Salamone v. Keiley

| Va. | Jan 15, 1885

Richardson, J.',

delivered the opinion of the court.

Here we have the ease of a married woman, the owner of separate estate — a lot on one of the principal streets in a populous city — who, in excavating on her property with the Hew of building tliereon, did her work with such careless and reckless indifference to the rights of the owner of the adjoining lot as to cause the wall of the house thereon to fall, and finally to cause said house to become uninhabitable and useless. The person thus guilty of gross negligence, resulting in serious injury to the adjacent lot owner, being a married woman, is not amenable to an action at law. Nor is the case aided in this respect by the statute commonly known as the “married woman’s act,” passed April 4th, 1877, and amended by the act of March 14th, 1878, Acts 1876-N7, pages 333-4, and 1877-’78, pages 247-8, inasmuch as the separate estate here in (question was acquired long prior to the passage of said act, which only makes the real and personal property of any female who shall thereafter many, and which she shall own at the time of her marriage, and the rents, issues and profits thereof, and any property, real or personal, acquired by a married woman as a separate and sole trader (which may, in Virginia, be said to be an unknown quantity), her separate and sole property, with the power to contract in relation thereto, or for the disposal thereof, and not subject, to her husband’s disposal or liable for his debts; and confers upon her the right to sue, and makes her liable to be sued in respect of her contracts in relation thereto, &c., &c.; and in other respects said act only applies to real or personal estate thereafter acquired by a married woman, and therefore has no application to this case. In short, the act in question, except in the respect that it confers upon married women the right to sue, and makes them liable to be sued at law, or on contracts in relation to and for the disposal of her separate property, and on contracts made by her as a sole trader, confers no power and imposes no liability upon the persons embraced thereby, which did not attach to Mrs. Barratta independently thereof, or by virtue of the express terms of the settlement upon her.

The question, then, to which this court must respond, is, “ Docs tlic bill disclose a ease proper for the intervention of a court of equity ? ”

In the consideration of this question, it is important to bear in mind that among the great objects for which government is instituted and laws pronmlgated must be reckoned the protection of the citizen in the lawful acquisition, use and enjoyment of property. "While the ownership of property is intended to confer comfort, independence and happiness, there are, in every well-organized society, grave responsibilities incident to such ownership and use. No person having the absolute ownership and control of property can rightfully claim exemption from responsibility for such careless or willful misuse of his or her property as results in inpuy to others. All alike must answer in damages for the tortious use, as all are alike protected in the rightful enjoyment of property. If this be not so, then the boast of the law, that u there can be no right without a remedy,” is but hollow mockery.

Tested by these principles, how stands the case under consideration ? By reason of the legal unity incident to the marriage relation, Mrs. Barratta, a married woman, cannot be sued at law. She is, in the eye of the common law, not a person sui juris, though, in equity, she null in respect-to her separate estate be so treated; not that she can bind herself by contract, except as to her separate estate, any more than at law, but that she is in equity treated as a person sui juris, and may by her acts chai’ge her separate estate, and thus the boast of the maxim above referred to may be vindicated.

Where the facts are, as the master’s report in this case ascertains them to be, the right of the party thus injured to recover compensation in damages, by proper proceedings in the proper forum, is settled by the decision of this court in the case of Stevenson v. Wallace, 27 Gratt. 77, which decision is certainly well-founded, in so far as it fixes liability in damages upon one who, in improving on his own property, is guilty of gross negligence and want of skill, resulting in injury to tlie adjacent land owner.

In tlie case in hand, the defendants did not demur to the plaintiff's bill. Tlie chancery court proceeded in tlie adjudication of the controversy raised by tlie bill and tlie answers thereto, by the aid of the inquiries made at its instance by its commissioner and duly reported, overruling tlie defendant’s exception to the report which established the plaintiff’s claim, not only to the compensation asked for on account of the injury done him in the destruction of his building, in consequence of the acts done by the trustee and the cestui <¡ae trust in tlieir undertaking to improve the trust property, but also to subject that trust property to sale for tlie satisfaction of that claim. And then, as if upon an afterthought, on the fling of the petition for the rehearing and reversal of its decree, changed its view of the case in tofo, concluded that all its proceedings theretofore had been without authority and were void, and dismissed the bill with costs to the defendants, upon the sole ground that though the facts were as alleged and the plaintiff had received injury in the manner and under the circumstances stated, yet a court, of equity had no jurisdiction to afford him any relief in the premises.

Whilst it is settled, as was contended at bar by counsel for the appellee, that if a bill does not state a case proper for relief in equity, the court will dismiss it at the hearing, though no objection has been taken to the jurisdiction by the defendant in his pleadings (see Hudson v. Kline, 9 Gratt. 379" court="Va." date_filed="1852-07-15" href="https://app.midpage.ai/document/hudson-v-kline-8481454?utm_source=webapp" opinion_id="8481454">9 Gratt. 379; Berkley v. Buhner, 11 Gratt. 625" court="Va." date_filed="1854-07-15" href="https://app.midpage.ai/document/beckley-v-palmer-8481503?utm_source=webapp" opinion_id="8481503">11 Gratt. 625; Green Suttle v. Blussie, 21 Gratt. 356; 1 Barton’s Chy. Pr. 252); on the other hand it is contended by counsel for the appellant that though on its face the bill may not state a case proper for equity jurisdiction, yet if the defendant has failed to demur, the court must, at the hearing, consider not only whether or not the bill alone makes such a case, hut also whether or not the bill, aided by the answer .and the proofs taken altogether, make such a case, and the decision of this court, in Ambler v. Wanrick f Co., 1 Leigh 196, certainly sustains this position. There the majority of the judges united in saying, in substance, that “if the hill do not present a case for the jurisdiction of the court, and other matters appear in the progress of the cause which supply the defect, the defendant, not having demurred to the hill, cannot object- to the jurisdiction at the hearing, as, if the hill was for an account, without showing that the amounts were of such a character as to give jurisdiction, and that appeared from the answer or the proof.” Other illustrations might be given — as where plaintiff avers that he sold and conveyed land to defendant, and has on it a lien for the unpaid purchase-money, which amounts to a given suin', and the defendant, declining to demur, answers and denies that the unpaid purchase-money amounts to the sum claimed in the hill, hut only to, say, one-lialf of that sum; and at the hearing the conveyance is produced in evidence, and on its face shows a lien retained for a sum therein mentioned. The bill would have been demurrable for failing to state that the lien was reserved by the conveyance; hut surely the pleadings and the proof, all taken together, would show a case fit for equity jurisdiction.

This view is countenanced by the case of Green Suttle v. Massie, supra, where it was held that, “if at the hearing of a cause the case made upon the pleadings ami the proofs is one of which a court of equity has no jurisdiction the bill should be dismissed,” thus indicating that the court considered that, there being no demurrer, a defective bill may be supplemented by the answer and the evidence.

In the ease at bar it is not pretended that the answer itself aided the bill, hut that the suit of Marable & Lansey against the trustee, the boneiiciary and her husband, and Salamone, for the purpose of enforcing the mechanic’s lien for the unpaid price of the work done in making the very improvement of the trust property, in the making of which the injury to the adjacent property of the appellant arose, tends strongly in that direction. In their bill, Marable & Dansey set out Salamone’s lis pendens for Ms claim against the trust property, and assert the superiority of tlieir lien over it. In their answers, the trustee and the cestui que trust set up their claim to an equitable set-off against Marable & Dansey’s lien, on account of the defective work and negligence, whereby their liability to Salamone arose. Certainly the chancery court had jurisdiction to hear and determine the case made by the bill of Marable & Dansey, and also the counter ease made by the answers of the trustee and cestui que trust, and to pass upon the priorities between Marable & Dansey and Salamone, and therefore, incidentally, upon the claim of the latter, and to prevent circuity and multiplicity of actions, and thus put an end to litigation.

Appreciating this ground of jurisdiction, said chancery court heard the two causes together; and even after rehearing and reversing the decree of 19th January, 1882, and dismissing Salamone’s bill, directed $1,000 of the proceeds of the sale of the trust property to be retained to meet the claim of Salamone in case of an ultimate decision in his favor. "We incline to the opinion, in view of the character of the record of Marable & Dansey, heard together with this case, that the circumstances presented are entitled to much consideration as tending at least to show that at the hearing the pleadings and the proofs, taken together, did present a case proper for the jurisdiction of a court of equity. But we deem it unnecessary to decide this point, in view of the fact that upon full consideration of the main question, we are satisfied that the plaintiff’s bill presents independently thereof a proper case for equitable jurisdiction and relief.

The grounds of such jurisdiction are two : First. The case involves the liability of a trustee, clothed with the legal title, and also of the trust subject for his acts as such trustee, done in managing and improving the trust property. Second. It also involves the liability of a married woman and her separate estate for her engagements, growing out of her undertaking to improve that separate estate. Both are sources of original equitable jurisdiction, and certainly none the less so when the same facts involve both of said grounds.

On the part of the appellees, the defendants below, it is contended that the claim of the appellant, the plaintiff below, is one of tort-, and not of contract. Were it, as thus curtly stated, a claim founded on a mere willful tort, it might be true as contended, that the proper remedy would be by action at law. But that view is much too superficial, and falls far short of the real demands of the situation.

Just here a very brief summary of the tacts will be useful. Here is one acting as trustee in conjunction with the cestui que trust, a married woman, in an undertaking to improve the trust property, her separate estate. In so acting, they take away the recognized legal right of an adjoining land owner to have the support of \he adjacent and subjacent soil of the trust property, and in depriving him of which they do him an injury. When they undertook such improvement of their property, they impliedly engaged to answer for such liability as in such case the law imposes. It became then and there their legal duty to use proper care and skill; and by implication, they engaged to he responsible for the consequences of their want of care and skill. ' Whenever the law imposes on one undertaking certain acts a duty, such person engages, impliedly, to perform that duty or else be responsible in damages for default, if injury thereby results to another. The failure to perform that duty may be called a “tort,” but it is certainly a tort growing out of the breach of the implied contract which the law raises in such a case, and such a tort as, in the usual phrase of legal proceeding, may he waived, and an action at law maintained, as for a breach of assumpsit. 1 Addison on Torts, 17-23; 2 Ib. 1101; 2 Rob. Pr. (new), 692-3; 8 Ib. 439-10; 4 Ib. 619-20.

In the case at bar it cannot be assumed that the injury done the plaintiff* was a willful tort. A. M. Iveiley was not personally liable. Ilis act was as trustee, in managing and controlling tlie trust property, and the injury was the result of the failure of his employes to use the requisite care and skill, constituting a breach of his implied engagement to perform his duty as such trustee in the premises.

The fact that the cestui que trust had a husband, who might at common law have been suable for the injur}* to Salamone had it been a mere willful tort, unconnected with any express or implied agreement of the wife (see 1 Minor, 345), cannot alter her relations to the trust property, or impair the jurisdiction of equity to subject that property to liabilities created by the acts of herself and her trustee in their undertaking to improve it, since that jurisdiction arises, not from the absence alone of all jurisdiction at law, but from an original source. Net it is true that the husband, Angelo "Barratta, had no interest in or control over the trust property, and no participation in the scheme of improvement, as to all of which he was a mere cipher on the wrong side of the digit. And there can be, under the circumstances of this case, no sound reason of justice or law why he should be responsible, or why his possible responsibility, on merely technical rules, should oust a court of equity of its jurisdiction “to put the saddle on the right horse.” See 4 Minor, 1202.

“ Courts of equity,” says an eminent English writer, “ from their inherent jurisdiction, assumed f(om the beginning the exclusive control over trustees in the discharge of their duties, whether affecting real or personal estate.” Hill on Trustees, page 42.

In Huff v. Thrash, 75 Va. 548, Burks, J., delivering the opinion of this court, quotes, with approbation, the remark of Marshall, Chief Justice, in Foule v. Laurason, 5 Pet., 495" court="SCOTUS" date_filed="1831-01-22" href="https://app.midpage.ai/document/fowle-v-lawrasons-85747?utm_source=webapp" opinion_id="85747">5 Peters, 495, that “in all cases where a trustee is a party, the jurisdiction of a court of equity is undoubted.” From all text-writers and adjudications on the subject it may be gathered that, over every ease involving the liability of trustees as such and of trust estates, a court of equity lias jurisdiction.

In Zetelle v. Myers, 19 Gratt. 62" court="Va." date_filed="1869-01-15" href="https://app.midpage.ai/document/zetelle-v-myers-8481710?utm_source=webapp" opinion_id="8481710">19 Gratt. 62, Joynes, J., says: “It is a general rule that an action at law cannot be maintained against a trustee to recover money due from Mm in that character.” Nor can such action be maintained against him as such trustee to answer for any liability incurred by him solely in that capacity.

But, for the appellees, it is contended that it does not follow that, in every case in which a trustee is a party, a court of equity has jurisdiction; and Sheppards v. Turpin, 3 Gratt. 357; Armstrong v. Pitts, 13 Gratt. 235" court="Va." date_filed="1856-03-08" href="https://app.midpage.ai/document/armstrongs-admr-v-pitts-8481580?utm_source=webapp" opinion_id="8481580">13 Gratt. 235; and Markham v. Guerrant & Watkins, 4 Leigh, 279, are cited as authorities for the position. If it be only meant that where the trustee is improperly made a party, the mere act of maldng him such cannot afford grounds for equity jurisdiction, the position is undeniable, and is sustained by those cases. But in those cases it was expressly decided that the trustee was not a proper party; in other words, that the bills made no case against him.

In Sheppards v. Turpin, supra, Turpin held property under a a trust-deed. The Sheppards claimed that property against the trust-deed, and were in possession. The trust ivas not involved in that litigation. Turpin’s remedy was^at law.

In Armstrong v. Pitts, supra, a farm and slaves had been devised to trustees for the support of Joseph N. Armstrong and family during his life, with remainder over, with an express declaration that the property should in no way be liable for any of his then or subsequent debts or liabilities. He contracted debts for goods and medical services for his family. His creditors filed their bill against him and his wife, and the trustees, who had in no way contracted the debts. The court held, on the authority of Markham v. Guerrant & Watkins, supra (a very similar case), that no contract with the cestui pie trust, in such a case, would give his creditors a lien on the trust subject and a right to come into equity to subject it to the payment of their claims. The case is quite dissimilar to the case at bar, in which the acts of the trustee, in improving the trust property, created the liability on the trust property, and thereby involved it in a controversy properly cognizable in a court of equity.

As to the second ground of jurisdiction, it will be borne in mind that Mrs. Barratta, the cestui que trust, was a married woman, possessed of a separate estate with the unrestricted jus disponendi, with the power incident thereto of charging that estate with the payment of her liabilities, whether created by her express or by her implied engagements. And here a quotation from the case of Armstrong v. Pitts, supra, referred to and relied on by counsel for the appellees, seems appropriate. Moncure <T., in delivering the opinion in that case, on page 240, says: “The claim of the creditor against his debtor is generally in personam only. He can acquire a lien upon specific property only in some mode prescribed by law, or under some contract made for the purpose, or some trust created for his benefit. If his debtor be a feme covert, entitled to a separate estate, he can have no claim against her personally, because she is incapable in law of making a contract to bind herself personally, and can only bind her separate estate, as to which she is regarded in equity as a feme sole. All the contracts which she is authorized to make, under the settlement on her, are considered as made in reference to, and as binding upon, her separate estate. Her creditors, therefore, cannot sue her at law, but must go into equity in pursuit of that estate. But if the debtor be sui juris, the creditor cannot go to equity merely because a trust has been created for the benefit of the debtor.” And in Walters v. Farmers Bank of Virginia, 76 Va. 15, Staples J., in pronouncing the opinion of the court, said : “No judgment in personam can be rendered against a married woman for liabilities incurred during the coverture, and, therefore, a chancery court is the appropriate tribunal for the enforcement of the remedy against her.”

The adjudications of this court upon the powers and liabilities of married women as to their separate estates are numerous and too familiar to require citation or comment. Some of them are cited in the opinion of Burks J. in Bain Bro. r. Buff’s adm’r, 76 Va. 371" court="Va." date_filed="1882-04-06" href="https://app.midpage.ai/document/bain--bro-v-buffs-admr-6806920?utm_source=webapp" opinion_id="6806920">76 Va. 371. The doctrine taught by them, so far as applicable- to this case, is that, when a married woman possesses a separate estate of which she has thesis disponendi, and expressly or impliedly creates a liability, she is taken to hare charged that estate with the satisfaction thereof, and the appropriate tribunal for the remedy is a court of equity.

For the appellees it has been strenuously urged that Mrs. Barratta made no engagement to answer for any liability to Salamono which she might incur in her undertaking to improve her lot. Expressly she did not, though she did notify him of her determination to improve her lot. But when she embarked on that enterprise, she impliedly engaged to do the duty which the laAv imposed on her in such a case, namely — to use due care and skill, and to answer for all liability resulting from her default. Had she been siti juris, there could have been no question as to the implied engagement, and her liability for the injury to Salamone’s property, and her amenability therefor at law. In equity, however, quoad her separate estate, she is sai juris. By her default in not using due care and skill in improving her separate estate, she impliedly charged that estate with her liability, and that estate may be pursued in equity for the satisfaction of that liability.

"Ye are, therefore, of opinion that the decree of the chancery court of the city of Iiichmond, dismissing the bill of the appellant, is erroneous, and must be reversed and annulled, with costs to the appellant, and a decree entered here providing for the payment to the appellant of the stun of $500, the amount of his damage as ascertained by the commissioner in his report, with interest thereon from the 30th of'August, 1880, until paid, out of the $1,000, part of the proceeds of sale of tbe trust property, which was directed by the decree of the court below, in the case of Marable & Dapsey, to be retained to satisfy this claim in the event of an ultimate decision in favor of Salamone.

Hinton J., dissented.

DECREE REVERSED.