Matthew SACKS, M.D., and The Medical Oncology Group, P.A., Appellants v. Nancy NECAISE, Individually and on Behalf of the Wrongful Death Beneficiaries of Charles Freeman, Deceased Appellee.
No. 2006-CA-01068-COA.
Court of Appeals of Mississippi.
December 11, 2007.
Rehearing Denied April 15, 2008.
991 So. 2d 615
Certiorari Granted July 17, 2008. Certiorari Dismissed as Improvidently Granted September 25, 2008.
Robert W. Smith, Biloxi, attorney for appellee.
EN BANC.
LEE, P.J., for the Court.
FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
\u00b6 1. Charles Freeman was diagnosed with lung cancer in early 1998. At the time of his diagnosis, Freeman also suffered from diabetes, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, atherosclerotic vascular disease, and mild organic brain syndrome. Freeman began chemotherapy treatment by intravenous (IV) therapy on January 22, 1998, at The Medical Oncology Group, P.A. (MOG) in Gulfport, Mississippi under the supervision of Dr. Matthew Sacks.
\u00b6 2. Freeman‘s cancer was treated with Taxol, a highly toxic drug used in battling systemic cancer. His first treatment was relatively uneventful. On February 12, 1998, MOG‘s staff administered a second treatment. During this treatment, Freeman experienced pain, swelling, and discoloration to the arm that was being infused. Over the next several days, the skin on his arm began to peel off and the area became swollen to two or three times its normal size. The damage was characterized as a third degree chemical burn.
\u00b6 3. On August 19, 1998, Freeman filed a complaint in the Circuit Court of Hancock County alleging medical malpractice against Dr. Sacks and MOG. Freeman asserted in his complaint that MOG‘s staff and Dr. Sacks, through vicarious liability, were negligent in the administration of the chemotherapy agents. Dr. Sacks and MOG argued in response that Freeman‘s injuries were the result of an adverse drug reaction and not negligence on their part. Freeman died in January 1999 from causes unrelated to the arm injury, and his daughter, Nancy Necaise, was substituted as plaintiff. After a bench trial, the trial court found Dr. Sacks and MOG liable for injuries Freeman sustained in their care. The trial court awarded Necaise $217,334.36.
\u00b6 4. Dr. Sacks and MOG now appeal the decision of the trial court asserting the following issues: (1) the trial court erred when it ruled that Necaise met her burden of proof on all the elements of medical negligence, (2) the trial court erred when it denied Dr. Sacks‘s Daubert motion, (3) the trial court erred when it allowed Necaise‘s nursing expert to testify on issues of medical diagnosis and treatment outside the practice of nursing, (4) the trial court erred when it imputed vicarious liability to Dr. Sacks, (5) the trial court erred when it allowed Necaise to submit medical bills for treatment of pre-existing conditions unrelated to the claims in this matter, and (6) the judgment was based on clearly erroneous findings which are not supported by the record.
\u00b6 5. Finding no error, we affirm.
\u00b6 6. In reviewing the decision of a trial judge sitting without a jury, this Court may only reverse when the findings of the trial judge are manifestly wrong or clearly erroneous. Singley v. Smith, 844 So. 2d 448, 451(\u00b6 9) (Miss. 2003). A circuit judge sitting without a jury is accorded the same deference as a chancellor, his or her findings will not be overturned if supported by substantial evidence. Id. Additionally, when sitting as the finder of fact, the trial judge has the sole authority for determining the credibility of witnesses. Yarbrough v. Camphor, 645 So. 2d 867, 870 (Miss. 1994).
DISCUSSION
I. DID THE TRIAL COURT ERR IN FINDING THAT NECAISE MET HER BURDEN OF PROOF ON THE ELEMENTS OF MEDICAL NEGLIGENCE?
\u00b6 7. Dr. Sacks and MOG argue that Necaise failed to show the requisite standard of care applicable to Dr. Sacks through the testimony of a qualified medical expert and, thus, failed to prove all the elements of medical negligence.
\u00b6 8. To prevail on a claim of medical negligence, the plaintiff bears the burden of proof and must show the following four elements of negligence by a preponderance of the evidence: (1) the defendant had a duty to act in accordance with a standard of reasonable care so as to prevent injury to a foreseeable plaintiff; (2) the defendant failed to conform to the appropriate standard of care; (3) this breach proximately caused his injury; and (4) that he suffered actual harm or injury as a result of the defendant‘s negligent conduct. Lander v. Singing River Hosp. Sys., 933 So. 2d 1043, 1046(\u00b6 10) (Miss. Ct. App. 2006).
1. Reasonable standard of care
\u00b6 9. Dr. Sacks argues that the standard of care for the care of a chemotherapy patient by a doctor should have been articulated through the testimony of a medical doctor rather than a nurse. However, the issue in this case was not negligence on the part of Dr. Sacks but rather the negligence of MOG‘s staff. Nurse Jean Byrd, under the supervision of Dr. Sacks, administered the chemotherapy to Freeman on February 12. Dr. Sacks had a non-delegable duty to his patient to assure the medication he ordered was properly administered. Partin v. N. Miss. Med. Ctr., Inc., 929 So. 2d 924, 936(\u00b6 46) (Miss. Ct. App. 2005). If a doctor chooses to allow a nurse to perform a non-delegable duty, the doctor must accept responsibility if that duty is breached. Id. The trial court found Dr. Sacks vicariously liable for nursing neglect and, thus, there was no need to establish the standard of care for a medical doctor.
\u00b6 10. As for the requisite standard of nursing care, all the experts agreed that the appropriate standard of nursing care requires a drug to be immediately discontinued upon discovery of swelling, pain, and/or a change in skin color.
2. Failure to conform to the applicable standard of care
\u00b6 11. Pamela Jenner, a registered nurse with experience in administering chemotherapy, testified for Necaise. Jenner testified that Nurse Byrd did not conform to the applicable standard of care. Dr. Sacks and MOG argue that Jenner‘s testimony was unreliable and should have been excluded because it was based on unreliable assumptions and speculation.
\u00b6 12. Conflicting testimony was presented regarding how long the Taxol
\u00b6 13. Dr. Sacks and MOG next argue that the trial court should have relied on the testimony of their nursing expert, Annette Dove, in determining whether the standard of care was breached. They argue that Dove was more qualified than Jenner to testify because Dove was a certified oncology nurse and had personally administered the chemotherapy agents used on Freeman in his chemotherapy treatment. Jenner had never administered Taxol and had no experience with chemotherapy agents since around 1980. Dove‘s testimony was opposed to Jenner‘s testimony that successive administration of chemotherapy should be alternated between arms. Also, the nurses contradicted each other as to whether Freeman‘s vital signs were monitored and how often. However, when sitting as the finder of fact, the trial judge has the sole authority for determining the credibility of witnesses. Yarbrough, 645 So. 2d at 870. We cannot find that the trial judge abused his discretion in relying on one expert over the other.
3. Proximate cause
\u00b6 14. As for proximate causation, Dr. Sacks admitted in his deposition that Taxol caused the injury through an infiltration and that resulted in Freeman developing cellulitis and skin breakdown which necessitated multiple hospital stays. Also, he dictated on multiple occasions for hospital records that Freeman “had an infiltration of Taxol.” He also dictated that his impression of Freeman‘s arm was “[c]ellulitis from infiltration of Taxol.” In the hospital discharge summary he dictated that “Mr. Freeman was admitted to ECU [Extended Care Unit] with a diagnosis of cellulitis involving the left upper extremity secondary to Taxol.” In his testimony, Dr. Sacks agreed that it would be a breach of the nursing standard of care if the nurse continued to administer Taxol after being told that a patient‘s arm was swollen. In addition to his repeated admissions that infiltration occurred, Dr. Sacks told Freeman‘s family that he was responsible for the damage to Freeman‘s arm and to go ahead and do what they needed to do from a litigation standpoint. Despite the hospital records and deposition testimony admitting that an infiltration had occurred, Dr. Sacks testified at
\u00b6 15. Freeman was treated with Taxol four more times subsequent to the injury on February 12, 1998, with no adverse reaction. Dr. Michael Meshad, the defendants’ medical expert, agreed with Dr. Sacks that the damage to Freeman‘s arm was possibly caused by a hypersensitive reaction. However, on cross-examination, Dr. Meshad acknowledged that he had never seen such damage from a hypersensitive reaction to Taxol and that there was no medical literature to support a theory that such a reaction could cause such extensive tissue damage as was present in this case. Jenner also testified that she could not find support for a theory that a hypersensitive reaction could result in complete tissue destruction. Jenner did, however, cite literature that listed Taxol as a vesicant which by definition could cause tissue damage if leaked outside the vein.
\u00b6 16. The trial court chose not to accept the testimony of Dr. Meshad and Dr. Sacks on the issue of causation. The trial court specifically found that Dr. Meshad‘s theory that a hypersensitive reaction caused the damage to Freeman‘s arm was unsubstantiated. The trial court did not abuse its discretion in dismissing testimony it found to be unsubstantiated.
\u00b6 17. We cannot find that the trial court abused its discretion in weighing the credibility of the witnesses to determine the cause of Freeman‘s injury. We find this sufficient to show that negligence in the administration of Taxol or monitoring thereafter was the proximate cause of Freeman‘s injury.
4. Actual harm
\u00b6 18. Finally, Dr. Sacks and MOG argue that even if Dr. Sacks breached the standard of care and proximately caused the alleged injury, Necaise failed to prove the actual harm or extent of damages that Freeman suffered. Necaise submitted bills from Freeman‘s hospital stays and photographs of the extensive damage he suffered to his arm. Necaise testified that her father was in continuous pain and needed help performing basic tasks.
\u00b6 19. We find that the trial court‘s finding of negligence was supported by the record and was not an abuse of discretion.
II. DID THE TRIAL COURT ERR IN DENYING THE DEFENDANTS’ DAUBERT MOTION?
\u00b6 20. Necaise offered Pamela Jenner as an expert witness in the area of chemotherapy nursing. Dr. Sacks and MOG filed a motion to exclude Jenner‘s testimony. They argued that Jenner was not an expert in the field because she had not practiced nursing in twenty years, had never administered the chemotherapy agents administered to Freeman, was not an advanced oncology certified nurse, and had never been accepted by another court as an expert in the field of chemotherapy nursing. The trial court conducted a Daubert1 hearing on Jenner‘s qualifications and found her to be qualified.
\u00b6 21. Jenner practiced nursing from 1975 to 1985. She testified that she administered chemotherapy to hundreds of
\u00b6 22.
[i]f scientific, technical, or other specialized knowledge will assist the trier of fact to understand the evidence or to determine a fact in issue, a witness qualified as an expert by knowledge, skill, experience, training, or education, may testify thereto in the form of an opinion or otherwise, if (1) the testimony is based upon sufficient facts or data, (2) the testimony is the product of reliable principles and methods, and (3) the witness has applied the principles and methods reliably to the facts of the case.
This rule emphasizes that it is “the gate keeping responsibility of the trial court to determine whether the expert testimony is relevant and reliable.”
\u00b6 23. Jenner had not been a practicing nurse in twenty years and was not a certified chemotherapy nurse. However, neither of these facts precluded her from testifying as to her knowledge on the subject. Jenner was a licensed nurse and was familiar with the current standards of chemotherapy administration. A physician who is sufficiently “familiar with the standards of [a medical] specialty, [may testify as an expert, even] though he [does] not practice the specialty himself.” Cheeks v. Bio-Medical Applications, Inc., 908 So. 2d 117, 120(\u00b6 8) (Miss. 2005) (quoting West v. Sanders Clinic for Women, P.A., 661 So. 2d 714, 718-19 (Miss. 1995)). During her career, Jenner saw infiltrations and extravasations. She was not called to testify as to how the injury was caused or as to the effect of Taxol on a human body. She was called to testify whether the administration of the drugs was done properly. In the motion hearing, Necaise‘s attorney stated that any theory of causation would be left to the testimony of Dr. Sacks. The length of time from her experience until trial did not disqualify Jenner from testifying. In fact, the defendants’ expert, Dove, testified that the standard of care for a nurse had not changed since 1977. Further, Jenner performed extensive research in preparing for trial.
\u00b6 24. The admission of expert testimony is within the sound discretion of the trial judge. Roberts v. Grafe Auto Co., 701 So. 2d 1093, 1098 (Miss. 1997). “[A]n abuse of discretion standard means the judge‘s decision will stand unless the discretion he used is found to be arbitrary and clearly erroneous.” Poole v. Avara, 908 So. 2d 716, 721(\u00b6 8) (Miss. 2005). We cannot find that the trial judge abused his discretion in allowing Jenner to testify. In reaching this decision, it must be kept in mind in this case that most of the safeguards provided for in Daubert are not as essential where a judge sits as the trier of fact in place of a jury. Gibbs v. Gibbs, 210 F.3d 491, 500 (5th Cir. 2000).
\u00b6 25. We find Issue II to be without merit.
\u00b6 26. Dr. Sacks and MOG argue that Jenner should not have been allowed to testify as to the cause of Freeman‘s injury because such issues are outside a nurse‘s expertise and should be determined by a medical doctor.
\u00b6 27. Defense counsel objected when Jenner testified that she could not find support in medical literature for the theory that a hypersensitive reaction caused Freeman‘s injury. The court overruled this objection. The defense asked for and received a continuing objection arguing that Jenner was unqualified to testify as to causation. The plaintiff‘s attorney directed Jenner to an article that said Taxol infiltrations could lead to severe tissue necrosis or destruction of the tissues. The defendants objected again arguing that the plaintiff was trying to “backdoor” opinion testimony through internet research. The trial judge allowed Jenner to testify on causation based on her designation and the Daubert hearing. She was designated, among other areas, to testify to the following:
monitoring the patient for signs of Taxol extravasation, treatment of Taxol extravasation, and monitoring the patient for hypersensitive reactions to Taxol, the signs and symptoms of hypersensitive reactions, the signs and symptoms of IV infiltration, the medical literature dealing with hypersensitivity and extravasation, and the effects of Taxol extravasation and chemotherapy guidelines for oncology nursing.
\u00b6 28. A trial court‘s decision to allow expert testimony will be affirmed “[u]nless we can safely say that the trial court abused its judicial discretion in allowing or disallowing evidence so as to prejudice a party in a civil case, or the accused in a criminal case.” Jones v. State, 918 So. 2d 1220, 1223(\u00b6 9) (Miss. 2005). We cannot find that the trial court abused its discretion in allowing Jenner to give an opinion on the validity of a hypersensitive reaction theory. Jenner based her opinion on fourteen medical journal articles which were submitted to the court and defendants. Her testimony was that “[h]ypersensitivity reaction has more to do with symptoms that you see right within the first 15 to 20 minutes of administration of the drugs.” She also testified that, based on her research, Taxol has properties as a vesicant and irritant.2 Based on Taxol‘s properties as a vesicant, Jenner stated that it had the potential to cause severe tissue destruction if it were to leak out of the vein and, thus, should be monitored continuously.
\u00b6 29. We cannot find that Jenner testified as to areas outside of her expertise. We find this issue to be without merit.
IV. DID THE TRIAL COURT ERR IN FINDING DR. SACKS VICARIOUSLY LIABLE FOR THE ACTS OF NURSE BYRD?
\u00b6 30. In Hunnicutt v. Wright, 986 F.2d 119, 124 (5th Cir. 1993), the Fifth Circuit, applying Mississippi law, found that “the law imposes liability on a physician for the negligence of a nurse only if the nurse committed the negligent acts or omissions pursuant to the direction and control of the physician.” See also Winters v. Wright, 869 So. 2d 357, 367(\u00b6 24)
V. DID THE TRIAL COURT USE UNRELATED MEDICAL BILLS WHEN CALCULATING DAMAGES?
\u00b6 31. Sacks and MOG argue that the trial court erroneously accepted Freeman‘s $42,334 in medical bills as evidence of damages when most of the bills were related to unrelated pre-existing conditions. Freeman incurred these medical bills during a hospital stay from February 18, 1998, to March 9, 1998. Freeman was initially admitted to the hospital on February 18 for shortness of breath and fever. He received treatment for cellulitis from February 24 until he was discharged on March 9. We find that the trial court clearly made a distinction between the applicable and non-applicable medical treatment in calculating damages.
\u00b6 32. In its ruling the trial court stated:
The damages here are substantial. Plaintiff introduced medical bills totaling $42,334.36. While it is arguable that some of the medical care while hospitalized was rendered due to Mr. Freeman‘s pre-existing condition of cancer, the vast majority of the treatment and need for three hospitalization was due to cellulitis and the overall condition of his arm.
Also, upon admitting the medical bills into evidence the trial court stated, “I‘m going to admit them in evidence subject to reviewing them with the admission reports which may cause me to exclude portions of them.” Further, at the close of trial, the judge stated, “as the trier of fact, I need to compare some of the medical records with the medical bills that were given to me, as I indicated earlier. . . .” These comments by the trial judge clearly indicate that the medical bills were carefully reviewed and only relevant bills were considered in the calculation of damages.
\u00b6 33. We find this issue to be without merit.
VI. WAS THE JUDGMENT SUPPORTED BY THE TESTIMONY OR EVIDENCE IN THE RECORD?
\u00b6 34. Dr. Sacks and MOG argue that the trial judge abused his discretion, was manifestly wrong, and used an erroneous legal standard in finding liability. Also, Dr. Sacks and MOG argue that the trial court relied on several erroneous findings of fact stated in his judgment.
\u00b6 35. We find the appellants’ final contention without merit. The erroneous findings cited by Dr. Sacks and MOG in their brief were either supported by the record or were in dispute. As to the facts in dispute, it is the job of the trier of fact, in this case, the judge presiding over the bench trial, to weigh the witnesses’ testimony. Lander, 933 So. 2d at 1047(\u00b6 18). The trial judge did not abuse his discretion in weighing the testimony and basing his findings on the testimony he determined to be more credible. Further, even if an abuse of discretion is found, we will reverse only where the error adversely affects a substantial right of a party. Gibson v. Wright, 870 So. 2d 1250, 1258(\u00b6 28) (Miss. Ct. App. 2004). Dr. Sacks and MOG have not asserted that a substantial right has been affected.
\u00b6 36. After reviewing the testimony of the witnesses and seeing pictures of the severe damage to Freeman‘s arm, the negligence
\u00b6 37. We cannot find that the trial judge abused his discretion or reached a clearly erroneous decision in finding that the acts of Nurse Byrd, Dr. Sacks, and MOG were negligent. The award by the trial court of personal injury damages in the amount of $217,334.36 is affirmed.
\u00b6 38. THE JUDGMENT OF THE CIRCUIT COURT OF HANCOCK COUNTY IS AFFIRMED. ALL COSTS OF THIS APPEAL ARE ASSESSED TO THE APPELLANTS.
KING, C.J., MYERS, P.J., IRVING AND CHANDLER, JJ., CONCUR. GRIFFIS, J., DISSENTS WITH SEPARATE WRITTEN OPINION JOINED BY BARNES, ISHEE, ROBERTS AND CARLTON, JJ.
Matthew SACKS, M.D., and The Medical Oncology Group, P.A., Appellants v. Nancy NECAISE, Individually and on Behalf of the Wrongful Death Beneficiaries of Charles Freeman, Deceased Appellee.
GRIFFIS, J., Dissenting.
\u00b6 39. I must respectfully dissent to the majority‘s opinion. It is obvious under the facts of this case that Nurse Jenner was not qualified to testify to the standard of care, the breach of the standard of care, and causation. Therefore, the plaintiff did not put forward any evidence of duty, breach, or causation, and this court should reverse and render.
\u00b6 40. The majority correctly quotes
\u00b6 41. After reviewing the record, Jenner was simply not qualified to testify. Jenner admitted that she has not administered chemotherapy since 1980. She has never administered Taxol, and she has never seen an infiltration that displayed symptoms like those of Freeman. During her deposition, she could not say whether Taxol is a vesicant or an irritant even though this is basic knowledge that an expert chemotherapy nurse should know. Further, she was not a certified chemotherapy nurse.
\u00b6 42. In an analogous case, the Mississippi Supreme Court upheld a trial court‘s refusal to accept a medical doctor as an expert. The court stated that:
Dr. Rawlings was not qualified to testify against Dr. McAuley. Dr. Rawlings was not board certified in otolaryngology or neuro-otolaryngology. . . . At the time of Troupe‘s surgery, Dr. Rawlings was not actively practicing medicine. Dr. Rawlings has no special training or experience in the field of otolaryngology or neurology. He had never conducted middle ear surgery, had never had privileges
at any hospital to conduct middle ear surgery, and was not qualified to conduct middle ear surgery.
Troupe v. McAuley, 955 So. 2d 848, 857(\u00b6 24) (Miss. 2007) (emphasis added). Like Dr. Rawlings, Nurse Jenner was unqualified to testify. She had not practiced in over twenty years. She abandoned her medical career to pursue a legal career. She had never administered the drugs involved in this case, and she was not a certified chemotherapy nurse.
\u00b6 43. Jenner‘s testimony also does not exhibit the level of intellectual rigor required under Daubert and
the trial court must determine whether the proffered testimony is reliable. Depending on the circumstances of the particular case, many factors may be relevant in determining reliability, and the Daubert analysis is a flexible one. Daubert provides “an illustrative, but not an exhaustive, list of factors” that trial courts may use in assessing the reliability of expert testimony.
In applying the modified Daubert rule, Mississippi‘s federal courts have recognized that the gatekeeping role of federal trial courts is taken seriously. Moreover, there is universal agreement that the Daubert test has effectively tightened, not loosened, the allowance of expert testimony.
McLemore, 863 So. 2d at 38 (\u00b6\u00b6 16-17) (citations omitted) (emphasis added). Our supreme court has further emphasized, “whether testimony is based on professional studies or personal experience, the `gatekeeper’ must be certain that the expert exercises the same level of `intellectual rigor that characterizes the practice of an expert in the relevant field.‘” Id. at 37-38(\u00b6 15) (emphasis added) (quoting Kumho Tire Co. v. Carmichael, 526 U.S. 137, 152 (1999)). Jenner‘s testimony did not exhibit the reliability and intellectual rigor required under Daubert.
\u00b6 44. Recently, the Mississippi Supreme Court reversed and remanded a custody determination by a chancellor because the chancellor based his ruling on unreliable expert testimony. Giannaris v. Giannaris, 960 So. 2d 462, 471(\u00b6 17) (Miss. 2007). The court found that the expert‘s “opinions were derived from unrecorded sessions with S.G. without independent verification of the truthfulness vel non of the allegations, and based upon her five week training and instincts.” Id. at (\u00b6 16). The Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals has also addressed a similar situation. In Munoz v. Orr, 200 F.3d 291, 301 (5th Cir. 2000), the court found an expert‘s opinion was unreliable because the expert “lacked the necessary objectivity to make his analysis credible.”
\u00b6 45. Like the expert in Giannaris, many of Jenner‘s opinions were based on questionable or unreliable sources. During the trial, the defendants’ attorney objected because he believed Jenner was trying to “back-door . . . opinion [testimony] by referring to an article that she found on the Internet.” However, the trial court overruled this objection and let Jenner testify using her unreliable internet research instead of requiring the plaintiffs to produce an expert to discuss medical issues reserved for a doctor.
\u00b6 46. During her testimony, Jenner often presented contradictory statements and theories that further exhibit the unreliability of her testimony. First, Jenner testified that Taxol is a vesicant, but she had previously testified that she believed Taxol is an irritant. Second, she testified that Byrd breached the standard of care
\u00b6 47. Jenner asserted several opinions that lacked factual or scientific support. Jenner testified that she believed it was a breach of the standard of care not to rotate the IV from one arm to the other arm from one chemotherapy treatment to the next. Jenner was unable, however, to say in what part of the arm the IV was inserted during each treatment, whether or not the nurses switched veins between treatments, and in what arm each treatment was given. Furthermore, she admitted that she did not do any research to confirm this unsubstantiated theory, which she created.
\u00b6 48. Jenner also testified that Byrd breached the standard of care by administering the full dosage of Taxol over an hour, which caused his injury. Yet, she made this assertion without knowing how much Taxol was actually given to Freeman. This testimony exhibits how unprepared and how unreliable Jenner was as an expert. One cannot say that Jenner‘s testimony exhibited reliability, scientific principles, or the level of intellectual rigor required of an expert in the field.
\u00b6 49. Jenner also made several other statements that show she lacked the objectivity required under Daubert. She testified that Byrd breached the standard of care because she did not keep Freeman under constant observation for the first hour. She agreed with defense counsel that Byrd testified that she observed Freeman from her desk the entire time, but Jenner said that this does not mean she observed the IV. She also said that even though Byrd took Freeman‘s vital signs every fifteen minutes that this does not mean she checked the IV. Jenner also said that the first vital signs charted in Byrd‘s records where not the baseline vital signs. Jenner lacked the objectivity required of an expert because she would not concede even the most common-sense points to the defense, which any reliable medical expert should concede.
\u00b6 50. A majority of Jenner‘s testimony was based on the belief that if it was not documented it did not happen. Thus, she discounted the testimony of Byrd and Pearson regarding the events of the day in question because this testimony was not recorded in the medical records. For example, Jenner did not believe Byrd‘s testimony that she found the infiltration or that Byrd disconnected the IV. Yet, she relied heavily of the Pete Freeman‘s testimony in forming her opinions because she “found his testimony more credible,” even though she was not present when he testified. The supreme court has previously rejected the argument that if it is not documented it did not happen. The court stated that “[t]his argument lacks support in the law as well as the facts of this case.” Lander v. Singing River Hosp. Sys., 933 So. 2d 1043, 1046(\u00b6 14) (Miss. Ct. App. 2006). Furthermore, this reliance on one version of the facts while ignoring another version
\u00b6 51. In my opinion, Jenner‘s testimony was speculative at best. Her own opinions were contradictory, unreliable, and not based on sound science or facts. Her opinions also lacked objectivity because she relied totally on one version of the facts while completely disregarding the testimony of three other fact witnesses. Furthermore, she combined Pete Freeman‘s testimony with Byrd‘s testimony to create her own version of the facts when both of their stories were impossible to reconcile. The record does not reflect any showing that Jenner‘s “testimony was based, not on opinion or speculation, but rather on scientific methods and procedures.” Edmonds v. State, 955 So. 2d 787, 792(\u00b6 8) (Miss. 2007).
\u00b6 52. If Necaise were able to prove duty and breach, she must still show that this deviation proximately caused Freeman‘s injury. Powell v. Methodist Health Care-Jackson Hosps., 856 So. 2d 353, 357(\u00b6 13) (Miss. Ct. App. 2003). The supreme court has previously held that a nurse cannot testify regarding complex issues of medical causation. Richardson v. Methodist Hosp. of Hattiesburg, Inc., 807 So. 2d 1244, 1248(\u00b6 14) (2002) (holding that a nurse could not testify regarding the cause of a stroke, but the nurse could testify to the standard of care of a nurse). In Richardson, the plaintiff‘s only expert was a registered nurse. Id. The supreme court did not consider the registered nurse‘s testimony because the cause of a stroke is a complex medical issue. Id. at 1248(\u00b6 17). Instead, the court examined the testimony of Wheeless‘s doctor and found that it was not “supportive of Richardson‘s theory of wrongful death.” Id.
\u00b6 53. Like Richardson, Necaise‘s only expert was a registered nurse. Prior to trial, Necaise expected to use the testimony of Dr. Sacks to prove causation because Dr. Sacks had previously said that Freeman‘s injury was caused by an infiltration. During trial, Dr. Sacks said that he was not certain what caused Freeman‘s injury. He stated that it could have been a hypersensitive reaction, an injection site reaction, or an infiltration. He also stated that administering the full dosage of Taxol for one hour as opposed to three hours could not have caused Freeman‘s injuries. “While no specific language, such as `with a reasonable degree of scientific certainty,’ is required, an expert witness must still form his or her opinion with scientific certainty.” Smith v. City of Gulfport, 949 So. 2d 844, 850(\u00b6 19) (Miss. Ct. App. 2007). After reviewing Dr. Sacks‘s testimony, I cannot say that any opinion Dr. Sacks espoused on the stand or in his deposition was formed with scientific certainty or is reliable under Daubert. Thus, the trial court abused its discretion by putting any reliance on his testimony regarding causation.
\u00b6 54. After Dr. Sacks‘s testimony, Jenner testified that she did not find any support in her medical literature research that supported Dr. Sacks‘s theory that Freeman‘s injuries were caused by a hypersensitive reaction. The defendants objected to this testimony of causation, but the trial court overruled this objection. Jenner made other statements regarding causation throughout her testimony. For example, Jenner theorized that a one-hour administration of 360 milligrams could have caused Freeman‘s injury. Like Nurse Keller in Richardson, Jenner was unqualified to testify to complex medical issues regarding causation. Thus, any weight that the trial court gave to her testimony regarding causation is an abuse of discretion.
\u00b6 55. In conclusion, I disagree with the majority and find Jenner‘s testimony in
\u00b6 56. The majority would loosen the requirements on expert testimony simply because this is a bench trial and not a jury trial. I am of the opinion that the trial court erred in allowing Jenner to testify. Likewise, the trial court erred when it chose not to disregard Jenner‘s testimony and, instead, relied on her testimony in formulating the court‘s opinion. Recently, the Seventh Circuit, in In re Salem, 465 F.3d 767, 777 (7th Cir. 2006) (emphasis added), in a very persuasive opinion, held:
It is not that evidence may be less reliable during a bench trial; it is that the court‘s gatekeeping role is necessarily different. Where the gatekeeper and the factfinder are one and the same\u2014 that is, the judge-the need to make such decisions prior to hearing the testimony is lessened. See United States v. Brown, 415 F.3d 1257, 1268-69 (11th Cir. 2005). That is not to say that the scientific reliability requirement is lessened in such situations; the point is only that the court can hear the evidence and make its reliability determination during, rather than in advance of, trial. Thus, where the factfinder and the gatekeeper are the same, the court does not err in admitting the evidence subject to the ability later to exclude it or disregard it if it turns out not to meet the standard of reliability established by Rule 702.
\u00b6 57. Freeman was severely injured. However, the severity of one‘s injury should not diminish or eviscerate the requirement that expert testimony be reliable, objective, and trustworthy. Furthermore, this Court or any court will never be able to make a proper determination of whether or not Dr. Sacks or The Medical Oncology Group was negligent because the plaintiffs in this case have chosen to put forward the unreliable testimony of an unqualified expert instead of the testimony of a reliable medical expert.
\u00b6 58. I would reverse and render the trial court‘s judgment.
BARNES, ISHEE, ROBERTS AND CARLTON, JJ., JOIN THIS OPINION.