Ryan v. McAdoo
46 App. D.C. 117
D.C. Cir.
1917
Check Treatment
Mr. Justice Van Orsdel

delivered the opinion of the Court:

We think it unnecessary to consider all the assignments of error, as the appeal can be disposed of upon the single question of jurisdiction. Wells is not sued individually, but as executor. An attempt is made to shift the suit to one against Wells individually. But the court will determine the natirre of the action from the pleadings, and not from the statement of counsel. Undoubtedly, Wells personally could have employed counsel to have prosecuted this claim, paid for the same, and been reimbursed from the funds of the estate; but according to the aver*122ments of the bill, that was not what was done. The contract, which is the basis of the suit, was made by Wells as executor and signed by him as such. Not only is Wells described in the title of the suit as “executor of the estate of Samuel 3VI. Church, deceased,” but he is so described in the body of the bill, together with an averment setting forth the time and place of his appointment, the name of the court, and the facts that the other executor is now deceased, and that the warrant was issued “payable to the order of said executor,” -was delivered to “said executor,” and is under the control of “said executor.” It was not pretended at the inception of the suit that recovery was sought against Wells personally. It is conceded that the warrant and fund belong to the estate. It was the money of the estate which wrongfully went into the Treasury, and the allowance of the claim is to reimburse the estate. The lien is sought against the warrant and the fund, not against the property of Wells. The averments of the bill amount to more than a mere description of the person. It sets Wells forth in his official representative capacity. As was said by the court in Austin v. Munro, 47 N. Y. 360: “The action is against them as executors, and not as individuals. They are not merely described as executors by the simple addition of that title to their names, in which case the addition might be regarded as a description of the persons and a judgment authorized against them individually (Merritt v. Seaman, 6 N. Y. 168), but they are sued as executors. In the entitling of the summons and complaint, the action is stated tó be against the defendants 'as executors/ etc. The agreement is avererd to have been made by the defendants 'as executors/ and the provision is 'that the defendants, as executors, would then pay the plaintiffs/ etc., and the demand of relief is for 'judgment against the defendants as executors/ etc. The form of the complaint, and the substantive averments therein, as well as the form of the judgment demanded, characterize the action as against the defendants in their representative capacity, and not against them individually. A judgment for the plaintiffs, following the complaint, would be against the defendants as executors, for damages and eosts to be levied de *123bonis testatoris. The word ‘as,’ prefixed to the title of the defendants, indicates the character in which they are sued. (Chouteau v. Suydam, 21 N. Y. 179; Henshall v. Roberts, 5 East, 150, 102 Eng. Reprint, 1026; Cowell v. Watts, 6 East. 405, 102 Eng. Reprint, 1342.) The action cannot he converted into one against the defendants individually, by the judgment of the court on the demurrer.”

'The court below held that since Wells, by including in bis motion to dismiss, in addition to his objection to the jurisdiction of the court over the person of a foreign executor, the question of the jurisdiction of the subject-matter and the want of equity, entered a general appearance. In other words, the court held that Wells, by moving to dismiss for want of equity, entered an appearance for all purposes, thereby waiving his challenge to the jurisdiction of his person. Undoubtedly, under the former system of procedure in equity, such an appearance was construed to be general. The rule, however, has not been steadily adhered to by later authorities. In Foster’s Federal Practice, 5th ed. vol. 1, p. 609, the modern rule is announced as follows: “The later authorities hold that when an objection to the jurisdiction over the person of the defendant is filed with a formal appearance the latter will be considered to he special and not general, and that a party may lile a special appearance with an objection to the jurisdiction over Ms person joined with other objections, such as want of equity, or a want, of jurisdiction over the subject-matter of the suit, without submitting to the jurisdiction of the court.”

This statement by Foster is, since the adoption of the new rules of equity, procedure for the Federal courts by the Supreme Court of the United States. But it seems to have become the practice of the Federal courts before the adoption of the new rules. In Davidson Bros. Marble Co. v. United States, 213 U. S. 10, 53 L. ed. 675, 29 Sup. Ct. Rep. 324, both a demurrer and a motion to quash the service were filed. In each, objection was made to the jurisdiction of the court over the person of the defendant and the lack of jurisdiction of the subject-matter of the suit. The court was there considering the *124validity of a rule of court -which permitted a special appearance to the jurisdiction only upon condition that, if the court held that it had jurisdiction, the litigant, should waive objection and enter a general appearance. Denying the power of the court to make and enforce such a rule, in view of the statute fixing the jurisdiction of the circuit courts, the court, holding that defendant had a right to appear specially to object to the jurisdiction, said: “It follows, therefore, that the court below was without jurisdiction of this cause, and as the defendants have taken no action whatever in response to the summons, except to appear specially and object to the jurisdiction, it cannot possibly be said that the objection to the jurisdiction has been waived. * * * The defendant appeared specially, as they had a right to do, solely for the purpose of objecting to the jurisdiction. They were not bound to agree to submit their objection to the final decision of the judge of the circuit court, and the rule of court which treated the special appearance, without such an agreement, as a general appearance, was invalid.”

In Southern P. Co. v. Arlington Heights Fruit Co. 11 C. C. A. 581, 191 Fed. 101, a rate case, the defendants interposed a plea to the jurisdiction, on the grounds that the court was without jurisdiction of the parties defendant, and that it was without jurisdiction of the subject-matter, in that it could not determine the question of the reasonableness or the unreasonableness of a rate in advance of a ruling by the Interstate Commerce Commission. Other grounds for lack of jurisdiction of the subject-matter by a court of equity were set up. It was contended, as here, that the plea amounted to a general appearance. The court, after reviewing the modern trend of decision, concluded as follows: “In the case at bar all three of the grounds assigned by the plea went to the jurisdiction of the court in one sense,—the first to the jurisdiction over the person, and the last two to the jurisdiction of the court as a court of equity. In either case, if the plea was well taken, the bill of complaint would have to be dismissed, but the court could not proceed to a ruling upon the two latter objections without *125first entertaining jurisdiction of the person. Now, if it be that the defendants have confused the kind of jurisdiction they were insisting upon, as might well happen, or believed they had a legal right to combine the objections, it nevertheless appears that it was distinctly their purpose to appear specially in the first instance with a view of raising the jurisdictional question, to be disposed of before the merits were reached. We are therefore of the opinion that under such circumstances the defendants have not waived their personal privilege of being sued within their own district.”

In Kelley v. T. L. Smith Co. 116 C. C. A. 240, 196 Fed. 466, (he court, considering a demurrer specially challenging the jurisdiction of the court as to both the person and subject-matter of the suit, said: “But when appellants added to their challenge of the court’s jurisdiction over their persons a further challenge of the court’s jurisdiction over the subject-matter, we do not think that they thereby converted their special into a general appearance, abandoned their objections to the service of subpoena and notice, and asked the court to assume jurisdiction and determine the sufficiency of the bill. Clearly the intent was to urge only objections to jurisdiction.”

It will be observed that the rule announced by Foster is well fortified by the modern trend of Federal decision prior to the adoption of the new rules of equity procedure by the Supreme Court. These rules were authorized by act of Congress. Prior to their adoption special appearance for the purpose of objecting to the jurisdiction of the court was made by motion to quash the service and dismiss the bill, or by demurrer for defects appearing on the face of the hill, or by plea in abatement for defects not appearing on the face of the hill. But under the new rules this procedrxre has been radically changed.

Equity rule 32 of the supreme court of the District of Columbia, following in substance rule 29 of the Supreme Court of the United States, provides: “Demurrers and pleas are abolished. Every defense in point of law arising upon the face of the hill shall he made by motion to dismiss. Every defense heretofore presentable by plea in bar or abatement shall be *126made in .the answer, and may be separately heard and disposed of before the trial of the principal ease in the discretion of the court. If the defendant move to dismiss the bill, or apy part thereof, the motion may be set down for hearing by either party upon five days’ notice, and if it be denied, answer shall be filed within five days thereafter, or a decree pro confesso entered.”

By the adoption of the equity rules a distinct advance was accomplished in equity procedure. The object sought to be attained was the simplification of the practice and to avoid unnecessary delay in bringing causes to issue. Since the abolition of pleas, there are but two defenses to a bill in equity: by motion to dismiss, which takes the place of a demurrer, and which, from every reasonable intendment, must be presumed to include all defects appearing on the face of the bill; and by answer, which, if the motion to dismiss is denied, must be filed within five days thereafter. By answer only can defects not apparent on the face of the bill be raised. Heretofore this could be accomplished by plea, which, under the rules, has likewise been abolished. The answer must be full, responding to the issue raised by the bill, challenging hidden defects therein affecting jurisdiction, and setting up any affirmative defense that may be available.

Wfe think it logically follows that it was intended by the rule that every defense in point of law appearing upon the face of the bill must be incorporated in a single motion to dismiss. Otherwise, the court and plaintiff might be harassed and delayed by an almost endless series of motions,—for example, a separate motion to dismiss for lack of jurisdiction of the person; if denied, another for lack of jurisdiction of the res; if denied, another for waut of equity; and, if denied, still another for defects in pleading. Instead of simplifying the practice, the condition would be even worse than existed before the adoption of the rules.

No good reason is apparent why this interpretation is not reasonable. Every question proper to be raised by motion to dismiss the bill can be advanced in a single motion and dis*127posed of at a single hearing. Of course, the court would first dispose of the question of jurisdiction of the person. If sustained, this would end the case. If denied, the other questions raised by the motion could then be disposed of, and the ruling on the entire motion be embraced in a single order.

We have been cited to no case where either rulo 29 of the equity rules t>f the Supreme Court of the United States or the rule here in question has been considered. In New Fiction Pub. Co. v. Star Co. 220 Fed. 994, the defendant “moved under equity rule 29 to dismiss the bill of complaint, upon the ground that upon the face of the bill uo cause of action against defendant is disclosed, and that the court is without jurisdiction to entertain the suit.” Both the question of lack of jurisdiction of the person and of the subject-matter of the suit were involved; the court, without construing the rule, sustained the motion by holding that “as the suit cannot be maintained under the Copyright Act, and as diversity of citizenship is lacking, the motion to dismiss the hill is granted.” We are of opinion, therefore, that under the rule a defendant may appear specially and, by motion to dismiss, challenge the jurisdiction of the court upon all the grounds apparent on the face of the bill, and not thereby waive his special appearance.

That a suit cannot be maintained in this District against Wells in his representative capacity is well settled. In Bryan v. Curtis, 30 App. D. C. 234, the court, considering the exact question here involved, said: “It is -well settled in this country that an administrator or executor cannot site or be sued in his representative capacity in any other jurisdiction than the one of his appointment, except wdiere it is permitted by the laws of the jurisdiction in which the suit is sought to be maintained. Vaughan v. Northup, 15 Pet. 1, 10 L. ed. 639. * * * Section 329 of the Revised Code of the District of Columbia [31 Stat. at L. 1242, chap. 854] provides that an administrator or executor acting under letters of administration from a competent court of a foreign jurisdiction may bring suit in the District of Columbia by virtue of that authority alone. This right, however, of a foreign administrator or executor to *128sue in the District does not imply, in the absence of statutory authority, that suit can be maintained in the courts of .the District against such administrator or executor. It has been held, both by this court and the Supreme Court of the United States, in a number of instances, that an administrator or executor acting under such authority cannot be sued in the District of Columbia. This is in accord with the well-settled rule of law that executors and administrators are accountable only to the forum of administration.”

The decree is affirmed, with costs. Affirmed.