estate in the trustees, in law and in equity, subject *291 only to the execution of the trust. The persons for whose benefit the trust is created shall take no estate or interest in the lands, but may enforce the performance of the trust in equity." (1 R.S. 729, § 60.)
It, therefore, follows that the plaintiff was neither a necessary nor proper party to the original partition action, nor can he maintain the present suit.
It may be observed, in conclusion, that in one, at least, of the briefs submitted for the respondents, it is argued that for various reasons the appellant acquired no title against the respondents by the partition action of 1879, which resulted in a sale in 1880.
The power of Benjamin J. Slade to institute the action and the right to bid in the premises at the sale are both challenged. The learned counsel for the appellants has fully replied to these points in his brief, but the specific question certified to us for answer does not permit us to examine into the regularity of the first partition action and the proceedings under it.
We answer the question certified in the negative.
The judgment appealed from should be reversed and the complaint dismissed, with costs as to the appealing defendants in all the courts.
All concur, except GRAY and O'BRIEN, JJ., not voting.
Judgment reversed, etc.