Ryan v. State

115 Wis. 488 | Wis. | 1902

Cassoday, O. J.

1. Error is assigned because one of the jurors, on being examined upon his voir dire, and after answering to the effect that if he should be selected as a juror in the case he supposed he would take the law from the court as it should be given to him, and abide by it as best he could, was asked three several questions, to each of which an objection was sustained; and which questions were as to '(1) whether the juror knew that the defendant in a criminal case is entitled to the benefit of the presumption of innocence; '(2) and whether, if selected as a juror in the case, he would give the defendant the benefit of the presumption of inno-•eence throughout the trial, and until he had heard all the evitlen.ce; (3) and whether, if selected as such Juror, he could and would wait until he had heard all the evidence before making up bis mind. The first of these questions called upon tire juror to anticipate the instructions to be given by the court, and was properly excluded. Perhaps it would have been better practice to have allowed the juror to have answered the second and third questions, but we cannot hold that their exclusion was reversible error. This court has recently held that “questions which practically ask a juryman what he would or would not do under a supposed state of facts may properly be ruled out.” Hughes v. State, 109 Wis. 398, 85 N. W. 333.

2. Error is assigned because a physician, called as a witness by the defendant, was not allowed to testify as to the effect upon a man suffering from heart disease of a sudden blow upon the heart or body, or of being compelled to engage in a scuffle or struggle while angry, or to state one of the characteristics of heart disease with reference to its terminating suddenly or fatally. At the time of excluding such testimony, it did not appear in proof that Ryan had heart disease at the time of the killing in question, although his counsel did state that he would show that he had had heart trouble for some years. The witness was, however, allowed to testify that he had examined Ryan the night before he was testifying; that he found he had heart trouble; that it would be impossible for him to state how long it had existed; that the effect of a struggle or overexertion or excitement upon-a person afflicted with such trouble would be great prostration and feeling of tightness across the chest, — of choking, weakening ; that excitement alone would produce such conditions, and so would a sudden scare, — intense anger, — and a straggle would intensify it. Ryan afterwards testified to the effect that he had suffered from heart trouble for fifteen or sixteen years; that he had consulted a physician for it, and had taken medicine; that he had repeatedly had spells of prostration and collapse; that lie Rad been advised by bis doctors as to the effect of heart disease, and its likelihood to terminate suddenly and fatally if he became very excited, and that he knew it without advice; and further as mentioned in the statement of facts. Such testimony of Ryan was uncontra-dicted. In view of such uncontradicted evidence, and in view of the fact that such exclusion of the testimony of the physician was before there was any evidence in the case that Ryan had heart disease at the time of the killing, we cannot hold that it was reversible error to exclude such testimony.

3. Exception is taken because after charging the jury as to the presumption of innocence “in favor of the defendant as to each and every element of the offense charged,” and that they must acquit unless the state established “by the evidence the existence of each and every element of the particular offense, and the defendant’s guilt thereof, beyond all reasonable doubt,” the court further charged the jury:

“So, too, in passing upon the question as to what degree of homicide the defendant is guilty, if you have a reasonable doubt as to whether it should be a higher or lower grade you are to give him the benefit of the doubt and return a verdict of guilty of the lower offense rather than the higher, provided,, as I have said, you have a reasonable doubt.”

This language is construed by counsel to niean that, if the jury had a reasonable “doubt as to the existence of either of' the two grades of offense,” then the defendant was to get “the benefit of the doubt by convicting him of the lesser” offense. The language may be a little unguarded, but it is obvious that the court was seeking to inform the jury that in case they failed to acquit the defendant under the circumstances already given, and had a reasonable doubt as to whether the offense was of a “higher or lower grade,” then he was to have-the benefit of the doubt, and to convict “of the lower offense rather than the higher.” This is obvious from what immediately follows in tile charge, to the effect that they conld not convict “of any degree of criminal homicide” if they had a reasonable doubt of his guilt; and then the court said: “It is your duty to either acquit the defendant, or to- find him guilty of the lowest degree of criminal homicide submitted with which you can reasonably reconcile the facts admitted or so established.” Such charge was given at the request of the accused. We cannot say that the jury were misled by the instruction as thus given.

4. Exception is taken to the following portion of the charge:

iCA reasonable doubt is a doubt which, as the term implies, is founded on reason, — some reason that to your mind is sufficient to support a doubt. It is not a mere conjecture. It is not that there is a possibility that the case may be different, but must be such a doubt as would cause a reasonably prudent man to pause, or deter him from acting or deciding, in the most important affairs of life.”

Such use of the word “deter” is certainly unfortunate. But such instruction was followed by another instruction, given at the request of the accused, as follows:

“You should, in your consideration and conclusion, reject every alleged fact or inference not so established beyond all reasonable doubt; then if upon all the established facts, or lack of facts, a doubt as to defendant’s guilt arises in your mind, which would lead you to pause and hesitate to conclude in the affirmative concerning the most important affairs of life, you have a reasonable doubt of defendant’s guilt and you should acquit him.”

This clause characterized the meaning to be given to the word “deter” as used in the previous instruction, and cured the error, or at least prevented it from being reversible error. Butler v. State, 102 Wis. 364, 369, 78 N. W. 590; McAllister v. State, 112 Wis. 496, 503, 88 N. W. 212.

5. Exception is taken because the court said-to the jury:

“Of course it is not necessary for me to say to yon that this is a very important case. On the one hand stands the commonwealth of Wisconsin, demanding that its laws shall be executed, that crime shall be punished; and representatives of the people are asking at your hands a verdict of guilty of whatever offense you may find the evidence to warrant.”

This was a mere general observation, calculated to impress upon the jury the importance of the responsibility resting upon them. It might better have been omitted; but it is not “equivalent to saying that the state had already decided the defendant’s guilt of some degree of homicide,” and “that the state demanded a verdict of guilty,” as claimed by counsel. Such a verdict was only to be rendered in case the jury found “evidence to warrant” the same under the instructions given. We cannot base a reversal upon such portion of the charge.

6. Exception is taken because after defining manslaughter in the third degree, and emphasizing the fact that to convict of that offense the killing must have been doné in the heat of passion, without design to effect death, by a dangerous weapon, and not justifiable nor excusable under the laws of this state, the court further charged the jury:

“The heat of passion, in this definition, means something-more than mere anger or irritation.. It means that at the time of the act the reason is disturbed or obscured by passion to an extent which might render ordinary men, of fair average disposition, liable to act rashly, or without due deliberation or reflection, and from passion rather than judgment.”

The precise objection to this portion of the charge is that it does not make the guilt of the accused turn upon his own heat of .passion, but upon the heat of passion of “ordinary men of fair average disposition.” True, the accused alone was on trial, but the deceased was a party to the controversy which led to the killing. A learned textwriter, speaking upon the subject, says:

“In general, provocation consists in circumstances of such nature as are calculated to produce, and do produce; sucli excitement and passion as might obscure the reason of an ordinary man, and render him liable to do the act which causes the homicide. . . . The provocation should be sudden and sufficiently great, — that is, calculated to exasperate both in its character and in respect to the person against whom it is directed. . . . Circumstances may affect the question by indicating whether or not the blow was such as would arouse uncontrollable passion in an ordinary person. The sufficiency of the provocation does not depend alone on whether it actually caused passion and heat of blood in the defendant, but also on whether it was calculated to cause such state of mind in a reasonable person; that is, there must be an adequate cause.” 1 McClain, Grim. Law, §§ 33 Y, 338, citing numerous authorities in support of the proposition.

In a note to the last section, it is said:

“It is not the fact that the blow is given in passion, but rather that there is provocation for such passion, that reduces it to manslaughter.”

In one of the cases cited, it was expressly held that “the term ‘reasonable’ may properly be used in an instruction as descriptive of the kind of provocation which will reduce homicide from murder to manslaughter.” State v. Ellis, 74 Mo. 207. In another standard work it is said:

“The provocation, in order to be sufficient in' law, must be such as naturally and instantly to produce in the minds of’ persons ordinarily constituted the highest degree of exasperation, rage, anger, sudden resentment, or terror, rendering the mind incapable of cool reflection, and thus negativing the inference of malice. . . . The test of adequacy of the provocation is not merely whether ungovernable passion was in fact aroused by tire provocation, but also’ whether the provocation was sufficient so to affect ordinary and reasonable men, or men of fair average mind and disposition, that they would be liable to act with violence endangering life.” 21 Am, & Eng. Ency. of Law (2d ed.) 177, 178.

Among the numerous cases cited in support of the propositions is an English case, where it was held:

“When a person has killed another with a deadly weapon, even upon sudden passion, the question as to the sufficiency ■of provocation to reduce the crime to manslaughter is not merely whether there was passion in point of fact, but whether there was such provocation as might naturally kindle ungovernable passion in the mind of any ordinary and reasonable man.” Reg. v. Welsh, 11 Cox, Cr. Cas. 336.

We must hold that there was no error in giving the in•struction thus complained of.

1. After defining manslaughter in the fourth degree, and stating the circumstances under which the jury might convict of either degree in case they found from the evidence beyond a reasonable doubt that the killing was not justifiable nor excusable, the court stated to the jury, in substance, so much of the statute defining justifiable homicide as was applicable to the facts of the case. Subd. 2, sec. 4366, Stats. 1898. That was followed by giving the instructions upon that subject requested by the accused, — in effect covering the defense on that ground; and then saying to the jury:

“Rut the taking of human life is a matter of such serious import that it cannot be justified by only slight danger. The danger which will justify the killing of a human being must be actual, present, and urgent to tire apprehension of the defendant. Anything less than this will not suffice to justify one human being in taking the life of another.”

The objection to this portion of the charge is that it excludes danger which is “actual to the apprehension” of the accused, but which has no existence in fact; that it includes only danger which exists in fact and is also “present and urgent to the apprehension” of the accused. Such a construction would be too narrow for tire practical administration, even, of the criminal law. What the court was manifestly trying to impress upon the jury was that, to the apprehension of the accused, the danger must be actual, present, and urgent. The thing thus sought to he qualified was the danger which would justify the killing. True, in the first sentence of the instruction it is said that the taking of human life cannot be justified by slight danger only. Danger to whom? Manifestly, to the accused who attempts to justify;' and the danger to him, as the jury were told, must be actual, present, and urgent to his apprehension. Besides, the court had just charged the jury, as requested by the accused, upon the same subject, to the effect that if the accused was assaulted by the deceased in such a way as to induce in him a reasonable belief of danger of losing his life or of suffering great bodily harm, then that he was justified in defending himself, “although the danger was not real, — only apparent;” and,, again, that the accused was not to be held responsible criminally if he acted in self-defense, from real and honest con-yiction, induced by reasonable evidence, “although he may have been mistaken as to the extent of the actual danger;” that “a person need not be in actual imminent peril of his life, or of great bodily harm, before he may shoot his assailant;” that it “is sufficient if in good faith he has reasonable ground, from the facts as they appear to him at the time, to apprehend a design to commit a felony or to do some great bodily injury, and reasonable cause for believing that there is imminent danger of such design being accomplished.” The charge on justifiable homicide is more guarded than in Richards v. State, 82 Wis. 172, 51 N. W. 652. The jury could not have been misled upon that question.

8. The statute defining excusable homicide reads as follows :

“Such homicide is excusable when committed by accident and misfortune in lawfully correcting a child or servant, or in doing any other lawful act by lawful means with usual and ordinary caution, and without any unlawful intent; or by accident and misfortune in the heat of passion upon any sudden and sufficient provocation, or upon a sudden combat, without any undue advantage being taken and without any dangerous weapon being used, and not done in a cruel or unusual manner.” Sec. 4367, Stats. 1898.

Tlie court only gave to* tbe jury tbe part in italics, and said, “That is tbe part of tbe statute which applies to tbe evidence in this case.” In construing this section of tbe statute, this court has recently said:

“Tbe statute was intended to cover at least three or more distinct and separate situations. . . . Tbe several classes of cases are stated in a disjunctive form, and, under ordinary rules of construction, each constitutes a class by itself, and if tbe facts bring tbe case within any one of them tbe killing was excusable.” Campbell v. State, 111 Wis. 161, 162, 86 N. W. 855.

Tbe court gave to tbe jury three instructions requested by tbe accused, each of which was applicable to that portion of tbe statute read to tbe jury, all relating to tbe killing of O’Brien by accident and misfortune, in the beat of passion, upon sudden and sufficient provocation; but tbe court gave no instruction applicable to any portion of tbe statute not so read to tbe jury. Error is claimed because tbe court did not give tbe jury an opportunity to acquit tbe accused under the first clause of tbe section, a considerable portion of which was not read to tbe jury. That clause declares:

“Such homicide is excusable when committed by accident and misfortune in lawfully correcting a child or servant, or in doing any other lawful act by lawful means with usual and ordinary caution, and without any unlawful intent.”

By convicting Ryan of manslaughter in tbe fourth degree, tbe jury necessarily found that tbe killing of O’Brien was “involuntary,” and by “means neither cruel nor unusual” (sec. 4362, Stats. 1898) ; -and hence that “such homicide” was “committed by accident and misfortune . . . and without any unlawful intent.” This certainly includes some of the things which make homicide excusable. Tbe question recurs whether the evidence was such as to have warranted the jury in finding that the homicide was committed by Ryan “in doing” a “lawful act by lawful means with usual and ordinary caution.” There was evidence from which the jury might have found that Ryan had reasonable ground to apprehend a design on the part of O’Brien to commit a felony upon him or to do him some great bodily harm. According to the testimony on the part of the accused, Ryan had, just before the shooting, stopped O’Brien from violently advancing upon him, by drawing his revolver; and so, when O’Brien was in the act of making another violent and threatening assault upon him, he repeated the experiment by drawing his revolver a second time, in hopes of deterring O’Brien from advancing further; not knowing that the revolver was cocked, and without taking aim, he leveled it up over his head toward O’Brien, who was about eight feet from him at the time, and told him to stop or he would shoot, but with no intention of shooting, when the revolver was discharged. We must hold that there was evidence from which the jury might have found that such homicide was committed by accident and misfortune in doing a “lawful act by lawful means with usual and ordinary caution, and without any unlawful intent.” If so, under the statute quoted, it was excusable; and hence that question should have been submitted to the jury. Besides, the court refused to charge the jury to the effect that the accused “had a right to defend himself against the assault of the deceased by lawful means, with usual and ordinary caution, and without unlawful intent; and if, while so defending himself, he through accident and misfortune shot and killed deceased, the killing was excusable,” and they should find the accused not guilty. Again, .tire court refused to charge the jury fi> the effect that the accused “had a right to draw and aim his revolver at or towards deceased, for the purpose of deterring and preventing the deceased continuing in his assault upon the defendant; this was a lawful means of defense, and if done with usual and ordinary caution, and without unlawful intent, .and the revolver was discharged, and the deceased killed, by accident and misfortune, then the killing was excusable,” and they should acquit the accused. We must hold that it was error not to submit to the jury such question of excusable homicide.

By the Court. — The judgment of the circuit court is reversed, and the cause, is remanded for a new trial. The warden of the state prison will surrender the plaintiff in error to the sheriff of Shawano county, who will hold him in custody until he shall be discharged, or his custody changed, by due course of law.