245 S.E.2d 372 | N.C. Ct. App. | 1978
Flora L. SAINZ
v.
Anthony SAINZ.
Court of Appeals of North Carolina.
*374 Smith, Geimer & Glusman, by Kenneth Glusman, Fayetteville, for plaintiff.
Butler, High & Baer, by Keith L. Jarvis, Fayetteville, for defendant.
BROCK, Chief Judge.
As a preliminary matter, we note that the trial court purported to make findings of fact and conclusions of law in its order. The words of Judge Morris in a recent opinion are pertinent:
"At the outset we feel compelled again to point out that it is not a part of the function of the court on a motion for summary judgment to make findings of fact and conclusions of law.... Granted, in rare situations it can be helpful for the trial court to set out the undisputed facts which form the basis for his judgment. When that appears helpful or necessary, the court should let the judgment show that the facts set out therein are the undisputed facts. The judgment now before us does not so indicate. It does appear, however, that the material facts set out are not in dispute." Capps v. City of Raleigh, 35 N.C.App. 290, 292, 241 S.E.2d 527, 528-529 (1978).
Here, also, it appears that the material facts set out by the trial court are undisputed, and we thus proceed to dispose of the question of law raised by this appeal, namely, whether the trial court erred in refusing to recognize and adopt the New York decree of specific performance.
Plaintiff's express purpose in seeking the remedy of specific performance was to enable her to enforce the provisions of the separation agreement by civil contempt proceedings. She concedes that the relief sought would not be available to her in an action brought originally in the courts of this State. The enforcement of support payments provided in an extrajudicial separation agreement is accomplished as in the case of any other civil contract, i. e. through an action for breach of the contract seeking a judgment for sums due. Such an action, sounding in contract, is not enforceable by execution in personam in the form of imprisonment for civil contempt for non-compliance, by reason of the constitutional prohibition against imprisonment for debt. N.C.Const., Art. I, § 28; Stanley v. Stanley, 226 N.C. 129, 37 S.E.2d 118 (1946); Mitchell v. Mitchell, 270 N.C. 253, 154 S.E.2d 71 (1967). Based upon the above reasoning, this Court recently held that injunctive relief is not available to a plaintiff seeking to enforce support provisions of a separation agreement. Riddle v. Riddle, 32 N.C.App. 83, 230 S.E.2d 809 (1977). It follows, therefore, that the remedy of specific performance of a separation agreement contemplating enforcement by civil contempt proceedings is not available in this State.
This conclusion is not altered by the recent case of Levitch v. Levitch, N.C., 241 S.E.2d 506 (1978). In Levitch a judgment was issued granting defendant therein an absolute divorce and the provisions of a separation agreement between the parties was adopted by order of the district court directing payment of the amounts specified in the agreement. In such a case, the separation *375 agreement is superseded by a decree of the court which is enforceable by contempt proceedings. The distinction between enforcement of a mere extrajudicial contractual separation agreement and a decree of the court incorporating the provisions of a separation agreement into a judgment of divorce remains viable in this State.
Plaintiff contends, nevertheless, that the New York specific performance decree is entitled to recognition and enforcement in North Carolina by virtue of the full faith and credit clause of the U.S. Constitution. We disagree, and hold to the contrary.
Under the full faith and credit clause a valid judgment for the payment of money must, as a general rule, be recognized and enforced in a sister state. Restatement 2d, Conflict of Laws §§ 93 and 100 (1971). Likewise, a judgment in the nature of an equitable decree that orders the doing of an act is entitled to recognition to the same degree as another judgment. Id. § 102, Comment b. However, there is a distinction between recognition of a foreign judgment, on the one hand, and its enforcement, on the other hand, as noted in an introductory note preceding the above cited § 93:
"A foreign judgment is recognized, as the term is used in the Restatement of this Subject, when it is given the same effect that it has in the state where it was rendered with respect to the parties, the subject matter of the action and the issues involved. A foreign judgment is enforced when, in addition to being recognized, a party is given the affirmative relief to which the judgment entitles him."
Thus to the extent that the New York decree in the instant case adjudicated the rights and liabilities as between the parties, it is entitled to recognition by the courts of this State. However, the full faith and credit clause does not, in our opinion, require the court of this State to provide to plaintiff the remedy of specific performance enforceable by contempt proceedings which, apparently, is available in New York. The methods by which a judgment of another state is enforced are determined by the local law of the forum. Id. § 99. "... mere modes of execution provided by the laws of a state in which a judgment is rendered are not, by operation of the full faith and credit clause, obligatory upon the courts of another state in which the judgment is sought to be enforced...." Sistaire v. Sistaire, 218 U.S. 1, 26, 30 S. Ct. 682, 690, 54 L. Ed. 905, 914 (1910). As noted supra, execution in personam is not available to a party seeking enforcement of contractual support payments. "The full faith and credit clause does not operate to give a foreign judgment, so far as enforcement is concerned, any higher position than a domestic judgment." 46 Am.Jur.2d, Judgments, § 905, p. 1038.
Our decision does not leave the plaintiff without any remedy for enforcement of her rights under the separation agreement. An equitable decree for the payment of money is enforced in another state "just as a money judgment of a law court is enforced, by suit on the judgment." H. Goodrich, Handbook of the Conflict of Laws § 218, p. 411 (4th ed. E. Scoles 1964).
Thus we hold that the New York decree of specific performance is not entitled to compulsory enforcement in this State by virtue of the full faith and credit clause. Furthermore, the New York decree is not entitled to enforcement under principles of comity. Comity rests in the discretion of the courts of the state in which enforcement is sought. 16 Am.Jur.2d, Conflict of Laws, § 5. No state will enforce a foreign law contrary to its public policy. Id. § 6; Armstrong v. Best, 112 N.C. 59, 17 S.E. 14 (1893).
For the reasons set out, we affirm the judgment of the trial court denying full faith and credit to the New York specific performance decree. We note however that by its 19 December 1968 order, the New York court rendered summary judgment against defendant in the amount of $685.00. Plaintiff's motion in the action now before this Court sought enforcement *376 of the New York judgment. It appears that the trial court below failed to consider whether the New York money judgment was entitled to full faith and credit. Plaintiff is entitled to consideration of this question, and this case is remanded to the Superior Court, Cumberland County for further consideration of the New York decree insofar as it awards judgment for a sum certain in money.
Affirmed in part; remanded with instructions.
HEDRICK and MITCHELL, JJ., concur.