60 Ky. 37 | Ky. Ct. App. | 1860
delivered the opinion of the court:
This action was commenced in the year 1852. It was brought by the heirs of Albert Russell, against the heirs of Isaiah Marks. Its object, when originally brought, was to perfect the title of the plaintiffs to one thousand acres of land in the county of Union, which they alleged, in their petition, had been sold and conveyed by Marks to their ancestor, Albert Russell, but which deed of conveyance had never been recorded, and was lost or mislaid.
William M. Anderson, and others claiming under him, filed their petition praying to be made defendants to the action. They stated in their petition that they claimed the one thousand acres of land, described in 1¿ie plaintiffs’ petition, and to which the plaintiffs were seeking to have their title perfected. They were accordingly made defendants, and filed their answers setting forth their title to the land.
The plaintiffs, by amended petition, alleged that the land referred to in their original petition was patented to Isaiah Marks, and devised by him to his brother, Elisha Marks, who conveyed it, in 1796, to their ancestor by a deed, which they had found since the commencement ?of the action, and which they then exhibited.
The petitioners who were made defendants stated, in their answers, that the land was not patented to Isaiah Marks, but was patented to one Josiah Marks, who, in 1832, conveyed it to McLean, by whom it was subsequently conveyed to the defendant, William M. Anderson.
The plaintiffs then stated, by amended petition, that in 1783 a military warrant (No. 1695,) issued in favor of Isaiah Marks for four thousand acres of land, on account of his services as
These allegations were all denied by the defendants; and on final hearing the court below dismissed the plaintiffs’ petition, from which decision they have appealed to this court.
As the warrant, entry, and survey, which are all exhibited, were in the name of Isaiah Marks, and as these, with the patent, form a connected chain in the deduction of title, the inference, in the absence of any evidence of an assignment, is, that the patent actually issued to Isaiah Marks, and that the insertion of the name of Josiah was a mere mistake in writing the name of the patentee. A misnomer, where the patentee is sufficiently described, will not render the patent void, but the title will vest in the patentee, notwithstanding the mistake made in his name, (Swan vs. Wilson, 1 Marshall, 100.)
The inference that naturally arises, under the circumstances mentioned, of the occurrence of a mistake in inserting the name of the patentee, is not repelled by a single fact proved in the cause. There is no evidence tending to prove an assignment of the entry or survey of this one thousand acres by Isaiah Marks to any person, nor is it even proved that at the date of the patent there was any person by the name of Josiah Marks in existence. The deed executed in 1832, by some person of that name, does not even tend to prove that fact. Who that person was, where he resided, or what was his age, at the time he executed the deed, are matters concerning which no witness was called upon to testify.
As then the patentee was sufficiently described by reference to the warrant, entry, and survey, the misnomer in the grant did not render it invalid, and the legal title would have vested in Isaiah Marks had he been alive when the patent issued. But as he had previously died, the grant was void, and the legal title remained in the Commonwealth. By the act of 1792, the title, however, vested in the devises of the patentee, in the same manner it would have done had the grant issued in the lifetime of the testator. (Lewis vs. McGee, 1 Marshall, 199.)
But it is contended, that the ^copy of the will of Isaiah Marks, which was produced and relied upon by the plaintiffs, was not so authenticated as to be used as evidence, upon the trial.
The first inquiry that arises upon this point is, was there any decision by the court below, with respect to the admissibility of the copy of'the will contained in the record, and if so, was
It appears by a bill of exceptions which was filed in the cause, that the defendants declined to waive any and all objections to the authentication of the copies of all the papers read by the plaintiffs to the court, and more- especially to the copy of the will in question, and objected to the reading of the same as evidence. It does not appear, however, that the court passed upon the objection thus made, or was called upon to decide the question, or if decided, that the decision was excepted to. Now, upon this state of case, have the defendants aright in this court to rely upon this objection?
If the objection had been insisted on in the court below, and that court had decided that the copy of the will which was objected to could not be usd as evidence, the plaintiffs might, upon its exclusion, have had the order of hearing set aside, and the cause continued until a copy of the will properly authenticated could have been procured. Or if the court had decided that the copy which was offered was admissible as evidence, and that decision had not been excepted to by the defendants, they could not complain of it in thp court. The party objecting to the decision must except at the time the decision is made. (Civil Code, sec. 364.)
The copy of the will appears to have been read as evidence on the trial. A mere formal objection was made to it, but the court was not called upon to exclude it, or to decide upon its admissibility as evidence. The question not having been made and decided by the court below, cannot be made in this court for the first time.
If, however, as an objection was made to it, and it was not excluded, it should therefore be assumed that the court overruled the objection, and decided that it could be used as evidence, still, as that decision was not excepted to, its propriety cannot be considered in this court, and the copy of the will must be regarded as evidence in the cause. Every decision of the court below made during the trial, must be excepted to at the time it is made, and if not thus excepted to the error therein, if any, cannot, under the provisions of the Code of Prac
The objection which was made to the copy of the will as evidence, is not entitled to any greater effect than' an exception to a deposition. And it has been repeatedly decided, that such an exception cannot be considered by this court, unless it has been acted on in the court below, and an exception taken to the decision of that court.
Isaiah Marks devised one thousand acres of land, numbered two hundred and twenty-six, to be equally divided between the two eldest sons of one of his sisters; the'remaining three thousand acres he devised to his three brothers before named. It is contended that there is no evidence to show that the land in contest is not the one thousand acres given by the testator to his two nephews, and designated.by him as numbered two hundred and twenty-six, and therefore the plaintiffs have failed to show any title to it. This objection, however, is based on a misconception of the facts which appear in the record, and which are fully sufficient to demonstrate most satisfactorily that the land sued for is not the one thousand acres which was numbered two hundred and twenty-six.
- The will bears date on the 20th of January, 1785. The one thousand acres devised by the testator to, his two nephews must have been previously entered, or it could not have been designated by him as being numbered 326; for before it was entered it constituted a part of the four thousand acre warrant, and had no separate existence, and consequently could not have had a specific designation. The land in contest had not then been entered. It was entered on the 20th day of, April, 1785, and surveyed on the 23d day of the following month, as appears by the copies of the entry and survey in the cause. It cannot, therefore, be the same land that was devised by the testator to his two nephews,-but must be on.e of the remaining three surveys of one thousand acres each.
As however there is no direct evidence in the cause, that any division of the three thousand acres was ever made by the parties who were entitled to it, it is contended, that on this
The execution of the deed from Elisha Marks to Albert Russell is sufficiently proved. By that deed, Elisha Marks conveyed to Russell one thousand acres of land, being, as recited in the deed, the land bequeathed to the grantor by his brother Isaiah Marks, and which had been granted to the testator for his military services. Under that conveyance Russell became invested with all the title to the land which Elisha Marks derived under his brother’s will. That interest was an undivided third part of the three thousand acres, and if no division was ever made of the land devised, still the plaintiffs showed title to one undivided third part of the land sued for. They however claim the whole tract, and allege, in suport of their claim, that a division of the three thousand acres was made between the three devisees, and that the one thousand acres in contest was allotted to Elisha Marks, by whose deed the title to it passed’to their ancestor’, Albert Russell.
As evidence that such a division was made, and has been acquiesced in by the parties interested, they prove, that in the year 1798 this tract of land was listed for taxation by Albert Russell, and that the taxes upon the same have, since that time, been paid by.him and his heirs at law. They also prove, that for many years past it has been designated in the neighborhood as the Russell tract of land, and regarded as belonging to Russell’s heirs.
It does not appear that the plaintiffs had actual possession of any part of said land at any time, unless the possession of the witness, Mobley, can be so regarded. He testified that he was residing on adjoining land with his father some thirty-five or six years ago, and continued to reside there a number of years, and during that time cleared and cultivated a,piece of said land, and still has it in possession, but set up no claim to it himself. That he had always known the land as the Marks and Russell survey, and never heard of any other claim to it. But conceding that his possession enured to the benfit of the title-holders, it operated as much in favor of the other joint owners as of the plaintiffs, and besides was limited to his ac
It was also proved that G. F. Catlett, who lived in the county where the land was situated, had for a number of years before his death acted as the agent of Russell’s heirs, and in that capacity had taken some control over and management of the land in controversy, but had never taken any part of it into actual possession.
Where each one of several, joint owners of land takes into his possession separate parcels of the land, and the land is thus separately held and claimed, during many years, the presumption arises that a partition thereof was made between the parties, under which partition it has been thus held and enjoyed. This presumption is however mainly founded on the fact of a separate possession by all the joint owners. Here there was no actual possession by the plaintiffs of the land claimed by them, nor does it appear that the other two thousand acres of the land jointly devised was taken into possession by the other two devisees. For ought that appears to the contrary, the plaintiffs, under the conveyance to their ancestor, may have obtained a third part of the two thousand acres, or it may have been entirely lost by adverse titles. No presumption of a partition of the three thousand acres can therefore arise from the circumstances relied upon. Indeed, such a presumption seems to be repelled by the terms of the conveyance from Elisha Marks to the ancestor of the plaintiffs. The grantor in that deed did not thereby undertake to convey to the grantee the one thousand acres of land in contest, but merely conveyed to him the one thousand acres of land to which he was entitled under the will of his brother, Isaiah'Marks. Under that will he was entitled to an undivided third part of three thousand acres, and that one undivided third part being one thousand acres, he conveyed to Albert Russell, the ancestor of the plaintiffs.
One joint owner of land, by having it in his possession, and holding and claiming it as his own property, adversely to the-rights of the other joint owners, and in such a manner as to apprise them of the adverse character of his possession, for a
The defendants alleged that they were in the actual possession of the land sued for since the year 1832, and insisted that such possession was a bar to the plaintiffs’ action. To sustain this allegation they exhibit and,prove the execution by G. F. Catlett, of a writing, in which he acknowledged that he had leased this tract of land and several others from McLean, and “promised to see to said lands, and prevent waste or damage to the same until sold or otherwise disposed of by said McLean.” This written instrument bears date in June, 1832, although the deed from Josiah Marks to McLean was not executed until the December following, and there is no testimony tending to prove that McLean had any claim or color of title to the land when Catlett executed the writing.
As however, Catlett never entered upon and took possession of the land, under this lease, it had no legal effect whatever injurious to the rights of Russell’s heirs. If Catlett failed to see to said land for McLean, according to his promise, and the latter sustained any injury thereby, he was entitled to his remedy against him for such failure. But there is nothing in the nature of such an undertaking, although made to assume the character of a lease, which precluded Catlett from acting as the agent of Russell’s heirs. He was not the tenant of McLean ; he did not get the possession of the land from him, nor did he claim to act as his agent, or assume any control over
There is no testimony that the defendants had the land in controversy, or any part of it, in possession, until about the time or after this action was commenced. The possession which Mobley had cannot be regarded as their possession, for he testifies that he never heard of their claim to it until after Catlett’s death. As he did not enter under any claim, although he considered the land as belonging to Russell’s heirs, the law regards his possession as held under the superior title, and as enuring to its benefit. The devisees of the patentee, and those claiming under them, were invested with the title to the land, and consequently .Mobley’s possession enured to their benefit. The defendants, who claimed under McLean, did not have any title to it, and therefore cannot claim the benefit of Mobley’s possession, as he neither entered upon the land, nor held the possession of it, under McLean or anj of his vendees. And as the defendants who claimed under McLean showed no right or title to the land, the court below committed a manifest error, in rendering a judgment in their favor on their cross-petition, quieting their title to the land in contest.
The principal ground of defense relied upon by the defendants was the length of time which had elapsed, after the patent issued, before an attempt was made to correct the mistake in the name of the patentee: This defense, however, was based upon the mistaken idea that the devisees of Isaiah Marks, or those claiming under them, were asserting a mere equitable right against the holders of the legal title. But as Isaiah Marks was the person intended to be invested with the legal title, by the grant from the Commonwealth of Virginia, and the insertion in the grant of ¿he name of Josiah Marks was a mere misnomer of the real patentee, the title did not pass to any person by the name of Josiah Marks, and the defendants,
Wherefore, the judgment against the plaintiffs, and also the judgment in favor of the defendants on their cross-petition, are reversed, and cause remanded with directions to render a judgment for the plaintiffs, for an undivided third part of the one thousand acres of land in contest.